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Multiple Pleomorphic Tetramers of Thermostable Direct Hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae in Exerting Hemolysis and Membrane Binding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9833. [PMID: 31285470 PMCID: PMC6614540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of protein into specific quaternary structures plays important biological functions, including regulation of gene expression, enzymes activity, and cell–cell interactions. Here, we report the determination of two crystal structures of the Grimontia hollisae (formally described as Vibrio hollisae) thermostable direct hemolysin (Gh–TDH), a pore-forming toxin. The toxin crystalized in the same space group of P21212, but with two different crystal packing patterns, each revealing three consistent tetrameric oligomerization forms called Oligomer–I, –II, and –III. A central pore with comparable depth of ~50 Å but differing in shape and size was observed in all determined toxin tetrameric oligomers. A common motif of a toxin dimer was found in all determined structures, suggesting a plausible minimum functional unit within the tetrameric structure in cell membrane binding and possible hemolytic activity. Our results show that bacterial toxins may form a single or highly symmetric oligomerization state when exerting their biological functions. The dynamic nature of multiple symmetric oligomers formed upon release of the toxin may open a niche for bacteria survival in harsh living environments.
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Cai Q, Zhang Y. Structure, function and regulation of the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) in pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:242-245. [PMID: 30031890 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis. The pathogen produces the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), which is the sole cause of the Kanagawa phenomenon (KP), a special β-type haemolysis in the Wagatsuma agar. TDH also exerts several other biological activities, the major includes lethal toxicity, cytotoxicity, and enterotoxicity. The structure and roles of TDH and the transcriptional regulation of tdh genes, are summarized in this review, which will give a better understanding of the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Cai
- The Fourth People 's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Dondapati SK, Wüstenhagen DA, Strauch E, Kubick S. Cell-free production of pore forming toxins: Functional analysis of thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Eng Life Sci 2017; 18:140-148. [PMID: 29497355 PMCID: PMC5814925 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pore forming characteristic of TDH1 and TDH2 variants of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), a major toxin involved in the pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was studied on a planar lipid bilayer painted over individual picoliter cavities containing microelectrodes assembled in a multiarray. Both proteins formed pores upon insertion into the lipid bilayer which was shown as a shift in the conductance from the baseline current. TDH2 protein was able to produce stable currents and the currents were influenced by external factors like concentration, type of salt and voltage. The pore currents were influenced and showed a detectable response in the presence of polymers which makes them suitable for biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Kumar Dondapati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB) Potsdam Germany
| | - Doreen A Wüstenhagen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB) Potsdam Germany
| | - Eckhard Strauch
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Department of Biological Safety National Reference Laboratory for Monitoring Bacteriological Contamination of Bivalve Molluscs Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB) Potsdam Germany
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Ghenem L, Elhadi N, Alzahrani F, Nishibuchi M. Vibrio Parahaemolyticus: A Review on Distribution, Pathogenesis, Virulence Determinants and Epidemiology. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 5:93-103. [PMID: 30787765 PMCID: PMC6298368 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_30_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium isolated from marine environments globally. After the consumption of contaminated seafood, V. parahaemolyticus causes acute gastroenteritis. To initiate infection, a wide range of virulence factors are required. A complex group of genes is known to participate in the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus; however, to understand the full mechanism of infection, extensive research is yet required. V. parahaemolyticus has become the leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis in Japan, the United States and several other parts of the world. In addition, outbreaks caused by the pandemic clone of this organism are escalating and spreading universally. To minimize the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection and warrant the safety of seafood, collaboration between governments and scientists is required. We herein provide an updated review of the pathogenicity determinants and distribution of V. parahaemolyticus to deliver a better understanding of the significance of V. parahaemolyticus and its host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Ghenem
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, 31441 Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasreldin Elhadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, 31441 Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, 31441 Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitsuaki Nishibuchi
