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Guo Y, Sun Y, Ma M, Huang Y, Zhang S, Tian Q. Djsnon, a downstream gene of Djfoxk1, is required for the regeneration of the planarian central nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:8-15. [PMID: 36584589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of adult neurogenesis are crucial targets for neuronal repair. Freshwater planarians are ideal model systems for studying neuronal regeneration as they can regenerate their entire central nervous system (CNS) using pluripotent adult stem cells. Here, we identified Djfoxk1 in planarian Dugesia japonica to be required for planarian CNS regeneration. Knockdown of Djfoxk1 inhibits the regeneration of the cephalic ganglia, resulting in the failure of eye regeneration. By RNAi screening of Djfoxk1 downstream genes, we identified Djsnon as another regulator of planarian neuronal regeneration. Inhibition of Djsnon with RNA interference (RNAi) results in similar phenotypes caused by Djfoxk1 RNAi without affecting cell proliferation and wound healing. Our findings show that Djsnon as a downstream gene of Djfoxk1 regulates the regeneration of the planarian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Guo
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengwen Ma
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongding Huang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Qingnan Tian
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Wang X, Liu T, Huang Y, Dai Y, Lin H. Regulation of transforming growth factor-β signalling by SUMOylation and its role in fibrosis. Open Biol 2021; 11:210043. [PMID: 34753319 PMCID: PMC8580444 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is an abnormal healing process that only repairs the structure of an organ after injury and does not address damaged functions. The pathogenesis of fibrosis is multifactorial and highly complex; numerous signalling pathways are involved in this process, with the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway playing a central role. TGF-β regulates the generation of myofibroblasts and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating transcription and translation of downstream genes and precisely regulating fibrogenesis. The TGF-β signalling pathway can be modulated by various post-translational modifications, of which SUMOylation has been shown to play a key role. In this review, we focus on the function of SUMOylation in canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signalling and its role in fibrosis, providing promising therapeutic strategies for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Huang
- First Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Dai
- Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Song AN, Yin XJ, Gao P, Tang H, Meng XF, Zhang C. Inhibition of MAD2B alleviates venous neointimal formation by suppressing VSMCs proliferation and migration. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21959. [PMID: 34605572 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100584rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential events in venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH), a culprit of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) malfunction. Mitotic arrest-deficient protein 2B (MAD2B) is a critical regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation in many scenarios. To address the role of MAD2B in VSMCs proliferation and migration during VNH, AVFs from patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) mice were used to evaluate MAD2B expression. In cultured VSMCs treated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), the effect of MAD2B on VSMCs proliferation and migration was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, immunofluorescence, wound-healing scratch and transwell assays. Besides, we exploited different small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to explore the potential mechanisms in the issue. Furthermore, rapamycin was applied to reveal whether MAD2B-associated pathways were involved in its inhibitory effect on VSMCs proliferation and migration. Accordingly, we found that MAD2B expression was enhanced in AVFs from patients with ESRD, CKD mice and VSMCs stimulated by PDGF-BB. Meanwhile, inhibition of MAD2B alleviated VSMCs proliferation and migration while the number of ski-related novel gene (SnoN)-positive VSMCs was also increased in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, gene deletion of MAD2B decreased the level of SnoN protein in PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs. Furthermore, rapamycin suppressed the increased expressions of MAD2B and SnoN induced by PDGF-BB. Thus, our study demonstrates that inhibition of MAD2B suppresses the proliferation and migration of VSMCs during VNH via reducing SnoN expression. Moreover, rapamycin exerts an inhibitory effect on intimal hyperplasia, possibly via the MAD2B-SnoN axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ni Song
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Jie Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Fang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liao HY, Da CM, Wu ZL, Zhang HH. Ski: Double roles in cancers. Clin Biochem 2020; 87:1-12. [PMID: 33188772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays a dual role as an oncoprotein and tumor suppressor gene in the development of human cancer. The Ski oncogene was first identified as a transforming protein of the avian Sloan-Kettering retrovirus in 1986. Since its discovery, Ski has been identified as a carcinogenic regulator in a variety of malignant tumors. Later, it was reported that Ski regulates the occurrence and development of some cancers by acting as an oncogene. Ski mediates the proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and invasion of numerous cancer cells through various mechanisms. Several studies have shown that Ski expression is correlated with the clinical characteristics of cancer patients and is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and potential clinical implications of Ski in dimorphism, cancer occurrence, and progression in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chao-Ming Da
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zuo-Long Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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5
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Kimata Y. APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase: Coupling Cellular Differentiation to G1/G0 Phase in Multicellular Systems. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:591-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhu Q, Chang A, Xu A, Luo K. The regulatory protein SnoN antagonizes activin/Smad2 protein signaling and thereby promotes adipocyte differentiation and obesity in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14100-14111. [PMID: 30030373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ski-related oncogene SnoN (SnoN or SKIL) regulates multiple signaling pathways in a tissue- and developmental stage-dependent manner and has broad functions in embryonic angiogenesis, mammary gland alveologenesis, cancer, and aging. Here, we report that SnoN also plays a critical role in white adipose tissue (WAT) development by regulating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) self-renewal and differentiation. We found that SnoN promotes MSC differentiation in the adipocyte lineage by antagonizing activin A/Smad2, but not TGFβ/Smad3 signaling. Mice lacking SnoN or expressing a mutant SnoN defective in binding to the Smads were protected from high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, and MSCs lacking a functional SnoN exhibited defective differentiation. We further demonstrated that activin, via Smad2, appears to be the major regulator of WAT development in vivo We also noted that activin A is abundantly expressed in WAT and adipocytes through an autocrine mechanism and promotes MSC self-renewal and inhibits adipogenic differentiation by inducing expression of the gene encoding the homeobox transcription factor Nanog. Of note, SnoN repressed activin/Smad2 signaling and activin A expression, enabling expression of adipocyte-specific transcription factors and promoting adipogenic differentiation. In conclusion, our study has revealed that SnoN plays an important in vivo role in adipocyte differentiation and WAT development in vivo by decreasing activity in the activin/Smad2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Amanda Chang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Albert Xu
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2140
| | - Kunxin Luo
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, .,the Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 and
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CORL Expression in the Drosophila Central Nervous System Is Regulated by Stage Specific Interactions of Intertwined Activators and Repressors. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2527-2536. [PMID: 29848623 PMCID: PMC6027887 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CORL proteins (SKOR in mice and Fussel in humans) are a subfamily of central nervous system (CNS) specific proteins related to Sno/Ski oncogenes. Their developmental and homeostatic roles are largely unknown. We previously showed that Drosophila CORL (dCORL; fussel in Flybase) functions between the Activin receptor Baboon and Ecdysone Receptor-B1 (EcR-B1) activation in mushroom body neurons of third instar larval brains. To better understand dCORL regulation and function we generated a series of reporter genes. We examined the embryonic and larval CNS and found that dCORL is regulated by stage specific interactions between intertwined activators and repressors spanning numerous reporters. The reporter AH.lacZ, which contains sequences 7-11kb upstream of dCORL exon1, reflects dCORL brain expression at all stages. Surprisingly, AH.lacZ was not detected in EcR-B1 expressing mushroom body neurons. In larvae AH.lacZ is coexpressed with Elav and the transcription factor Drifter in dILP2 insulin producing cells of the pars intercerebralis. The presence of dCORL in insulin producing cells suggests that dCORL functions non-autonomously in the regulation of EcR-B1 mushroom body activation via the modulation of insulin signaling. Overall, the high level of sequence conservation seen in all CORL/SKOR/Fussel family members and their common CNS specificity suggest that similarly complex regulation and a potential function in insulin signaling are associated with SKOR/Fussel proteins in mammals.
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Birkou M, Chasapis CT, Marousis KD, Loutsidou AK, Bentrop D, Lelli M, Herrmann T, Carthy JM, Episkopou V, Spyroulias GA. A Residue Specific Insight into the Arkadia E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Activity and Conformational Plasticity. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2373-2386. [PMID: 28647409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arkadia (Rnf111) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a central role in the amplification of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling responses by targeting for degradation the negative regulators of the pathway, Smad6 and Smad7, and the nuclear co-repressors Ski and Skil (SnoN). Arkadia's function in vivo depends on the really interesting new gene (RING)-H2 interaction with the E2 enzyme UbcH5b in order to ligate ubiquitin chains on its substrates. A conserved tryptophan (W972) in the C-terminal α-helix is widely accepted as essential for E2 recruitment and interaction and thus also for E3 enzymatic activity. The present NMR-driven study provides an atomic-level investigation of the structural and dynamical properties of two W972 Arkadia RING mutants, attempting to illuminate for the first time the differences between a functional and a nonfunctional mutant W972A and W972R, respectively. A TGF-β-responsive promoter driving luciferase was used to assay for Arkadia function in vivo. These experiments showed that the Arkadia W972A mutant has the same activity as wild-type (WT) Arkadia in enhancing TGF-β signaling responses, while W972R does not. Only minor structural differences exist between the W972A RING domain and WT-RING. In contrast, the W972R mutant hardly interacts with E2. The loss of function correlates with structural changes in the C-terminal α-helix and an increase in the distance between the Zn(II) ions. Our data show that the position occupied by W972 within WT Arkadia is critical for the function of RING and that it depends on the nature of the residue at this position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Birkou
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Detlef Bentrop
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, UMR 5280 CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Torsten Herrmann
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, UMR 5280 CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonathon M Carthy
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Burlington Danes, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vasso Episkopou
