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Warren SD, Clair LL, Stark LR, Lewis LA, Pombubpa N, Kurbessoian T, Stajich JE, Aanderud ZT. Reproduction and Dispersal of Biological Soil Crust Organisms. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Nucleus-specific expression in the multinuclear mushroom-forming fungus Agaricus bisporus reveals different nuclear regulatory programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4429-4434. [PMID: 29643074 PMCID: PMC5924919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721381115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are a broad class of organisms that play crucial roles in a wide variety of natural and industrial processes. Some are also harmful, destroying crops or infecting immunocompromised patients. Many fungi, at some point during their life cycle, contain two different nuclei, each with different genetic content. We examine the regulation of genes from these nuclei in a mushroom-forming fungus. We find that these nuclei contribute differently to the regulation of the fungal cells, and may therefore have a different impact on their environment. Furthermore, these differences change throughout the development of different tissues. This work contributes to our understanding of fungal physiology by examining this process. Many fungi are polykaryotic, containing multiple nuclei per cell. In the case of heterokaryons, there are different nuclear types within a single cell. It is unknown what the different nuclear types contribute in terms of mRNA expression levels in fungal heterokaryons. Each cell of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains two to 25 nuclei of two nuclear types originating from two parental strains. Using RNA-sequencing data, we assess the differential mRNA contribution of individual nuclear types and its functional impact. We studied differential expression between genes of the two nuclear types, P1 and P2, throughout mushroom development in various tissue types. P1 and P2 produced specific mRNA profiles that changed through mushroom development. Differential regulation occurred at the gene level, rather than at the locus, chromosomal, or nuclear level. P1 dominated mRNA production throughout development, and P2 showed more differentially up-regulated genes in important functional groups. In the vegetative mycelium, P2 up-regulated almost threefold more metabolism genes and carbohydrate active enzymes (cazymes) than P1, suggesting phenotypic differences in growth. We identified widespread transcriptomic variation between the nuclear types of A. bisporus. Our method enables studying nucleus-specific expression, which likely influences the phenotype of a fungus in a polykaryotic stage. Our findings have a wider impact to better understand gene regulation in fungi in a heterokaryotic state. This work provides insight into the transcriptomic variation introduced by genomic nuclear separation.
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French KE. Engineering Mycorrhizal Symbioses to Alter Plant Metabolism and Improve Crop Health. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1403. [PMID: 28785256 PMCID: PMC5519612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating sustainable bioeconomies for the 21st century relies on optimizing the use of biological resources to improve agricultural productivity and create new products. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (phylum Glomeromycota) form symbiotic relationships with over 80% of vascular plants. In return for carbon, these fungi improve plant health and tolerance to environmental stress. This symbiosis is over 400 million years old and there are currently over 200 known arbuscular mycorrhizae, with dozens of new species described annually. Metagenomic sequencing of native soil communities, from species-rich meadows to mangroves, suggests biologically diverse habitats support a variety of mycorrhizal species with potential agricultural, medical, and biotechnological applications. This review looks at the effect of mycorrhizae on plant metabolism and how we can harness this symbiosis to improve crop health. I will first describe the mechanisms that underlie this symbiosis and what physiological, metabolic, and environmental factors trigger these plant-fungal relationships. These include mycorrhizal manipulation of host genetic expression, host mitochondrial and plastid proliferation, and increased production of terpenoids and jasmonic acid by the host plant. I will then discuss the effects of mycorrhizae on plant root and foliar secondary metabolism. I subsequently outline how mycorrhizae induce three key benefits in crops: defense against pathogen and herbivore attack, drought resistance, and heavy metal tolerance. I conclude with an overview of current efforts to harness mycorrhizal diversity to improve crop health through customized inoculum. I argue future research should embrace synthetic biology to create mycorrhizal chasses with improved symbiotic abilities and potentially novel functions to improve plant health. As the effects of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance increase, the global diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi should be monitored and protected to ensure this important agricultural and biotechnological resource for the future.