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shomoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Los FCO, Randis TM, Aroian RV, Ratner AJ. Role of pore-forming toxins in bacterial infectious diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:173-207. [PMID: 23699254 PMCID: PMC3668673 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the most common bacterial cytotoxic proteins and are required for virulence in a large number of important pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A and B streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PFTs generally disrupt host cell membranes, but they can have additional effects independent of pore formation. Substantial effort has been devoted to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of certain model PFTs. Likewise, specific host pathways mediating survival and immune responses in the face of toxin-mediated cellular damage have been delineated. However, less is known about the overall functions of PFTs during infection in vivo. This review focuses on common themes in the area of PFT biology, with an emphasis on studies addressing the roles of PFTs in in vivo and ex vivo models of colonization or infection. Common functions of PFTs include disruption of epithelial barrier function and evasion of host immune responses, which contribute to bacterial growth and spreading. The widespread nature of PFTs make this group of toxins an attractive target for the development of new virulence-targeted therapies that may have broad activity against human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara M. Randis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Okumura S, Saitoh H, Ishikawa T, Inouye K, Mizuki E. Mode of action of parasporin-4, a cytocidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1476-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ohnishi K, Nakahira K, Unzai S, Mayanagi K, Hashimoto H, Shiraki K, Honda T, Yanagihara I. Relationship between heat-induced fibrillogenicity and hemolytic activity of thermostable direct hemolysin and a related hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 318:10-7. [PMID: 21291495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of nonspecific ion channels by small oligomeric amyloid intermediates is toxic to the host's cellular membranes. Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) are major virulence factors of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. We have previously reported the crystal structure of TDH tetramer with the central channel. We have also identified the molecular mechanism underlying the paradoxical responses to heat treatment of TDH, known as the Arrhenius effect, which is the reversible amyloidogenic property. In the present report, we describe the biophysical properties of TRH, which displays 67% amino acid similarity with TDH. Molecular modeling provided a good fit of the overall structure of TDH and TRH. Size-exclusion chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that TRH formed tetramer in solution. These toxins showed similar hemolytic activity on red blood cells. However, TRH had less amyloid-like structure than TDH analyzed by thioflavin T-binding assay and far-UV circular dichroism spectra. These data indicated that amyloidogenicity upon heating is not essential for the membrane disruption of erythrocytes, but the maintenance of tetrameric structure is indispensable for the hemolytic activity of the TDH and TRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyouhisa Ohnishi
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Yanagihara I, Nakahira K, Yamane T, Kaieda S, Mayanagi K, Hamada D, Fukui T, Ohnishi K, Kajiyama S, Shimizu T, Sato M, Ikegami T, Ikeguchi M, Honda T, Hashimoto H. Structure and functional characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16267-74. [PMID: 20335168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.074526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) is a major virulence factor of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes pandemic foodborne enterocolitis mediated by seafood. TDH exists as a tetramer in solution, and it possesses extreme hemolytic activity. Here, we present the crystal structure of the TDH tetramer at 1.5 A resolution. The TDH tetramer forms a central pore with dimensions of 23 A in diameter and approximately 50 A in depth. Pi-cation interactions between protomers comprising the tetramer were indispensable for hemolytic activity of TDH. The N-terminal region was intrinsically disordered outside of the pore. Molecular dynamic simulations suggested that water molecules permeate freely through the central and side channel pores. Electron micrographs showed that tetrameric TDH attached to liposomes, and some of the tetramer associated with liposome via one protomer. These findings imply a novel membrane attachment mechanism by a soluble tetrameric pore-forming toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi City, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
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Takahashi A, Yamamoto C, Kodama T, Yamashita K, Harada N, Nakano M, Honda T, Nakaya Y. Pore formation of thermostable direct hemolysin secreted from Vibrio parahaemolyticus in lipid bilayers. Int J Toxicol 2006; 25:409-18. [PMID: 16940013 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600868181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus secretes thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), a major virulence factor. Earlier studies report that TDH is a pore-forming toxin. However, the characteristics of pores formed by TDH in the lipid bilayer, which is permeable to small ions, remain to be elucidated. Ion channel-like activities were observed in lipid bilayers containing TDH. Three types of conductance were identified. All the channels displayed relatively low ion selectivity, and similar ion permeability. The Cl- channel inhibitors, DIDS, glybenclamide, and NPPB, did not affect the channel activity of pores formed by TDH. R7, a mutant toxin of TDH, also forms pores with channel-like activity in lipid bilayers. The ion permeability of these channels is similar to that of TDH. R7 binds cultured cells and liposomes to a lower extent, compared to TDH. R7 does not display significant hemolytic activity and cell cytotoxicity, possibly owing to the difficulty of insertion into lipid membranes. Once R7 is assembled within lipid membranes, it may assume the same structure as TDH. The authors propose that the single glycine at position 62, substituted with serine in the R7 mutant toxin, plays an important role in TDH insertion into the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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