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Coveñas R, Rodríguez FD, Robinson P, Muñoz M. The Repurposing of Non-Peptide Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists as Antitumor Drugs: An Urgent Challenge for Aprepitant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15936. [PMID: 37958914 PMCID: PMC10650658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) system is involved in cancer progression. NK-1R, activated by SP, promotes tumor cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, the Warburg effect, and the prevention of apoptosis. Tumor cells overexpress NK-1R, which influences their viability. A typical specific anticancer strategy using NK-1R antagonists, irrespective of the tumor type, is possible because these antagonists block all the effects mentioned above mediated by SP on cancer cells. This review will update the information regarding using NK-1R antagonists, particularly Aprepitant, as an anticancer drug. Aprepitant shows a broad-spectrum anticancer effect against many tumor types. Aprepitant alone or in combination therapy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy could reduce the sequelae and increase the cure rate and quality of life of patients with cancer. Current data open the door to new cancer research aimed at antitumor therapeutic strategies using Aprepitant. To achieve this goal, reprofiling the antiemetic Aprepitant as an anticancer drug is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Group GIR-BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Francisco D. Rodríguez
- Group GIR-BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Prema Robinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Miguel Muñoz
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory on Neuropeptides (IBIS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain;
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Salas A, Beltrán-Flores S, Évora C, Reyes R, Montes de Oca F, Delgado A, Almeida TA. Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation in Organ Culture: New Insights for Uterine Fibroid Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071542. [PMID: 35884847 PMCID: PMC9313456 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ culture allows for the understanding of normal and tumor cell biology, and tissues generally remain viable for 5–7 days. Strikingly, we determined that myometrial and MED12 mutant leiomyoma cells repopulated cell-depleted tissue slices after 20 days of culture. Using immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR of stem cell and undifferentiated cell markers, we observed clusters of CD49b+ cells in tumor slices. CD49b+ cells, however, were sparsely detected in the myometrial slices. Almost all LM cells strongly expressed Ki67, while only a few myometrial cells were stained for this proliferation marker. The CD73 marker was expressed only in tumor cells, whereas the mesenchymal stem cell receptor KIT was detected only in normal cells. HMGA2 and CD24 showed broader expression patterns and higher signal intensity in leiomyoma than in myometrial cells. In this study, we propose that activating CD49b+ stem cells in myometrium leads to asymmetrical division, giving rise to transit-amplifying KIT+ cells that differentiate to smooth muscle cells. On the contrary, activated leiomyoma CD49b+ cells symmetrically divide to form clusters of stem cells that divide and differentiate to smooth muscle cells without losing proliferation ability. In conclusion, normal and mutant stem cells can proliferate and differentiate in long-term organ culture, constituting a helpful platform for novel therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salas
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Biology Section, Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (S.B.-F.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Healthcare of the Canary Island, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Beltrán-Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Biology Section, Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (S.B.-F.); (R.R.)
| | - Carmen Évora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (C.É.); (A.D.)
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), Medicine Section, Faculty of Health Science, University of La Laguna, St. Santa María Soledad, s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ricardo Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Biology Section, Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (S.B.-F.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Healthcare of the Canary Island, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Araceli Delgado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (C.É.); (A.D.)
