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Kokoreva AS, Isakova EP, Tereshina VM, Klein OI, Gessler NN, Deryabina YI. The Effect of Different Substrates on the Morphological Features and Polyols Production of Endomyces magnusii Yeast during Long-Lasting Cultivation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091709. [PMID: 36144311 PMCID: PMC9506286 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The study on the influence of different glucose concentrations (2%, 0.5%, and 0.2%) and glycerol (1%) on the morphological and physiological features, as well as the composition of soluble carbohydrates, was performed using Endomyces magnusii yeast. Two-factor analysis of variance with repetitions to process the data of the cell size changes showed that the substrate type affected cell size the most. The cells with 2% glucose were 30–35% larger than those growing on glycerol. The decrease in the initial glucose concentration up to 0.5–0.2% slightly changed the cell length. However, even in the logarithmic growth phase pseudo-mycelium of two to four cells appeared in the cultures when using low glucose, unlike those using glycerol. Throughout the whole experiment, more than 90% of the populations remained viable on all of the substrates tested. The ability for colony formation decreased during aging. Nevertheless, at the three-week stage, upon substrate restriction (0.2% glucose), it was twice higher than those under the other conditions. The respiration rate also decreased and exceeded not more than 10% of that in the logarithmic phase. By the end of the experiment, the cyanide-sensitive respiration share decreased up to 40% for all types of substrates. The study of soluble cytosol carbohydrates showed that the cultures using 2% glucose and 1% glycerol contained mainly arabitol and mannitol, while at low glucose concentrations they were substituted for inositol. The formation of inositol is supposed to be related to pseudo-mycelium formation. The role of calorie restriction in the regulation of carbohydrate synthesis and the composition in the yeast and its biotechnological application is under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S. Kokoreva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena P. Isakova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-954-4008
| | - Vera M. Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt 60-Letiya Oktyabrya, 7/2, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I. Klein
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya N. Gessler
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia I. Deryabina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Abstract
Aging has provided fruitful challenges for evolutionary theory, and evolutionary theory has deepened our understanding of aging. A great deal of genetic and molecular data now exists concerning mortality regulation and there is a growing body of knowledge concerning the life histories of diverse species. Assimilating all relevant data into a framework for the evolution of aging promises to significantly advance the field. We propose extensions of some key concepts to provide greater precision when applying these concepts to age-structured contexts. Secondary or byproduct effects of mutations are proposed as an important factor affecting survival patterns, including effects that may operate in small populations subject to genetic drift, widening the possibilities for mutation accumulation and pleiotropy. Molecular and genetic studies have indicated a diverse array of mechanisms that can modify aging and mortality rates, while transcriptome data indicate a high level of tissue and species specificity for genes affected by aging. The diversity of mechanisms and gene effects that can contribute to the pattern of aging in different organisms may mirror the complex evolutionary processes behind aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Frankel
- Biology Department, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Blanka Rogina
- Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
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Dahiya R, Mohammad T, Alajmi MF, Rehman MT, Hasan GM, Hussain A, Hassan MI. Insights into the Conserved Regulatory Mechanisms of Human and Yeast Aging. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E882. [PMID: 32526825 PMCID: PMC7355435 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging represents a significant biological process having strong associations with cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, which leads to progressive loss of cellular functions and viability. Astonishingly, age-related disorders share several genetic and molecular mechanisms with the normal aging process. Over the last three decades, budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has emerged as a powerful yet simple model organism for aging research. Genetic approaches using yeast RLS have led to the identification of hundreds of genes impacting lifespan in higher eukaryotes. Numerous interventions to extend yeast lifespan showed an analogous outcome in multi-cellular eukaryotes like fruit flies, nematodes, rodents, and humans. We collected and analyzed a multitude of observations from published literature and provide the contribution of yeast in the understanding of aging hallmarks most applicable to humans. Here, we discuss key pathways and molecular mechanisms that underpin the evolutionarily conserved aging process and summarize the current understanding and clinical applicability of its trajectories. Gathering critical information on aging biology would pave the way for future investigation targeted at the discovery of aging interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Dahiya
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (M.T.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (M.T.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (M.T.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
