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Ding Z, Lin H, Liu L, Lu T, Xu Y, Peng J, Ren Y, Peng J, Xu T, Zhang X. Transcription factor FoAce2 regulates virulence, vegetative growth, conidiation, and cell wall homeostasis in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1960-1967. [PMID: 39059851 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is a serious fungal disease that affects banana plants globally. To explore the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen, we created a null mutation of the transcription factor gene FoAce2 (encoding F. oxysporum angiotensin converting enzyme 2). Deletion of FoAce2 resulted in slower growth, decreased aerial mycelia and conidiation, and a significant decrease in fungal virulence against banana hosts relative to those of the wild-type (WT) fungus. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall was thicker in the FoAce2 deletion mutants. Consistent with this finding, the cell wall glucose level was decreased in the ΔFoAce2 mutants compared with that in the WT and complemented strain, ΔFoAce2-C1. Complementation with the WT FoAce2 gene fully reversed the mutant phenotypes. Analysis of the transcriptome of ΔFoAce2 and the WT strain showed alterations in the expression levels of many genes associated with virulence and growth. Thus, FoAce2 appears to be essential for Foc virulence, cell wall homeostasis, conidiation, and vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China; Tropical Biodiversity and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China.
| | - Huijiao Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Liguang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Tiantian Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Yujie Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Tianwei Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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2
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Staropoli A, Guastaferro VM, Vinale F, Turrà D, Di Costanzo L, Vitale S. Repression of autocrine pheromone signaling leads to fusaric acid over-production. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1967-1971. [PMID: 37395452 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2227992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA), a picolinic acid derivative, is a natural substance produced by a wide variety of fungal plant pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus. As a metabolite, fusaric acid exerts several biological activities including metal chelation, electrolyte leakage, repression of ATP synthesis, and direct toxicity on plants, animals and bacteria. Prior studies on the structure of fusaric acid revealed a co-crystal dimeric adduct between FA and 9,10-dehydrofusaric acid. During an ongoing search for signaling genes differentially regulating FA production in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), we found that mutants lacking pheromone expression have an increased production of FA compared to the wild type strain. Noteworthy, crystallographic analysis of FA extracted from Fo culture supernatants showed that crystals are formed by a dimeric form of two FA molecules (1:1 molar stoichiometry). Overall, our results suggest that pheromone signaling in Fo is required to regulate the synthesis of fusaric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Costanzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania Vitale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
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3
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Bejenari M, Spedtsberg EML, Mathiesen J, Jeppesen AC, Cernat L, Toussaint A, Apostol C, Stoianov V, Pedersen TB, Nielsen MR, Sørensen JL. First-class - biosynthesis of 6-MSA and bostrycoidin type I polyketides in Yarrowia lipolytica. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1327777. [PMID: 38586602 PMCID: PMC10995274 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1327777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Fungal polyketides are a large group of secondary metabolites, valuable due to their diverse spectrum of pharmacological activities. Polyketide biosynthesis in filamentous fungi presents some challenges: small yield and low-purity titers. To tackle these issues, we switched to the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, an easily cultivable heterologous host. As an oleaginous yeast, Y. lipolytica displays a high flux of acetyl- and malonyl-CoA precursors used in lipid synthesis. Likewise, acetyl- and malonyl-CoA are the building blocks of many natural polyketides, and we explored the possibility of redirecting this flux toward polyketide production. Despite its promising prospect, Y. lipolytica has so far only been used for heterologous expression of simple type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) from plants. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the potential of Y. lipolytica by targeting the more complex fungal polyketides synthesized by type I PKSs. We employed a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing method to achieve markerless gene integration of the genes responsible for bostrycoidin biosynthesis in Fusarium solani (fsr1, fsr2, and fsr3) and 6-methylsalicylic acid (6-MSA) biosynthesis in Aspergillus hancockii (6MSAS). Moreover, we attempted titer optimization through metabolic engineering by overexpressing two enzymes, TGL4 and AOX2, involved in lipid β-oxidation, but we did not observe an effect on polyketide production. With maximum titers of 403 mg/L 6-MSA and 35 mg/L bostrycoidin, the latter being substantially higher than our previous results in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.2 mg/L), this work demonstrates the potential of Y. lipolytica as a platform for heterologous production of complex fungal polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Bejenari