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), Medicine Section, Faculty of Health Science, University of La Laguna, St. Santa María Soledad, s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Teresa A. Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Biology Section, Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (S.B.-F.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Tropical Diseases and Healthcare of the Canary Island, Ave. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-316-502 (ext. 6117)
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Xiang H, Toyoshima Y, Shen W, Wang X, Okada N, Kii S, Sugiyama K, Nagato T, Kobayashi H, Ikeo K, Hashimoto S, Tanino M, Taketomi A, Kitamura H. IFN-α/β-mediated NK2R expression is related to the malignancy of colon cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2513-2525. [PMID: 35561088 PMCID: PMC9357608 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurokinin 2 receptor (NK2R), a G protein‐coupled receptor for neurokinin A (NKA), a tachykinin family member, regulates various physiological functions including pain response, relaxation of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, and vascular permeability. However, the precise role and regulation of NK2R expression in cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that high NK2R gene expression was correlated with the poor survival of colorectal cancer patients, and Interferon (IFN‐α/β) stimulation significantly enhanced NK2R gene expression level of colon cancer cells in a Janus kinas 1/2 (JAK 1/2)‐dependent manner. NKA stimulation augmented viability/proliferation and phosphorylation of Extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) levels of IFN‐α/β‐treated colon cancer cells and NK2R blockade by using a selective antagonist reduced the proliferation in vitro. Administration of an NK2R antagonist alone or combined with polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid, a synthetic analog of double‐stranded RNA, to CT26‐bearing mice significantly suppressed tumorigenesis. NK2R‐overexpressing CT26 cells showed enhanced tumorigenesis and metastatic colonization in both lung and liver after the inoculation into mice. These findings indicate that IFN‐α/β‐mediated NK2R expression is related to the malignancy of colon cancer cells, suggesting that NK2R blockade may be a promising strategy for colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xiang
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yujiro Toyoshima
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Weidong Shen
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Naoki Okada
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kii
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ko Sugiyama
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- DNA Data Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mishie Tanino
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Campo A, Dufour S, Rousseau K. Tachykinins, new players in the control of reproduction and food intake: A comparative review in mammals and teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1056939. [PMID: 36589829 PMCID: PMC9800884 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the tachykinin system includes tachykinin genes, which encode one or two peptides each, and tachykinin receptors. The complexity of this system is reinforced by the massive conservation of gene duplicates after the whole-genome duplication events that occurred in vertebrates and furthermore in teleosts. Added to this, the expression of the tachykinin system is more widespread than first thought, being found beyond the brain and gut. The discovery of the co-expression of neurokinin B, encoded by the tachykinin 3 gene, and kisspeptin/dynorphin in neurons involved in the generation of GnRH pulse, in mammals, put a spotlight on the tachykinin system in vertebrate reproductive physiology. As food intake and reproduction are linked processes, and considering that hypothalamic hormones classically involved in the control of reproduction are reported to regulate also appetite and energy homeostasis, it is of interest to look at the potential involvement of tachykinins in these two major physiological functions. The purpose of this review is thus to provide first a general overview of the tachykinin system in mammals and teleosts, before giving a state of the art on the different levels of action of tachykinins in the control of reproduction and food intake. This work has been conducted with a comparative point of view, highlighting the major similarities and differences of tachykinin systems and actions between mammals and teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Campo
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTsion, Israel
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit PhyMA Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Karine Rousseau,
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Yan D, Liu X, Guo SW. Neuropeptides Substance P and Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide Accelerate the Development and Fibrogenesis of Endometriosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2698. [PMID: 30804432 PMCID: PMC6389969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriotic lesions are known to be hyperinnervated, especially in lesions of deep endometriosis (DE), which are frequently in close proximity to various nerve plexuses. DE lesions typically have higher fibromuscular content than that of ovarian endometriomas (OE) lesions, but the underlying reason remains elusive. Aside from their traditional role of pain transduction, however, whether or not sensory nerves play any role in the development of endometriosis is unclear. Here, we show that, thorough their respective receptors neurokinin receptor 1 (NK1R), calcitonin receptor like receptor (CRLR), and receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP-1), neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT) and further turn stromal cells into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in endometriotic lesions, resulting ultimately in fibrosis. We show that SP and CGRP, or the rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) supernatant, through the induction of NK1R and CGRP/CRLR/RAMP-1 signaling pathways, promoted EMT, FMT and SMM in endometriosis, resulting in increased migratory and invasive propensity, cell contractility, production of collagen, and eventually to fibrosis. Neutralization of NK1R and/or CGRP/CRLR/RAMP-1 abrogated these processes. Extended exposure of endometriotic stromal cells to SP and/or CGRP or the DRG supernatant induced increased expression of α-SMA, desmin, oxytocin receptor, and smooth muscle myosin heavy-chain. Finally, we show that DE lesions had significantly higher nerve fiber density, increased staining levels of α-SMA, NK1R, CRLR, and RAMP-1, concomitant with higher lesional fibrotic content than that of OE lesions. The extent of lesional fibrosis correlated positively with the staining levels of NK1R, CRLR, and RAMP-1, as well as the nerve fiber density in lesions. Thus, this study provides another piece of evidence that sensory nerves play an important role in promoting the development and fibrogenesis of endometriosis. It explains as why DE frequently have higher fibromuscular content than that of OE, highlights the importance of lesional microenvironment in shaping the lesional fate, gives more credence to the idea that ectopic endometrium is fundamentally wounds that go through repeated tissue injury and repair, and should shed much needed light into the pathophysiology of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingmin Yan
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Huang H, Zhang X, Fu X, Zhang X, Lang B, Xiang X, Hao W. Alcohol-induced conditioned place preference negatively correlates with anxiety-like behavior in adolescent mice: inhibition by a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2847-2857. [PMID: 30054674 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although alcohol use disorder and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid in humans, controversy remains regarding whether anxiety predisposes individuals to alcohol reward, and the relationship with neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) is unclear. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to investigate the association between anxiety-like behavior and alcohol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and to examine the effect of NK1R antagonist L-703,606 on this preference and levels of NK1R protein in different brain regions in adolescent mice. METHODS The anxiety-like behavior of adolescent male C57BL/6 mice was assessed using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and the animals were then allocated into high-anxiety mouse (HAM) and low-anxiety mouse (LAM) groups based on the percent of open arm time (OT%). After the reinforcement of ethanol was established by alcohol-induced CPP (2 g/kg), NK1R expression was quantified in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Finally, the effect of L-703,606 (10 mg/kg) on the alcohol-induced CPP was examined. RESULTS LAM showed a greater ethanol preference (P = 0.004) and a higher level of NK1R protein in the hippocampus (P = 0.026) than HAM group. Interestingly, the CPP score positively correlated with OT% (r = 0.520, P = 0.016) and the level of NK1R protein (r = 0.476, P = 0.029) in the hippocampus. Moreover, L-703,606 attenuated alcohol-induced CPP (P < 0.001) in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The present results highlight the negative correlation between anxiety-like behavior and the propensity for alcohol and the critical role for NK1R in alcohol reward in adolescent mice. Importantly, the NK1R antagonist L-703,606 might be a promising therapeutic target for alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Fu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Lang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Hao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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Borbély É, Helyes Z. Role of hemokinin-1 in health and disease. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:9-17. [PMID: 27993375 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hemokinin-1 (HK-1), the newest tachykinin encoded by the Tac4 gene was discovered in 2000. Its name differs from that of the other members of this peptide family due to its first demonstration in B lymphocytes. Since tachykinins are classically found in the nervous system, the significant expression of HK-1 in blood cells is a unique feature of this peptide. Due to its widespread distribution in the whole body, HK-1 is involved in different physiological and pathophysiological functions involving pain inflammation modulation, immune regulation, respiratory and endocrine functions, as well as tumor genesis. Furthermore, despite the great structural and immunological similarities to substance P (SP), the functions of HK-1 are often different or the opposite. They both have the highest affinity to the tachykinin NK1 receptor, but HK-1 is likely to have a distinct binding site and signalling pathways. Moreover, several actions of HK-1 different from SP have been suggested to be mediated via a presently not identified own receptor/target molecule. Therefore, it is very important to explore its effects at different levels and compare its characteristics with SP to get a deeper insight in the different cellular mechanisms. Since HK-1 has recently been in the focus of intensive research, in the present review we summarize the few clinical data and experimental results regarding HK-1 expression and function in different model systems obtained throughout the 16years of its history. Synthesizing these findings help to understand the complexity of HK-1 actions and determine its biomarker values and/or drug development potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary; MTA-PTE NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, Hungary
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The Implication of Substance P in the Development of Tendinopathy: A Case Control Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061241. [PMID: 28598390 PMCID: PMC5486064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It was reported that substance P had beneficial effects in the healing of acute tendon injury. However, the relationship between substance P and degenerative tendinopathy development remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of substance P in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Healthy and tendinopathy tendon were harvested from human and tenocytes were cultured individually. The expression levels of genes associated with tendinopathy were compared. Next, substance P was exogenously administered to the healthy tenocyte and the effect was evaluated. The results showed that tendinopathy tenocytes had higher levels of COL3A1, MMP1, COX2, SCX, ACTA2, and substance P gene expression compared to healthy tenocytes. Next, substance P treatment on the healthy tenocyte displayed similar changes to that of the tendinopathy tenocytes. These differences between the two groups were also determined by Western blot. Additionally, cells with substance P had the tendinopathy change morphologically although cellular proliferation was significantly higher compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, substance P enhanced cellular proliferation, but concomitantly increased immature collagen (type 3 collagen). Substance P plays a crucial role in tendinopathy development and could be a future therapeutic target for treatment.
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