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Corradi N, Brachmann A. Fungal Mating in the Most Widespread Plant Symbionts? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:175-183. [PMID: 27876487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are relevant plant symbionts whose hyphae and spores carry hundreds of coexisting nuclei with supposedly divergent genomes but no sign of sexual reproduction. This unusual biology suggested that conventional fungal mating is not amendable to optimize strains for plant growth, but recent evidence of sexual-related nuclear inheritance in these organisms is now challenging this widespread notion. Here, we outline our knowledge of AMF genetics within a historical context, and discuss how past and new information in this area changed our understanding of AMF biology. We also highlight the mating-related processes in AMF, and propose new research avenues and approaches that could lead to a better application of these organisms for agricultural and environmental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- LMU Munich, Faculty of Biology, Genetics, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Tang N, San Clemente H, Roy S, Bécard G, Zhao B, Roux C. A Survey of the Gene Repertoire of Gigaspora rosea Unravels Conserved Features among Glomeromycota for Obligate Biotrophy. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:233. [PMID: 26973612 PMCID: PMC4771724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a diverse group of soil fungi (Glomeromycota) that form the most ancient mutualistic association termed AM symbiosis with a majority of land plants, improving their nutrition uptake and resistance to stresses. In contrast to their great ecological implications, the knowledge of the molecular biological mechanisms involved is still scant, partly due to the limited genomic resources available. Here, we describe the gene repertoire of a new AM fungus Gigaspora rosea (Diversisporales). Among the 86332 non-redundant virtual transcripts assembled, 15346 presented similarities with proteins in the Refseq database and 10175 were assigned with GO terms. KOG and Interpro domain annotations clearly showed an enrichment of genes involved in signal transduction in G. rosea. KEGG pathway analysis indicates that most primary metabolic processes are active in G. rosea. However, as for Rhizophagus irregularis, several metabolic genes were not found, including the fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene. This finding supports the hypothesis that AM fungi depend on the lipids produced by their hosts. Furthermore, the presence of a large number of transporters and 100s of secreted proteins, together with the reduced number of plant cell wall degrading enzymes could be interpreted as an evolutionary adaptation to its mutualistic obligate biotrophy. The detection of meiosis-related genes suggests that G. rosea might use a cryptic sexual process. Lastly, a phylogeny of basal fungi clearly shows Glomeromycota as a sister clade to Mucoromycotina, not only to the Mucorales or Mortierellales. The characterization of the gene repertoire from an AM fungal species belonging to the order of Diversisporales and its comparison with the gene sets of R. irregularis (Glomerales) and Gigaspora margarita (Diversisporales), reveal that AM fungi share several features linked to mutualistic obligate biotrophy. This work contributes to lay the foundation for forthcoming studies into the genomics of Diversisporales, and also illuminates the utility of comparing gene repertoires of species from Diversisporales and other clades of Glomeromycota to gain more insights into the genetics and evolution of this fungal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianwu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène San Clemente
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sébastien Roy
- AGRONUTRITION Laboratoire de BiotechnologiesToulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Christophe Roux
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
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Ropars J, Corradi N. Homokaryotic vs heterokaryotic mycelium in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: different techniques, different results? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:638-641. [PMID: 25952991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Ropars
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Chagnon PL. Ecological and evolutionary implications of hyphal anastomosis in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 88:437-44. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Riley R, Charron P, Idnurm A, Farinelli L, Dalpé Y, Martin F, Corradi N. Extreme diversification of the mating type-high-mobility group (MATA-HMG) gene family in a plant-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:254-268. [PMID: 24033097 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important plant symbionts that have long been considered evolutionary anomalies because of their apparent long-term lack of sexuality, but recent explorations of available DNA sequence have challenged this notion by revealing the presence of homologues of fungal mating type-high-mobility group (MATA-HMG) and core meiotic genes in these organisms. To obtain more insights into the sexual potential of AMF, homologues of MATA-HMGs were sought in the transcriptome of three AMF isolates, and their functional and evolutionary trajectories were studied in genetically divergent strains of Rhizophagus irregularis using conventional and quantitative PCR procedures. Our analyses revealed the presence of at least 76 homologues of MATA-HMGs in R. irregularis isolates. None of these was found to be surrounded by genes generally found near other known fungal mating type loci, but here we report the presence of a 9-kb-long region in the AMF R. irregularis harbouring a total of four tandem-repeated MATA-HMGs; a feature that highlights a potentially elevated intragenomic diversity in this AMF species. The present study provides intriguing insights into the genome evolution of R. irregularis, and represents a stepping stone for understanding the potential of these fungi to undergo cryptic sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Riley
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Philippe Charron
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Laurent Farinelli
- FASTERIS S.A., Ch. du Pont-du-Centenaire 109, PO Box 28, CH-1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Yolande Dalpé
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR INRA-UHP 'Interaction Arbres/Micro-Organismes', Centre INRA de Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Multiple ITS Haplotypes in the Genome of the Lichenized Basidiomycete Cora inversa (Hygrophoraceae): Fact or Artifact? J Mol Evol 2013; 78:148-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-013-9603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Riley R, Corradi N. Searching for clues of sexual reproduction in the genomes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Research on life history strategies of microbial symbionts is key to understanding the evolution of cooperation with hosts, but also their survival between hosts. Rhizobia are soil bacteria known for fixing nitrogen inside legume root nodules. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous root symbionts that provide plants with nutrients and other benefits. Both kinds of symbionts employ strategies to reproduce during symbiosis using host resources; to repopulate the soil; to survive in the soil between hosts; and to find and infect new hosts. Here we focus on the fitness of the microbial symbionts and how interactions at each of these stages has shaped microbial life-history strategies. During symbiosis, microbial fitness could be increased by diverting more resources to individual reproduction, but that may trigger fitness-reducing host sanctions. To survive in the soil, symbionts employ sophisticated strategies, such as persister formation for rhizobia and reversal of spore germination by mycorrhizae. Interactions among symbionts, from rhizobial quorum sensing to fusion of genetically distinct fungal hyphae, increase adaptive plasticity. The evolutionary implications of these interactions and of microbial strategies to repopulate and survive in the soil are largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ford Denison
- Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Halary S, Malik SB, Lildhar L, Slamovits CH, Hijri M, Corradi N. Conserved meiotic machinery in Glomus spp., a putatively ancient asexual fungal lineage. Genome Biol Evol 2011; 3:950-8. [PMID: 21876220 PMCID: PMC3184777 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent an ecologically important and evolutionarily intriguing group of symbionts of land plants, currently thought to have propagated clonally for over 500 Myr. AMF produce multinucleate spores and may exchange nuclei through anastomosis, but meiosis has never been observed in this group. A provocative alternative for their successful and long asexual evolutionary history is that these organisms may have cryptic sex, allowing them to recombine alleles and compensate for deleterious mutations. This is partly supported by reports of recombination among some of their natural populations. We explored this hypothesis by searching for some of the primary tools for a sustainable sexual cycle—the genes whose products are required for proper completion of meiotic recombination in yeast—in the genomes of four AMF and compared them with homologs of representative ascomycete, basidiomycete, chytridiomycete, and zygomycete fungi. Our investigation used molecular and bioinformatic tools to identify homologs of 51 meiotic genes, including seven meiosis-specific genes and other “core meiotic genes” conserved in the genomes of the AMF Glomus diaphanum (MUCL 43196), Glomus irregulare (DAOM-197198), Glomus clarum (DAOM 234281), and Glomus cerebriforme (DAOM 227022). Homology of AMF meiosis-specific genes was verified by phylogenetic analyses with representative fungi, animals (Mus, Hydra), and a choanoflagellate (Monosiga). Together, these results indicate that these supposedly ancient asexual fungi may be capable of undergoing a conventional meiosis; a hypothesis that is consistent with previous reports of recombination within and across some of their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Halary