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Eva Mie Lang Spedtsberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Julie Mathiesen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Lucia Cernat
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Aouregane Toussaint
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CEA, CNRS, INRA, IRIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Cristina Apostol
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Victor Stoianov
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Iqbal N, Czékus Z, Ördög A, Poór P. Fusaric acid-evoked oxidative stress affects plant defence system by inducing biochemical changes at subcellular level. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:2. [PMID: 38108938 PMCID: PMC10728271 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is one of the most harmful phytotoxins produced in various plant-pathogen interactions. Fusarium species produce FA as a secondary metabolite, which can infect many agronomic crops at all stages of development from seed to fruit, and FA production can further compromise plant survival because of its phytotoxic effects. FA exposure in plant species adversely affects plant growth, development and crop yield. FA exposure in plants leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause cellular damage and ultimately cell death. Therefore, FA-induced ROS accumulation in plants has been a topic of interest for many researchers to understand the plant-pathogen interactions and plant defence responses. In this study, we reviewed the FA-mediated oxidative stress and ROS-induced defence responses of antioxidants, as well as hormonal signalling in plants. The effects of FA phytotoxicity on lipid peroxidation, physiological changes and ultrastructural changes at cellular and subcellular levels were reported. Additionally, DNA damage, cell death and adverse effects on photosynthesis have been explained. Some possible approaches to overcome the harmful effects of FA in plants were also discussed. It is concluded that FA-induced ROS affect the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system regulated by phytohormones. The effects of FA are also associated with other photosynthetic, ultrastructural and genotoxic modifications in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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Li H, Sheng RC, Zhang CN, Wang LC, Li M, Wang YH, Qiao YH, Klosterman SJ, Chen JY, Kong ZQ, Subbarao KV, Chen FM, Zhang DD. Two zinc finger proteins, VdZFP1 and VdZFP2, interact with VdCmr1 to promote melanized microsclerotia development and stress tolerance in Verticillium dahliae. BMC Biol 2023; 21:237. [PMID: 37904147 PMCID: PMC10617112 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin plays important roles in morphological development, survival, host-pathogen interactions and in the virulence of phytopathogenic fungi. In Verticillum dahliae, increases in melanin are recognized as markers of maturation of microsclerotia which ensures the long-term survival and stress tolerance, while decreases in melanin are correlated with increased hyphal growth in the host. The conserved upstream components of the VdCmr1-regulated pathway controlling melanin production in V. dahliae have been extensively identified, but the direct activators of this pathway are still unclear. RESULTS We identified two genes encoding conserved C2H2-type zinc finger proteins VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 adjacent to VdPKS9, a gene encoding a negative regulator of both melanin biosynthesis and microsclerotia formation in V. dahliae. Both VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 were induced during microsclerotia development and were involved in melanin deposition. Their localization changed from cytoplasmic to nuclear in response to osmotic pressure. VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 act as modulators of microsclerotia melanization in V. dahliae, as confirmed by melanin biosynthesis inhibition and supplementation with the melanin pathway intermediate scytalone in albino strains. The results indicate that VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 participate in melanin biosynthesis by positively regulating VdCmr1. Based on the results obtained with yeast one- and two-hybrid (Y1H and Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) systems, we determined the melanin biosynthesis relies on the direct interactions among VdZFP1, VdZFP2 and VdCmr1, and these interactions occur on the cell walls of microsclerotia. Additionally, VdZFP1 and/or VdZFP2 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to stress factors rather than alterations in pathogenicity, reflecting the importance of melanin in stress tolerance of V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 positively regulate VdCmr1 to promote melanin deposition during microsclerotia development, providing novel insight into the regulation of melanin biosynthesis in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruo-Cheng Sheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen-Ning Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Chao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Hong Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Hang Qiao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research Station,, Salinas, CA, USA.
| | - Feng-Mao Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China.