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4
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Qin H. Estimating network changes from lifespan measurements using a parsimonious gene network model of cellular aging. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:599. [PMID: 31747877 PMCID: PMC6865033 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular aging is best studied in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As an example of a pleiotropic trait, yeast lifespan is influenced by hundreds of interconnected genes. However, no quantitative methods are currently available to infer system-level changes in gene networks during cellular aging. Results We propose a parsimonious mathematical model of cellular aging based on stochastic gene interaction networks. This network model is made of only non-aging components: the strength of gene interactions declines with a constant mortality rate. Death of a cell occurs in the model when an essential node loses all of its interactions with other nodes, and is equivalent to the deletion of an essential gene. Stochasticity of gene interactions is modeled using a binomial distribution. We show that the exponential increase of mortality rate over time can emerge from this gene network model during the early stages of aging.We developed a maximal likelihood approach to estimate three lifespan-influencing network parameters from experimental lifespans: t0, the initial virtual age of the network system; n, the average lifespan-influencing interactions per essential node; and R, the initial mortality rate. We applied this model to yeast mutants with known effects on replicative lifespans. We found that deletion of SIR2, FOB1, and HXK2 considerably altered the initial virtual age but not the average lifespan-influencing interactions per essential node, suggesting that these mutations mainly influence the reliability of gene interactions but not the overall configurations of gene networks.We applied this model to investigate replicative lifespans of yeast natural isolates. We estimated that the average number of lifespan-influencing interactions per essential node is 7.0 (6.1–8) and the average estimated initial virtual age is 45.4 (30.6–74) cell divisions in these isolates. We also found that t0 could potentially mediate the observed Strehler-Mildvan correlation in yeast natural isolates. Conclusions Our theoretical model provides a parsimonious interpretation of experimental lifespan data from the perspective of gene networks. We hope that our work will stimulate more interest in developing network models to study aging as a pleiotropic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science, SimCenter, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, 37403, TN, U.S.A..
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5
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Bhadra AK, Das E, Roy I. Protein aggregation activates erratic stress response in dietary restricted yeast cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33433. [PMID: 27633120 PMCID: PMC5025734 DOI: 10.1038/srep33433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress and prolonged activation of defence pathways have deleterious consequences for the cell. Dietary restriction is believed to be beneficial as it induces the cellular stress response machinery. We report here that although the phenomenon is beneficial in a wild-type cell, dietary restriction leads to an inconsistent response in a cell that is already under proteotoxicity-induced stress. Using a yeast model of Huntington's disease, we show that contrary to expectation, aggregation of mutant huntingtin is exacerbated and activation of the unfolded protein response pathway is dampened under dietary restriction. Global proteomic analysis shows that when exposed to a single stress, either protein aggregation or dietary restriction, the expression of foldases like peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, is strongly upregulated. However, under combinatorial stress, this lead is lost, which results in enhanced protein aggregation and reduced cell survival. Successful designing of aggregation-targeted therapeutics will need to take additional stressors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankan Kumar Bhadra
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Eshita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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6
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Saxena A, Sitaraman R. Osmoregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via mechanisms other than the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:1511-1526. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, New Delhi, India
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7
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Talbert ME, Barnett B, Hoff R, Amella M, Kuczynski K, Lavington E, Koury S, Brud E, Eanes WF. Genetic perturbation of key central metabolic genes extends lifespan in Drosophila and affects response to dietary restriction. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1646. [PMID: 26378219 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a connection between nutrient inputs, energy-sensing pathways, lifespan variation and aging. Despite the role of metabolic enzymes in energy homeostasis and their metabolites as nutrient signals, little is known about how their gene expression impacts lifespan. In this report, we use P-element mutagenesis in Drosophila to study the effect on lifespan of reductions in expression of seven central metabolic enzymes, and contrast the effects on normal diet and dietary restriction. The major observation is that for five of seven genes, the reduction of gene expression extends lifespan on one or both diets. Two genes are involved in redox balance, and we observe that lower activity genotypes significantly extend lifespan. The hexokinases also show extension of lifespan with reduced gene activity. Since both affect the ATP/ADP ratio, this connects with the role of AMP-activated protein kinase as an energy sensor in regulating lifespan and mediating caloric restriction. These genes possess significant expression variation in natural populations, and our experimental genotypes span this level of natural activity variation. Our studies link the readout of energy state with the perturbation of the genes of central metabolism and demonstrate their effect on lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Talbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Brittany Barnett
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Robert Hoff
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Maria Amella
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kate Kuczynski
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Erik Lavington
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Spencer Koury
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Evgeny Brud
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Walter F Eanes
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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8
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Kaeberlein M. The Biology of Aging: Citizen Scientists and Their Pets as a Bridge Between Research on Model Organisms and Human Subjects. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:291-8. [PMID: 26077786 PMCID: PMC4794982 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815591082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental goal of research into the basic mechanisms of aging is to develop translational strategies that improve human health by delaying the onset and progression of age-related pathology. Several interventions have been discovered that increase life span in invertebrate organisms, some of which have similar effects in mice. These include dietary restriction and inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin by treatment with rapamycin. Key challenges moving forward will be to assess the extent to which these and other interventions improve healthy longevity and increase life span in mice and to develop practical strategies for extending this work to the clinic. Companion animals may provide an optimal intermediate between laboratory models and humans. By improving healthy longevity in companion animals, important insights will be gained regarding human aging while improving the quality of life for people and their pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Liu P, Young TZ, Acar M. Yeast Replicator: A High-Throughput Multiplexed Microfluidics Platform for Automated Measurements of Single-Cell Aging. Cell Rep 2015; 13:634-644. [PMID: 26456818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model organism for replicative aging studies; however, conventional lifespan measurement platforms have several limitations. Here, we present a microfluidics platform that facilitates simultaneous lifespan and gene expression measurements of aging yeast cells. Our multiplexed high-throughput platform offers the capability to perform independent lifespan experiments using different yeast strains or growth media. Using this platform in minimal media environments containing glucose, we measured the full lifespan of individual yeast cells in wild-type and canonical gene deletion backgrounds. Compared to glucose, in galactose we observed a 16.8% decrease in replicative lifespan accompanied by an ∼2-fold increase in single-cell oxidative stress levels reported by PSOD1-mCherry. Using PGAL1-YFP to measure the activity of the bistable galactose network, we saw that OFF and ON cells are similar in their lifespan. Our work shows that aging cells are committed to a single phenotypic state throughout their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 840 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Thomas Z Young
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 840 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Murat Acar
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 840 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Repeated regions are widespread in eukaryotic genomes, and key functional elements such as the ribosomal DNA tend to be formed of high copy repeated sequences organized in tandem arrays. In general, high copy repeats are remarkably stable, but a number of organisms display rapid ribosomal DNA amplification at specific times or under specific conditions. Here we demonstrate that target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling stimulates ribosomal DNA amplification in budding yeast, linking external nutrient availability to ribosomal DNA copy number. We show that ribosomal DNA amplification is regulated by three histone deacetylases: Sir2, Hst3, and Hst4. These enzymes control homologous recombination-dependent and nonhomologous recombination-dependent amplification pathways that act in concert to mediate rapid, directional ribosomal DNA copy number change. Amplification is completely repressed by rapamycin, an inhibitor of the nutrient-responsive TOR pathway; this effect is separable from growth rate and is mediated directly through Sir2, Hst3, and Hst4. Caloric restriction is known to up-regulate expression of nicotinamidase Pnc1, an enzyme that enhances Sir2, Hst3, and Hst4 activity. In contrast, normal glucose concentrations stretch the ribosome synthesis capacity of cells with low ribosomal DNA copy number, and we find that these cells show a previously unrecognized transcriptional response to caloric excess by reducing PNC1 expression. PNC1 down-regulation forms a key element in the control of ribosomal DNA amplification as overexpression of PNC1 substantially reduces ribosomal DNA amplification rate. Our results reveal how a signaling pathway can orchestrate specific genome changes and demonstrate that the copy number of repetitive DNA can be altered to suit environmental conditions.
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11
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Lord CL, Timney BL, Rout MP, Wente SR. Altering nuclear pore complex function impacts longevity and mitochondrial function in S. cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:729-44. [PMID: 25778920 PMCID: PMC4362458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Specific nucleoporins and nuclear pore complex–dependent transport events directly influence aging in yeast. The eukaryotic nuclear permeability barrier and selective nucleocytoplasmic transport are maintained by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), large structures composed of ∼30 proteins (nucleoporins [Nups]). NPC structure and function are disrupted in aged nondividing metazoan cells, although it is unclear whether these changes are a cause or consequence of aging. Using the replicative life span (RLS) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we find that specific Nups and transport events regulate longevity independent of changes in NPC permeability. Mutants lacking the GLFG domain of Nup116 displayed decreased RLSs, whereas longevity was increased in nup100-null mutants. We show that Nup116 mediates nuclear import of the karyopherin Kap121, and each protein is required for mitochondrial function. Both Kap121-dependent transport and Nup116 levels decrease in replicatively aged yeast. Overexpression of GSP1, the small GTPase that powers karyopherin-mediated transport, rescued mitochondrial and RLS defects in nup116 mutants and increased longevity in wild-type cells. Together, these studies reveal that specific NPC nuclear transport events directly influence aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Lord
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Benjamin L Timney
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Susan R Wente
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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12
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Murugaiyah V, Mattson MP. Neurohormetic phytochemicals: An evolutionary-bioenergetic perspective. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:271-80. [PMID: 25861940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The impact of dietary factors on brain health and vulnerability to disease is increasingly appreciated. The results of epidemiological studies, and intervention trials in animal models suggest that diets rich in phytochemicals can enhance neuroplasticity and resistance to neurodegeneration. Here we describe how interactions of plants and animals during their co-evolution, and resulting reciprocal adaptations, have shaped the remarkable characteristics of phytochemicals and their effects on the physiology of animal cells in general, and neurons in particular. Survival advantages were conferred upon plants capable of producing noxious bitter-tasting chemicals, and on animals able to tolerate the phytochemicals and consume the plants as an energy source. The remarkably diverse array of phytochemicals present in modern fruits, vegetables spices, tea and coffee may have arisen, in part, from the acquisition of adaptive cellular stress responses and detoxification enzymes in animals that enabled them to consume plants containing potentially toxic chemicals. Interestingly, some of the same adaptive stress response mechanisms that protect neurons against noxious phytochemicals are also activated by dietary energy restriction and vigorous physical exertion, two environmental challenges that shaped brain evolution. In this perspective article, we describe some of the signaling pathways relevant to cellular energy metabolism that are modulated by 'neurohormetic phytochemicals' (potentially toxic chemicals produced by plants that have beneficial effects on animals when consumed in moderate amounts). We highlight the cellular bioenergetics-related sirtuin, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathways. The inclusion of dietary neurohormetic phytochemicals in an overall program for brain health that also includes exercise and energy restriction may find applications in the prevention and treatment of a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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13
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Corella D, Ordovás JM. Aging and cardiovascular diseases: the role of gene-diet interactions. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:53-73. [PMID: 25159268 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the study of longevity, increasing importance is being placed on the concept of healthy aging rather than considering the total number of years lived. Although the concept of healthy lifespan needs to be defined better, we know that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main age-related diseases. Thus, controlling risk factors will contribute to reducing their incidence, leading to healthy lifespan. CVDs are complex diseases influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Numerous gene variants that are associated with a greater or lesser risk of the different types of CVD and of intermediate phenotypes (i.e., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes) have been successfully identified. However, despite the close link between aging and CVD, studies analyzing the genes related to human longevity have not obtained consistent results and there has been little coincidence in the genes identified in both fields. The APOE gene stands out as an exception, given that it has been identified as being relevant in CVD and longevity. This review analyzes the genomic and epigenomic factors that may contribute to this, ranging from identifying longevity genes in model organisms to the importance of gene-diet interactions (outstanding among which is the case of the TCF7L2 gene).
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14
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Mazzoccoli G, Tevy MF, Borghesan M, Delle Vergini MR, Vinciguerra M. Caloric restriction and aging stem cells: the stick and the carrot? Exp Gerontol 2013; 50:137-48. [PMID: 24211426 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissue stem cells have the ability to adjust to environmental changes and affect also the proliferation of neighboring cells, with important consequences on tissue maintenance and regeneration. Stem cell renewal and proliferation is strongly regulated during aging of the organism. Caloric restriction is the most powerful anti-aging strategy conserved throughout evolution in the animal kingdom. Recent studies relate the properties of caloric restriction to its ability in reprogramming stem-like cell states and in prolonging the capacity of stem cells to self-renew, proliferate, differentiate, and replace cells in several adult tissues. However this general paradigm presents with exceptions. The scope of this review is to highlight how caloric restriction impacts on diverse stem cell compartments and, by doing so, might differentially delay aging in the tissues of lower and higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", S. Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
| | - Maria Florencia Tevy
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Centre, Major University of Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michela Borghesan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", S. Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Rita Delle Vergini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", S. Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", S. Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy; University College London, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Wasko BM, Kaeberlein M. Yeast replicative aging: a paradigm for defining conserved longevity interventions. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:148-59. [PMID: 24119093 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The finite replicative life span of budding yeast mother cells was demonstrated as early as 1959, but the idea that budding yeast could be used to model aging of multicellular eukaryotes did not enter the scientific mainstream until relatively recently. Despite continued skepticism by some, there are now abundant data that several interventions capable of extending yeast replicative life span have a similar effect in multicellular eukaryotes including nematode worms, fruit flies, and rodents. In particular, dietary restriction, mTOR signaling, and sirtuins are among the most studied longevity interventions in the field. Here, we describe key conserved longevity pathways in yeast and discuss relationships that may help explain how such broad conservation of aging processes could have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Wasko
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Clay L, Barral Y. New approaches to an age-old problem. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:784-9. [PMID: 23726155 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the last decades indicated that ageing might be a universal fact of life. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain a major challenge in biology. Our relatively long life span and huge variations in lifestyle make detailed studies of ageing in humans difficult to interpret. In contrast, the relatively simple yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) has been a critical model in the field of ageing research for decades. Systems biology has contributed to the ageing field by mapping complex regulatory networks and resolving the dynamics of signal transduction pathways. In this review we first review the current understanding of ageing in yeast, then highlight the recent high-throughput systems and system biology approaches that could be used to further our understanding of ageing in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Clay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Liao CY, Johnson TE, Nelson JF. Genetic variation in responses to dietary restriction--an unbiased tool for hypothesis testing. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1025-9. [PMID: 23562825 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan in a wide range of animal models. A major obstacle to understanding how DR modulates lifespan and aging-related dysfunction is the multiplicity of physiological and molecular changes associated with DR. Unraveling their importance to the longevity effect of DR remains a major challenge. In this perspective, we review the marked genetic variation in the response to DR of multiple recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. We illustrate how this genetic variation can be exploited to probe the mechanisms mediating lifespan extension by DR, as well as uncover its limits as an intervention. RI strains exhibit marked variation in their lifespan as well as physiological responses to DR. Quantitative genetic and statistical tools can use this phenotypic variation to probe the importance of physiological and molecular changes that have been hypothesized to play roles in DR-mediated lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Liao
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
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18
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Abstract
Originally discovered as a transcriptional silencing protein, SIR2 was later linked to yeast replicative aging and the rest was history. Sir2p is now known to be a member of a class of protein deacetylases with a unique enzymatic activity coupling the deacetylation event to NAD(+) hydrolysis. While still incompletely understood, the mechanism by which Sir2p modulates yeast aging is linked to inhibition of rDNA recombination. Here we describe phenotypes associated with yeast Sirtuins and assays used to monitor Sirtuin function in yeast, including the replicative aging assay.
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Sutphin GL, Bishop E, Yanos ME, Moller RM, Kaeberlein M. Caffeine extends life span, improves healthspan, and delays age-associated pathology in Caenorhabditis elegans. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2012; 1:9. [PMID: 24764514 PMCID: PMC3922918 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longevity of an organism is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. With respect to genetic factors, a significant effort is being made to identify pharmacological agents that extend life span by targeting pathways with a defined role in the aging process. On the environmental side, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the positive influence of interventions such as dietary restriction are being explored. The environment experienced by humans in modern societies already contains countless compounds that may influence longevity. Understanding the role played by common compounds that substantially affect the aging process will be critical for predicting and interpreting the outcome of introducing new interventions. Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive drug worldwide. Prior studies in flies, worms, and mice indicate that caffeine may positively impact age-associated neurodegenerative pathology, such as that observed in Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS Here we report that caffeine is capable of extending life span and improving healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans, a finding that is in agreement with a recently published screen looking for FDA-approved compounds capable of extending worm life span. Life span extension using caffeine displays epistatic interaction with two known longevity interventions: dietary restriction and reduced insulin signaling. Caffeine treatment also delays pathology in a nematode model of polyglutamine disease. CONCLUSIONS The identification of caffeine as a relevant factor in aging and healthspan in worms, combined with prior work in both humans and rodents linking caffeine consumption to reduced risk of age-associated disease, suggests that caffeine may target conserved longevity pathways. Further, it may be important to consider caffeine consumption when developing clinical interventions, particularly those designed to mimic dietary restriction or modulate insulin/IGF-1-like signaling. The positive impact of caffeine on a worm model of polyglutamine disease suggests that chronic caffeine consumption may generally enhance resistance to proteotoxic stress and may be relevant to assessing risk and developing treatments for human diseases like Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Future work addressing the relevant targets of caffeine in models of aging and healthspan will help to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potentially identify new molecular targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L Sutphin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357470, Seattle, 98195-7470, WA, USA ; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Box 357275, Seattle, 98195-7275, WA, USA
| | - Emma Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357470, Seattle, 98195-7470, WA, USA
| | - Melana E Yanos
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357470, Seattle, 98195-7470, WA, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, 98195-1525, WA, USA
| | - Richard M Moller
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357470, Seattle, 98195-7470, WA, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357470, Seattle, 98195-7470, WA, USA ; Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, 523808, China
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