- Département de sciences biologiques, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Ruscitti M, Arango M, Ronco M, Beltrano J. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi modifies proline metabolism and increases chromium tolerance in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202011000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Ronco
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; Comision de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia, Argentina
| | - José Beltrano
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; Comision de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia, Argentina
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Sanders IR, Croll D. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: The Challenge to Understand the Genetics of the Fungal Partner. Annu Rev Genet 2010; 44:271-92. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Croll
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Boon E, Zimmerman E, Lang BF, Hijri M. Intra-isolate genome variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi persists in the transcriptome. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1519-27. [PMID: 20492090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are heterokaryotes with an unusual genetic makeup. Substantial genetic variation occurs among nuclei within a single mycelium or isolate. AMF reproduce through spores that contain varying fractions of this heterogeneous population of nuclei. It is not clear whether this genetic variation on the genome level actually contributes to the AMF phenotype. To investigate the extent to which polymorphisms in nuclear genes are transcribed, we analysed the intra-isolate genomic and cDNA sequence variation of two genes, the large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rDNA) of Glomus sp. DAOM-197198 (previously known as G. intraradices) and the POL1-like sequence (PLS) of Glomus etunicatum. For both genes, we find high sequence variation at the genome and transcriptome level. Reconstruction of LSU rDNA secondary structure shows that all variants are functional. Patterns of PLS sequence polymorphism indicate that there is one functional gene copy, PLS2, which is preferentially transcribed, and one gene copy, PLS1, which is a pseudogene. This is the first study that investigates AMF intra-isolate variation at the transcriptome level. In conclusion, it is possible that, in AMF, multiple nuclear genomes contribute to a single phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boon
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
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Ontogeny and phylogeny of a Scutellospora heterogama mutant, with implications for morphological recognition of species in Glomeromycota. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:410-20. [PMID: 20943151 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A putative mutant of Scutellospora heterogama has been maintained for 19 pot culture generations over 15y. The mutant differed phenotypically from the wild-type parental lineage in characteristics of the spore wall: albino versus pigmented red-brown color, high plasticity in acidic mutants versus rigid and finely laminate, deep red-purple reaction versus no reaction in Melzer's reagent, respectively. This variation was equivalent to or greater than that between any two species in Scutellospora or any other genus in Glomeromycota. Comparison of spore ontogenesis revealed that the terminal (mature) state of the albino mutant was similar to a transient intermediate stage in the wild-type. The albino phenotype, therefore, did not result from emergence of a unique morphological innovation. Rather, it arose from a mutation that led to premature termination of spore ontogenesis so that a unique transient juvenile stage became permanent in mature spores. Because this mutation was homogeneous in all progeny populations, it is hypothesized to be a recessive trait expressed only after the allele was distributed in all nuclei of the fungal thallus. Sampling of the genomes of the putative mutant and wild-type isolates by microsatellite-primed PCR suggested a local mutation. The profile of the mutant was identical to that of the wild-type parent and was 60-97 % similar to those of four other S. heterogama isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the D1-D2 domains of the 25S rRNA gene and a β-tubulin gene with and without three variable introns placed the albino mutant solidly within the S. heterogama clade. These results suggest that stability of morphological traits is not a suitable criterion by itself to recognize species. The albino phenotype was a discrete and heritable mutation that became fixed in a population and was stable through time and space. In the absence of negative selection, this mutation could persist, disperse and then be misinterpreted as a new species in nature. Genetic markers expose this mutation as a population-level variant and therefore of no macroevolutionary significance. Assessment of genetic divergence amongst multiple isolates is important in ascertaining the contribution of morphological characters toward recognition of species in glomeromycotan clades.