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6
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Carreras-Villaseñor N, Martínez-Rodríguez LA, Ibarra-Laclette E, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. The biological relevance of the FspTF transcription factor, homologous of Bqt4, in Fusarium sp. associated with the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1224096. [PMID: 37520351 PMCID: PMC10375492 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1224096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors in phytopathogenic fungi are key players due to their gene expression regulation leading to fungal growth and pathogenicity. The KilA-N family encompasses transcription factors unique to fungi, and the Bqt4 subfamily is included in it and is poorly understood in filamentous fungi. In this study, we evaluated the role in growth and pathogenesis of the homologous of Bqt4, FspTF, in Fusarium sp. isolated from the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus through the characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9 edited strain in Fsptf. The phenotypic analysis revealed that TF65-6, the edited strain, modified its mycelia growth and conidia production, exhibited affectation in mycelia and culture pigmentation, and in the response to certain stress conditions. In addition, the plant infection process was compromised. Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, clearly showed that FspTF may regulate secondary metabolism, transmembrane transport, virulence, and diverse metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, and signal transduction. These data highlight for the first time the biological relevance of an orthologue of Bqt4 in Fusarium sp. associated with an ambrosia beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohemí Carreras-Villaseñor
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Martínez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Transcriptómica, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - José A. Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
- Investigadora Por Mexico-CONAHCyT, Xalapa, Mexico
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A secondary function of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is required for resistance to oxidative and desiccation stress in Fusarium verticillioides. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:918-926. [PMID: 36906382 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose has long been recognized for its role as a stress solute, but in recent years some of the protective effects previously ascribed to trehalose have been suggested to arise from a function of the trehalose biosynthesis enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase that is distinct from its catalytic activity. In this study, we use the maize pathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides as a model to explore the relative contributions of trehalose itself and a putative secondary function of T6P synthase in protection against stress as well as to understand why, as shown in a previous study, deletion of the TPS1 gene coding for T6P synthase reduces pathogenicity against maize. We report that a TPS1-deletion mutant of F. verticillioides is compromised in its ability to withstand exposure to oxidative stress meant to simulate the oxidative burst phase of maize defense and experiences more ROS-induced lipid damage than the wild-type strain. Eliminating T6P synthase expression also reduces resistance to desiccation, but not resistance to phenolic acids. Expression of catalytically-inactive T6P synthase in the TPS1-deletion mutant leads to a partial rescue of the oxidative and desiccation stress-sensitive phenotypes, suggesting the importance of a T6P synthase function that is independent of its role in trehalose synthesis.
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8
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Palmieri D, Segorbe D, López-Berges MS, De Curtis F, Lima G, Di Pietro A, Turrà D. Alkaline pH, Low Iron Availability, Poor Nitrogen Sources and CWI MAPK Signaling Are Associated with Increased Fusaric Acid Production in Fusarium oxysporum. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:50. [PMID: 36668870 PMCID: PMC9862527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is one of the first secondary metabolites isolated from phytopathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium. This molecule exerts a toxic effect on plants, rhizobacteria, fungi and animals, and it plays a crucial role in both plant and animal pathogenesis. In plants, metal chelation by FA is considered one of the possible mechanisms of action. Here, we evaluated the effect of different nitrogen sources, iron content, extracellular pH and cellular signalling pathways on the production of FA siderophores by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fol). Our results show that the nitrogen source affects iron chelating activity and FA production. Moreover, alkaline pH and iron limitation boost FA production, while acidic pH and iron sufficiency repress it independent of the nitrogen source. FA production is also positively regulated by the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and inhibited by the iron homeostasis transcriptional regulator HapX. Collectively, this study demonstrates that factors promoting virulence (i.e., alkaline pH, low iron availability, poor nitrogen sources and CWI MAPK signalling) are also associated with increased FA production in Fol. The obtained new insights on FA biosynthesis regulation can be used to prevent both Fol infection potential and toxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Palmieri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - David Segorbe
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel S. López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Filippo De Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lima
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Enviromental Technology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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9
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Chiang YM, Lin TS, Wang CCC. Total Heterologous Biosynthesis of Fungal Natural Products in Aspergillus nidulans. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2484-2518. [PMID: 36173392 PMCID: PMC9621686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungal natural products comprise a wide range of bioactive compounds including important drugs and agrochemicals. Intriguingly, bioinformatic analyses of fungal genomes have revealed that fungi have the potential to produce significantly more natural products than what have been discovered so far. It has thus become widely accepted that most biosynthesis pathways of fungal natural products are silent or expressed at very low levels under laboratory cultivation conditions. To tap into this vast chemical reservoir, the reconstitution of entire biosynthetic pathways in genetically tractable fungal hosts (total heterologous biosynthesis) has become increasingly employed in recent years. This review summarizes total heterologous biosynthesis of fungal natural products accomplished before 2020 using Aspergillus nidulans as heterologous hosts. We review here Aspergillus transformation, A. nidulans hosts, shuttle vectors for episomal expression, and chromosomal integration expression. These tools, collectively, not only facilitate the discovery of cryptic natural products but can also be used to generate high-yield strains with clean metabolite backgrounds. In comparison with total synthesis, total heterologous biosynthesis offers a simplified strategy to construct complex molecules and holds potential for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Shyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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10
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Satterlee TR, Williams FN, Nadal M, Glenn AE, Lofton LW, Duke MV, Scheffler BE, Gold SE. Transcriptomic Response of Fusarium verticillioides to Variably Inhibitory Environmental Isolates of Streptomyces. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:894590. [PMID: 37746240 PMCID: PMC10512263 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.894590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is a mycotoxigenic fungus that is a threat to food and feed safety due to its common infection of maize, a global staple crop. A proposed strategy to combat this threat is the use of biological control bacteria that can inhibit the fungus and reduce mycotoxin contamination. In this study, the effect of multiple environmental isolates of Streptomyces on F. verticillioides was examined via transcriptome analysis. The Streptomyces strains ranged from inducing no visible response to dramatic growth inhibition. Transcriptionally, F. verticillioides responded proportionally to strain inhibition with either little to no transcript changes to thousands of genes being differentially expressed. Expression changes in multiple F. verticillioides putative secondary metabolite gene clusters was observed. Interestingly, genes involved in the fusaric acid gene cluster were suppressed by inhibitory strains of Streptomyces. A F. verticillioides beta-lactamase encoding gene (FVEG_13172) was found to be highly induced by specific inhibitory Streptomyces strains and its deletion increased visible response to those strains. This study demonstrates that F. verticillioides does not have an all or nothing response to bacteria it encounters but rather a measured response that is strain specific and proportional to the strength of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Satterlee
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, United States (US) National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Felicia N. Williams
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, United States (US) National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marina Nadal
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, United States (US) National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Glenn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, United States (US) National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lily W. Lofton
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, United States (US) National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mary V. Duke
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Brian E. Scheffler
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Scott E. Gold
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, United States (US) National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Wang K, Wang Z, Xu W. Induced oxidative equilibrium damage and reduced toxin synthesis in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum by secondary metabolites from Bacillus velezensis WB. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6626022. [PMID: 35776952 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antifungal mechanism of secondary metabolites from the WB strain against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) was investigated. The WB strain induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Fon hyphae and caused morphological changes, including surface subsidence and shrinkage deformation. The cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from WB treatment caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and the contents of soluble protein and malondialdehyde. Additionally, CFSs from WB decreased the fusaric acid concentration in Fon. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of some antioxidant-related genes was upregulated and that the expression of mycotoxin-related genes was downregulated. Four polypeptide compounds from the WB strain, including iturin A, fengycin, surfactin and bacitracin, were identified by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and complete genome mining. RT-qPCR and a quantitative analysis confirmed that the presence of Fon induced the expression of polypeptide genes and elevated polypeptide production. The combined minimum inhibitory concentration and quantitative analysis of four polypeptides revealed that iturin A, fengycin, surfactin and bacitracin might be responsible for inhibiting the growth of Fon. In conclusion, secondary metabolites from strain WB exhibited antifungal effects on Fon by triggering oxidative stress and decreasing toxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Weihui Xu
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar 161006, China
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12
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Penagos-Tabares F, Khiaosa-Ard R, Schmidt M, Pacífico C, Faas J, Jenkins T, Nagl V, Sulyok M, Labuda R, Zebeli Q. Fungal species and mycotoxins in mouldy spots of grass and maize silages in Austria. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:117-136. [PMID: 35347677 PMCID: PMC9038934 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fungi and mycotoxins in silage can have detrimental consequences for both cattle and human health. This pilot study identified, via the routinary direct plating method, the dominant cultivable fungi in mouldy grass silages (GS) (n = 19) and maize silages (MS) (n = 28) from Austria. The profiles of regulated, modified, and emerging mycotoxins together with other fungal metabolites were analysed via LC-(ESI)MS/MS. Penicillium roqueforti, Saccharomyces spp., Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Monascus ruber were the most frequent fungal organisms identified. Other species including Mucor circinelloides, Fusarium spp. and Paecilomyces niveus were detected at lower frequencies. The presence of complex mixtures of toxic and potentially toxic compounds was evidenced by high levels and occurrences (≥ 50%) of Penicillium-produced compounds such as mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortines (ROCs), andrastins (ANDs) and marcfortine A. Mouldy silages contained toxins commonly produced by genus Fusarium (e.g. zearalenone (ZEN) and trichothecenes), Alternaria (like tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol (AHO)) and Aspergillus (such as sterigmatocystin (STC)). Compared to those in GS, mouldy spots in MS presented significantly higher fungal counts and more diverse toxin profiles, in addition to superior levels of Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and total fungal metabolites. Generally, no correlation between mould counts and corresponding metabolites was detected, except for the counts of P. roqueforti, which were positively correlated with Penicillium spp. metabolites in mouldy MS. This study represents a first assessment of the fungal diversity in mouldy silage in Austria and highlights its potential role as a substantial contributor to contamination with complex mycotoxin mixtures in cattle diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marlene Schmidt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cátia Pacífico
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Faas
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Timothy Jenkins
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstrasse 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roman Labuda
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Studt L. Secondary Metabolite Gene Regulation in Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species: A Focus on Chromatin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:96. [PMID: 35202124 PMCID: PMC8880415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a species-rich group of mycotoxigenic plant pathogens that ranks as one of the most economically important fungal genera in the world. During growth and infection, they are able to produce a vast spectrum of low-molecular-weight compounds, so-called secondary metabolites (SMs). SMs often comprise toxic compounds (i.e., mycotoxins) that contaminate precious food and feed sources and cause adverse health effects in humans and livestock. In this context, understanding the regulation of their biosynthesis is crucial for the development of cropping strategies that aim at minimizing mycotoxin contamination in the field. Nevertheless, currently, only a fraction of SMs have been identified, and even fewer are considered for regular monitoring by regulatory authorities. Limitations to exploit their full chemical potential arise from the fact that the genes involved in their biosynthesis are often silent under standard laboratory conditions and only induced upon specific stimuli mimicking natural conditions in which biosynthesis of the respective SM becomes advantageous for the producer. This implies a complex regulatory network. Several components of these gene networks have been studied in the past, thereby greatly advancing the understanding of SM gene regulation and mycotoxin biosynthesis in general. This review aims at summarizing the latest advances in SM research in these notorious plant pathogens with a focus on chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Studt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
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14
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Phasha MM, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Coetzee MPA, Hammerbacher A, Steenkamp ET. Deciphering the effect of FUB1 disruption on fusaric acid production and pathogenicity in Fusarium circinatum. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:1036-1047. [PMID: 34776231 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium circinatum is an important pathogen of pine trees. However, little is known regarding the molecular processes underlying its pathogenesis. We explored the potential role of the phytotoxin fusaric acid (FA) in the pathogenicity of the fungus. FA is produced by products of the FUB biosynthesis gene cluster, containing FUB1-12. Of these, FUB1 encodes the core polyketide synthase, which we disrupted. We used the resulting mutant strain to investigate whether FUB1 and FA production play a role in the virulence of F. circinatum on pine. Our results showed that FA production was abolished both in vitro and in planta. However, bikaverin production was increased in the knockout mutant. FUB1 disruption also corresponded with downregulation of a F. circinatum homologue of LaeA, a master transcriptional regulator of secondary metabolism. Lesion lengths produced by the FUB1 knockout mutant on inoculated Pinus patula seedlings were significantly smaller than those produced by the wild type strain. Collectively, these results show that FUB1 plays a role in FA production in F. circinatum, and that this gene contributes to the aggressiveness of F. circinatum on P. patula. This study will contribute to the limited knowledge we have about the molecular basis of pathogenicity in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Phasha
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - B D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M P A Coetzee
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - A Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, FABI, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - E T Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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15
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González-Sálamo J, Varela-Martínez DA, González-Curbelo MÁ, Hernández-Borges J. The Role of Chromatographic and Electromigration Techniques in Foodomics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:31-49. [PMID: 34628626 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foodomics is the discipline aimed at studying the prevention of diseases by food, identifying chemical, biological and biochemical food contaminants, determining changes in genetically modified foods, identifying biomarkers able to confirm the authenticity and quality of foods or studying the safety, quality and traceability of foods, among other issues. It is mainly based on the use of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic tools, among others, in order to understand the effect of food on animals and humans at the level of genes, messenger ribonucleic acid, proteins and metabolites. Since the first definition of Foodomics, a reasonable number of works have shown the extremely high possibilities of this discipline, which is highly based on the use of advanced analytical hyphenated techniques - especially for proteomics and metabolomics. This book chapter aims at providing a general description of the role of chromatographic and electromigration techniques that are currently being applied to achieve the main objectives of Foodomics, particularly in the proteomic and metabolomic fields, since most published works have been focused on these approaches, and to highlight relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Diana Angélica Varela-Martínez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.
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16
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Christiansen JV, Isbrandt T, Petersen C, Sondergaard TE, Nielsen MR, Pedersen TB, Sørensen JL, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC. Fungal quinones: diversity, producers, and applications of quinones from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8157-8193. [PMID: 34625822 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent an important group of highly structurally diverse, mainly polyketide-derived secondary metabolites widely distributed among filamentous fungi. Many quinones have been reported to have important biological functions such as inhibition of bacteria or repression of the immune response in insects. Other quinones, such as ubiquinones are known to be essential molecules in cellular respiration, and many quinones are known to protect their producing organisms from exposure to sunlight. Most recently, quinones have also attracted a lot of industrial interest since their electron-donating and -accepting properties make them good candidates as electrolytes in redox flow batteries, like their often highly conjugated double bond systems make them attractive as pigments. On an industrial level, quinones are mainly synthesized from raw components in coal tar. However, the possibility of producing quinones by fungal cultivation has great prospects since fungi can often be grown in industrially scaled bioreactors, producing valuable metabolites on cheap substrates. In order to give a better overview of the secondary metabolite quinones produced by and shared between various fungi, mainly belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium, this review categorizes quinones into families such as emodins, fumigatins, sorbicillinoids, yanuthones, and xanthomegnins, depending on structural similarities and information about the biosynthetic pathway from which they are derived, whenever applicable. The production of these quinone families is compared between the different genera, based on recently revised taxonomy. KEY POINTS: • