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Harish E, Osherov N. Fungal Priming: Prepare or Perish. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050448. [PMID: 35628704 PMCID: PMC9145559 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Priming (also referred to as acclimation, acquired stress resistance, adaptive response, or cross-protection) is defined as an exposure of an organism to mild stress that leads to the development of a subsequent stronger and more protective response. This memory of a previously encountered stress likely provides a strong survival advantage in a rapidly shifting environment. Priming has been identified in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples include innate immune priming and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in animals and biotic and abiotic stress priming in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Priming mechanisms are diverse and include alterations in the levels of specific mRNAs, proteins, metabolites, and epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation of target genes.
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Molecular Responses to High Hydrostatic Pressure in Eukaryotes: Genetic Insights from Studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121305. [PMID: 34943220 PMCID: PMC8698847 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary High hydrostatic pressure generally has an adverse effect on the biological systems of organisms inhabiting lands or shallow sea regions. Deep-sea piezophiles that prefer high hydrostatic pressure for growth have garnered considerable scientific attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their adaptation to high pressure remains unclear owing to the challenges of culturing and manipulating the genome of piezophiles. Humans also experience high hydrostatic pressure during exercise. A long-term stay in space can cause muscle weakness in astronauts. Thus, the human body indubitably senses mechanical stresses such as hydrostatic pressure and gravity. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying biological responses to high pressures are not clearly understood. This review summarizes the occurrence and significance of high-pressure effects in eukaryotic cells and how the cell responds to increasing pressure by particularly focusing on the physiology of S. cerevisiae at the molecular level. Abstract High hydrostatic pressure is common mechanical stress in nature and is also experienced by the human body. Organisms in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench are habitually exposed to pressures up to 110 MPa. Human joints are intermittently exposed to hydrostatic pressures of 3–10 MPa. Pressures less than 50 MPa do not deform or kill the cells. However, high pressure can have various effects on the cell’s biological processes. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not a deep-sea piezophile, it can be used to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the cell’s responses to high pressures by applying basic knowledge of the effects of pressure on industrial processes involving microorganisms. We have explored the genes associated with the growth of S. cerevisiae under high pressure by employing functional genomic strategies and transcriptomics analysis and indicated a strong association between high-pressure signaling and the cell’s response to nutrient availability. This review summarizes the occurrence and significance of high-pressure effects on complex metabolic and genetic networks in eukaryotic cells and how the cell responds to increasing pressure by particularly focusing on the physiology of S. cerevisiae at the molecular level. Mechanosensation in humans has also been discussed.
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Moura RD, Carvalho LM, Spagnol BAA, Carneiro T, Tosi Costa AC, Quadros ODF, Ventura JA, de Biasi RS, Fernandes AAR, Fernandes PMB. Difference between the cell wall roughnesses of mothers and daughters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjected to high pressure stress. Micron 2021; 147:103091. [PMID: 34090132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) stress generates cellular responses similar to those to other stresses that yeasts endure in fermentation tanks. Structural and spatial compaction of molecules, as well as weakening and stretching of plasma membranes and cell walls, are often observed and have a significant influence on the fermentative process. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) yields accurate data on the morphological characteristics of yeast cell walls, providing important insights for the development of more productive yeast strains. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall assessment using AFM in the intermittent contact reading mode using a silicon cantilever, before and after application of a pressure of 100 MPa for 30 min, demonstrated that mother and daughter cells have different responses. Daughter cells were more sensitive to the effects of HHP, presenting lower average Ra (arithmetic roughness), Rz (ten-point average roughness), and Rq (root-mean-square roughness) after exposure to high pressure. Better adaptation to stress in mother cells leads to higher cell wall resistance and, therefore, to better protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa D Moura
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Lauanda M Carvalho
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Brígida A A Spagnol
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Tarcio Carneiro
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Ane Catarine Tosi Costa
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Oeber de F Quadros
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - José A Ventura
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil; Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Vitória, ES, 29050-790, Brazil
| | | | - A Alberto R Fernandes
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil
| | - Patricia M B Fernandes
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil.
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Differences in gene modulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate that maturity plays an important role in the high hydrostatic pressure stress response and resistance. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:440-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bravim F, Mota MM, Fernandes AAR, Fernandes PMB. High hydrostatic pressure leads to free radicals accumulation in yeast cells triggering oxidative stress. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow052. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Lemaire B, Mignolet E, Debier C, Calderon PB, Thomé JP, Rees JF. High hydrostatic pressure influences the in vitro response to xenobiotics in Dicentrarchus labrax liver. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 173:43-52. [PMID: 26836508 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrostatic pressure (HP) increases by about 1 atmosphere (0.1MPa) for each ten-meter depth increase in the water column. This thermodynamical parameter could well influence the response to and effects of xenobiotics in the deep-sea biota, but this possibility remains largely overlooked. To grasp the extent of HP adaptation in deep-sea fish, comparative studies with living cells of surface species exposed to chemicals at high HP are required. We initially conducted experiments with precision-cut liver slices of a deep-sea fish (Coryphaenoides rupestris), co-exposed for 15h to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist 3-methylcholanthrene at HP levels representative of the surface (0.1MPa) and deep-sea (5-15MPa; i.e., 500-1500m depth) environments. The transcript levels of a suite of stress-responsive genes, such as the AhR battery CYP1A, were subsequently measured (Lemaire et al., 2012; Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 10310-10316). Strikingly, the AhR agonist-mediated increase of CYP1A mRNA content was pressure-dependently reduced in C. rupestris. Here, the same co-exposure scenario was applied for 6 or 15h to liver slices of a surface fish, Dicentrarchus labrax, a coastal species presumably not adapted to high HP. Precision-cut liver slices of D. labrax were also used in 1h co-exposure studies with the pro-oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) as to investigate the pressure-dependence of the oxidative stress response (i.e., reactive oxygen production, glutathione and lipid peroxidation status). Liver cells remained viable in all experiments (adenosine triphosphate content). High HP precluded the AhR agonist-mediated increase of CYP1A mRNA expression in D. labrax, as well as that of glutathione peroxidase, and significantly reduced that of heat shock protein 70. High HP (1h) also tended per se to increase the level of oxidative stress in liver cells of the surface fish. Trends to an increased resistance to tBHP were also noted. Whether the latter observation truly reflects a protective response to oxidative stress will be addressed in future co-exposure studies with both surface and deep-sea fish liver cells, using additional pro-oxidant chemicals. Altogether, data on CYP1A inducibility with D. labrax and C. rupestris support the view that high HP represses AhR signaling in marine fishes, and that only species adapted to thrive in the deep-sea have evolved the molecular adaptations necessary to counteract to some extent this inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lemaire
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Eric Mignolet
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pedro Buc Calderon
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B-1200 Woluwé-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Jean Pierre Thomé
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et Ecotoxicologie, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 août 15, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean François Rees
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Bock I, Raveh-Amit H, Losonczi E, Carstea AC, Feher A, Mashayekhi K, Matyas S, Dinnyes A, Pribenszky C. Controlled hydrostatic pressure stress downregulates the expression of ribosomal genes in preimplantation embryos: a possible protection mechanism? Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:776-84. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of various assisted reproductive techniques can be improved by preconditioning the gametes and embryos with sublethal hydrostatic pressure treatment. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for this protective effect remains unknown and requires further investigation. Here, we studied the effect of optimised hydrostatic pressure treatment on the global gene expression of mouse oocytes after embryonic genome activation. Based on a gene expression microarray analysis, a significant effect of treatment was observed in 4-cell embryos derived from treated oocytes, revealing a transcriptional footprint of hydrostatic pressure-affected genes. Functional analysis identified numerous genes involved in protein synthesis that were downregulated in 4-cell embryos in response to hydrostatic pressure treatment, suggesting that regulation of translation has a major role in optimised hydrostatic pressure-induced stress tolerance. We present a comprehensive microarray analysis and further delineate a potential mechanism responsible for the protective effect of hydrostatic pressure treatment.
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Exploration of the Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Microbial Growth, Physiology and Survival: Perspectives from Piezophysiology. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2347-57. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bravim F, Lippman SI, da Silva LF, Souza DT, Fernandes AAR, Masuda CA, Broach JR, Fernandes PMB. High hydrostatic pressure activates gene expression that leads to ethanol production enhancement in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae distillery strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2093-107. [PMID: 22915193 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a stress that exerts broad effects on microorganisms with characteristics similar to those of common environmental stresses. In this study, we aimed to identify genetic mechanisms that can enhance alcoholic fermentation of wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from Brazilian spirit fermentation vats. Accordingly, we performed a time course microarray analysis on a S. cerevisiae strain submitted to mild sublethal pressure treatment of 50 MPa for 30 min at room temperature, followed by incubation for 5, 10 and 15 min without pressure treatment. The obtained transcriptional profiles demonstrate the importance of post-pressurisation period on the activation of several genes related to cell recovery and stress tolerance. Based on these results, we over-expressed genes strongly induced by HHP in the same wild yeast strain and identified genes, particularly SYM1, whose over-expression results in enhanced ethanol production and stress tolerance upon fermentation. The present study validates the use of HHP as a biotechnological tool for the fermentative industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Bravim
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES 29040-090, Brazil
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Bravim F, Palhano FL, Fernandes AAR, Fernandes PMB. Biotechnological properties of distillery and laboratory yeasts in response to industrial stresses. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:1071-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bravim F, de Freitas JM, Fernandes AAR, Fernandes PMB. High hydrostatic pressure and the cell membrane: stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1189:127-32. [PMID: 20233378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The brewing and baking yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful eukaryotic model of stress response systems whose study could lead to the understanding of stress response mechanisms in other organisms. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) exerts broad effects upon yeast cells, interfering with cell membranes, cellular architecture, and the processes of polymerization and denaturation of proteins. In this review, we focus on the effect of HHP on the S. cerevisiae cell membrane and describe the main signaling pathways involved in the pressure response.
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Lu C, Brauer MJ, Botstein D. Slow growth induces heat-shock resistance in normal and respiratory-deficient yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:891-903. [PMID: 19056679 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells respond to a variety of environmental stresses, including heat shock and growth limitation. There is considerable overlap in these responses both from the point of view of gene expression patterns and cross-protection for survival. We performed experiments in which cells growing at different steady-state growth rates in chemostats were subjected to a short heat pulse. Gene expression patterns allowed us to partition genes whose expression responds to heat shock into subsets of genes that also respond to slow growth rate and those that do not. We found also that the degree of induction and repression of genes that respond to stress is generally weaker in respiratory deficient mutants, suggesting a role for increased respiratory activity in the apparent stress response to slow growth. Consistent with our gene expression results in wild-type cells, we found that cells growing more slowly are cross-protected for heat shock, i.e., better able to survive a lethal heat challenge. Surprisingly, however, we found no difference in cross-protection between respiratory-deficient and wild-type cells, suggesting induction of heat resistance at low growth rates is independent of respiratory activity, even though many of the changes in gene expression are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lu
- Carl Icahn Laboratory, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Berry DB, Gasch AP. Stress-activated genomic expression changes serve a preparative role for impending stress in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4580-7. [PMID: 18753408 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-07-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells respond to stress by mediating condition-specific gene expression changes and by mounting a common response to many stresses, called the environmental stress response (ESR). Giaever et al. previously revealed poor correlation between genes whose expression changes in response to acute stress and genes required to survive that stress, raising question about the role of stress-activated gene expression. Here we show that gene expression changes triggered by a single dose of stress are not required to survive that stimulus but rather serve a protective role against future stress. We characterized the increased resistance to severe stress in yeast preexposed to mild stress. This acquired stress resistance is dependent on protein synthesis during mild-stress treatment and requires the "general-stress" transcription factors Msn2p and/or Msn4p that regulate induction of many ESR genes. However, neither protein synthesis nor Msn2/4p is required for basal tolerance of a single dose of stress, despite the substantial expression changes triggered by each condition. Using microarrays, we show that Msn2p and Msn4p play nonredundant and condition-specific roles in gene-expression regulation, arguing against a generic general-stress function. This work highlights the importance of condition-specific responses in acquired stress resistance and provides new insights into the role of the ESR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Berry
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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George VT, Brooks G, Humphrey TC. Regulation of cell cycle and stress responses to hydrostatic pressure in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4168-79. [PMID: 17699598 PMCID: PMC1995737 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-12-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the cellular responses to hydrostatic pressure by using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system. Exposure to sublethal levels of hydrostatic pressure resulted in G2 cell cycle delay. This delay resulted from Cdc2 tyrosine-15 (Y-15) phosphorylation, and it was abrogated by simultaneous disruption of the Cdc2 kinase regulators Cdc25 and Wee1. However, cell cycle delay was independent of the DNA damage, cytokinesis, and cell size checkpoints, suggesting a novel mechanism of Cdc2-Y15 phosphorylation in response to hydrostatic pressure. Spc1/Sty1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, a conserved member of the eukaryotic stress-activated p38, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, was rapidly activated after pressure stress, and it was required for cell cycle recovery under these conditions, in part through promoting polo kinase (Plo1) phosphorylation on serine 402. Moreover, the Spc1 MAP kinase pathway played a key role in maintaining cell viability under hydrostatic pressure stress through the bZip transcription factor, Atf1. Further analysis revealed that prestressing cells with heat increased barotolerance, suggesting adaptational cross-talk between these stress responses. These findings provide new insight into eukaryotic homeostasis after exposure to pressure stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoj T. George
- *Medical Research Council Radiation Oncology and Biology Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gavin Brooks
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy C. Humphrey
- *Medical Research Council Radiation Oncology and Biology Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; and
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Domitrovic T, Fernandes CM, Boy-Marcotte E, Kurtenbach E. High hydrostatic pressure activates gene expression through Msn2/4 stress transcription factors which are involved in the acquired tolerance by mild pressure precondition inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6033-8. [PMID: 17055490 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Msn2 and Msn4 transcription factors activate expression of stress-responsive element (STRE) controlled genes in response to various stresses triggering the environmental stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although high hydrostatic pressure is known to induce gene expression modification in yeast, the transcription factors involved in this response are currently uncharacterized. In this work, we show that elevated pressure activates STRE dependent transcription through Msn2/4, which are also required for cell resistance and cell adaptation to high pressure. Moreover, it was demonstrated that HSP12 induction after a 50 MPa treatment is largely dependent on Msn2/4, while other transcription factors are involved in HSP12 over-expression after a 100 MPa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Domitrovic
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Bloco D subsolo sala 05, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Oger PM, Daniel I, Picard A. Development of a low-pressure diamond anvil cell and analytical tools to monitor microbial activities in situ under controlled P and T. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1764:434-42. [PMID: 16388999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a new low-pressure Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC), calibrated two novel pressure calibrants and validated the use of semi-quantitative Raman and X-ray spectroscopies to monitor the fate of microbes, their metabolism or their cellular components under controlled pressures and temperatures in the 0.1-1.4 GPa and 20-300 degrees C P,T range. The low-pressure DAC has a 250- to 600-microm-thick observation diamond window to allow for lower detection limits and improved microscopic imaging. This new design allows the determination of cellular growth parameters from automated image analysis, which can be correlated with the spectroscopic data obtained on metabolism, ensuring high quality data collection on microbial activity under pressure. The novel pressure sensors offer the ease of use of the well-known ruby scale, while being more sensitive and reacting to pressure variations instantaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil M Oger
- Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre, UMR 5570 CNRS-ENSL-UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Abstract
Our cells and tissues are challenged constantly by exposure to extreme conditions that cause acute and chronic stress. Wounding at the cellular level is a common event, and results from cell exposure to supra-physiologic forces, or is the consequence of action by reactive chemical agents. An individual cellular wound results from either the alteration of protein or DNA structure, or the disruption of molecular assemblies, the most important of which is the cell's membranes. Tissue healing at the macroscopic level is a complex and coordinated process involving many different cell types while, in contrast, the wounds of individual cells heal primarily via biomolecular interactions. Like tissue wound healing, cellular wound healing involves the upregulation or acceleration of processes that are constitutively expressed in routine physiologic repair of cellular structures In addition, recent advances have been made in the identification of pharmaceutical strategies to aid the cellular repair response. Many of these strategies offer promise for augmenting the already present cellular repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Agarwal
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 6035, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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18
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Abstract
The brewing and baking yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model for stress response studies of eukaryotic cells. In this review we focus on the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on S. cerevisiae. HHP exerts a broad effect on yeast cells characteristic of common stresses, mainly associated with protein alteration and lipid bilayer phase transition. Like most stresses, pressure induces cell cycle arrest. Below 50 MPa (500 atm) yeast cell morphology is unaffected whereas above 220 MPa wild-type cells are killed. S. cerevisiae cells can acquire barotolerance if they are pretreated with a sublethal stress due to temperature, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, or pressure. Nevertheless, pressure only leads to protection against severe stress if, after pressure pretreatment, the cells are also re-incubated at room pressure. We attribute this effect to the inhibition of the protein synthesis apparatus under HHP. The global genome expression analysis of S. cerevisiae cells submitted to HHP revealed a stress response profile. The majority of the up-regulated genes are involved in stress defense and carbohydrate metabolism while most repressed genes belong to the cell cycle progression and protein synthesis categories. However, the signaling pathway involved in the pressure response is still to be elucidated. Nitric oxide, a signaling molecule involved in the regulation of a large number of cellular functions, confers baroprotection. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae cells in the early exponential phase submitted to 50-MPa pressure show induction of the expression level of the nitric oxide synthase inducible isoform. As pressure becomes an important biotechnological tool, studies concerning this kind of stress in microorganisms are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M B Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mañas
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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20
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2004; 21:1133-40. [PMID: 15529464 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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