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Castillo DM, Pawlowska TE. Molecular Evolution in Bacterial Endosymbionts of Fungi. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 27:622-36. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Ehinger M, Koch AM, Sanders IR. Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phenotypes and genotypes in response to plant species identity and phosphorus concentration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:412-423. [PMID: 19674324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
* Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are plant symbionts that improve floristic diversity and ecosystem productivity. Many AMF species are generalists with wide host ranges. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi individuals are heterokaryotic, and AMF populations are genetically diverse. Populations of AMF harbor two levels of genetic diversity on which selection can act, namely among individuals and within individuals. Whether environmental factors alter genetic diversity within populations is still unknown. * Here, we measured genetic changes and changes in fitness-related traits of genetically distinct AMF individuals from one field, grown with different concentrations of available phosphate or different host species. * We found significant genotype-by-environment interactions for AMF fitness traits in response to these treatments. Host identity had a strong effect on the fitness of different AMF, unearthing a specificity of response within Glomus intraradices. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi individuals grown in novel environments consistently showed a reduced presence of polymorphic genetic markers, providing some evidence for host or phosphate-induced genetic change in AMF. * Given that AMF individuals can form extensive hyphal networks colonizing different hosts simultaneously, contrasting habitats or soil properties may lead to evolution in the population. Local selection may alter the structure of AMF populations and maintain genetic diversity, potentially even within the hyphal network of one fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian R Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102 USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Mary L. Berbee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Meredith Blackwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | | | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - John W. Taylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102 USA
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Villa F, Cappitelli F, Principi P, Polo A, Sorlini C. Permeabilization method forin-situinvestigation of fungal conidia on surfaces. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:234-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Fehrer J, Slavíková-Bayerová Š, Orange A. Large genetic divergence of new, morphologically similar species of sterile lichens from Europe (Lepraria, Stereocaulaceae, Ascomycota): concordance of DNA sequence data with secondary metabolites. Cladistics 2008; 24:443-458. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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22
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Mathimaran N, Falquet L, Ineichen K, Picard C, Redecker D, Boller T, Wiemken A. Microsatellites for disentangling underground networks: Strain-specific identification of Glomus intraradices, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:812-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Analyses of diverse eukaryotes reveal that genomes are dynamic, sometimes dramatically so. In numerous lineages across the eukaryotic tree of life, DNA content varies within individuals throughout life cycles and among individuals within species. Discovery of examples of genome dynamism is accelerating as genome sequences are completed from diverse eukaryotes. Though much is known about genomes in animals, fungi, and plants, these lineages represent only 3 of the 60-200 lineages of eukaryotes. Here, we discuss diverse genomic strategies in exemplar eukaryotic lineages, including numerous microbial eukaryotes, to reveal dramatic variation that challenges established views of genome evolution. For example, in the life cycle of some members of the "radiolaria," ploidy increases from haploid (N) to approximately 1,000N, whereas intrapopulation variability of the enteric parasite Entamoeba ranges from 4N to 40N. Variation has also been found within our own species, with substantial differences in both gene content and chromosome lengths between individuals. Data on the dynamic nature of genomes shift the perception of the genome from being fixed and characteristic of a species (typological) to plastic due to variation within and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter W Young
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK.
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Egel R, Penny D. On the Origin of Meiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution: Coevolution of Meiosis and Mitosis from Feeble Beginnings. RECOMBINATION AND MEIOSIS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/7050_2007_036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Helber N, Requena N. Expression of the fluorescence markers DsRed and GFP fused to a nuclear localization signal in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 177:537-548. [PMID: 17995919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were monitored in vivo introducing the fluorescent reporters DsRed and GFP (green fluorescent protein) in Glomus intraradices using a biolistic approach and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Both reporter genes were fused to the nuclear localization signal of the Aspergillus nidulans transcription factor StuA to target fluorescence to nuclei. Expression of DsRed was driven by two Glomus mosseae promoters highly expressed during early symbiosis, GmPMA1 and GmFOX2, while expression of GFP was driven by the A. nidulans gpd promoter. All promoters worked in G. intraradices as well as in A. nidulans. Red and green fluorescence was localized to nuclei of G. intraradices spores and hyphae 3 d after bombardment. However, expression was transient. The efficiency of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was very low. These results indicate that the biolistic method allows the expression of foreign DNA into G. intraradices with high frequency, but it is insufficient to render stable transformants. DsRed vs GFP is a more appropriate living reporter to be used in G. intraradices because of the lower autofluorescence in the red channel but targeted to the nucleus both marker genes can be visualized. This is the first report of fluorescent marker expression in an AM fungus driven by arbuscular mycorrhizal promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Helber
- University of Karlsruhe, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Fungal-Plant Interactions Group, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187; Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Natalia Requena
- University of Karlsruhe, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Fungal-Plant Interactions Group, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187; Karlsruhe, Germany
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