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Burlington Danes, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Xu Y, Yue W, Yao Shugart Y, Li S, Cai L, Li Q, Cheng Z, Wang G, Zhou Z, Jin C, Yuan J, Tian L, Wang J, Zhang K, Zhang K, Liu S, Song Y, Zhang F. Exploring Transcription Factors-microRNAs Co-regulation Networks in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1037-45. [PMID: 26609121 PMCID: PMC4903044 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptional factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as 2 classes of principal gene regulators that may be responsible for genome coexpression changes observed in schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS This study aims to (1) identify differentially coexpressed genes (DCGs) in 3 mRNA expression microarray datasets; (2) explore potential interactions among the DCGs, and differentially expressed miRNAs identified in our dataset composed of early-onset SZ patients and healthy controls; (3) validate expression levels of some key transcripts; and (4) explore the druggability of DCGs using the curated database. RESULTS We detected a differential coexpression network associated with SZ and found that 9 out of the 12 regulators were replicated in either of the 2 other datasets. Leveraging the differentially expressed miRNAs identified in our previous dataset, we constructed a miRNA-TF-gene network relevant to SZ, including an EGR1-miR-124-3p-SKIL feed-forward loop. Our real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated the overexpression of miR-124-3p, the under expression of SKIL and EGR1 in the blood of SZ patients compared with controls, and the direction of change of miR-124-3p and SKIL mRNA levels in SZ cases were reversed after a 12-week treatment cycle. Our druggability analysis revealed that many of these genes have the potential to be drug targets. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results suggest that coexpression network abnormalities driven by combinatorial and interactive action from TFs and miRNAs may contribute to the development of SZ and be relevant to the clinical treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Clinical Medical College/First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China;,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Weihua Yue
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China;,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, China;,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sheng Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunhui Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kerang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Clinical Medical College/First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Clinical Medical College/First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Zhu Q, Le Scolan E, Jahchan N, Ji X, Xu A, Luo K. SnoN Antagonizes the Hippo Kinase Complex to Promote TAZ Signaling during Breast Carcinogenesis. Dev Cell 2016; 37:399-412. [PMID: 27237790 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SnoN regulates multiple signaling pathways, including TGF-β/Smad and p53, and displays both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic activities in human cancer. We have observed previously that both its intracellular localization and expression levels are sensitive to cell density, suggesting that it may crosstalk with Hippo signaling. Here we report that, indeed, SnoN interacts with multiple components of the Hippo pathway to inhibit the binding of Lats2 to TAZ and the subsequent phosphorylation of TAZ, leading to TAZ stabilization. Consistently, SnoN enhances the transcriptional and oncogenic activities of TAZ, and reducing SnoN decreases TAZ expression as well as malignant progression of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, SnoN itself is downregulated by Lats2 that is activated by the Scribble basolateral polarity protein. Thus, SnoN is a critical component of the Hippo regulatory network that receives signals from the tissue architecture and polarity to coordinate the activity of intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, MC3204, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Nadine Jahchan
- ORIC Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaodan Ji
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Cell & Developmental Biology, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 190104-6160, USA
| | - Albert Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, MC3204, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, MC3204, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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11
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Sanz AL, Míguez DG. Dual R-Smads interplay in the regulation of vertebrate neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/neur.29529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhu Q, Kim YH, Wang D, Oh SP, Luo K. SnoN facilitates ALK1-Smad1/5 signaling during embryonic angiogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:937-50. [PMID: 24019535 PMCID: PMC3776356 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201208113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In endothelial cells, two type I receptors of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, ALK1 and ALK5, coordinate to regulate embryonic angiogenesis in response to BMP9/10 and TGF-β. Whereas TGF-β binds to and activates ALK5, leading to Smad2/3 phosphorylation and inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and migration, BMP9/10 and TGF-β also bind to ALK1, resulting in the activation of Smad1/5. SnoN is a negative regulator of ALK5 signaling through the binding and repression of Smad2/3. Here we uncover a positive role of SnoN in enhancing Smad1/5 activation in endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis. Upon ligand binding, SnoN directly bound to ALK1 on the plasma membrane and facilitated the interaction between ALK1 and Smad1/5, enhancing Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Disruption of this SnoN-Smad interaction impaired Smad1/5 activation and up-regulated Smad2/3 activity. This resulted in defective angiogenesis and arteriovenous malformations, leading to embryonic lethality at E12.5. Thus, SnoN is essential for TGF-β/BMP9-dependent biological processes by its ability to both positively and negatively modulate the activities of Smad-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Tsuneyoshi N, Tan EK, Sadasivam A, Poobalan Y, Sumi T, Nakatsuji N, Suemori H, Dunn NR. The SMAD2/3 corepressor SNON maintains pluripotency through selective repression of mesendodermal genes in human ES cells. Genes Dev 2013; 26:2471-6. [PMID: 23154981 DOI: 10.1101/gad.201772.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Activin/Nodal signaling via SMAD2/3 maintains human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency by direct transcriptional regulation of NANOG or, alternatively, induces mesoderm and definitive endoderm (DE) formation. In search of an explanation for these contrasting effects, we focused on SNON (SKIL), a potent SMAD2/3 corepressor that is expressed in hESCs but rapidly down-regulated upon differentiation. We show that SNON predominantly associates with SMAD2 at the promoters of primitive streak (PS) and early DE marker genes. Knockdown of SNON results in premature activation of PS and DE genes and loss of hESC morphology. In contrast, enforced SNON expression inhibits DE formation and diverts hESCs toward an extraembryonic fate. Thus, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into how a single signaling pathway both regulates pluripotency and directs lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Tsuneyoshi
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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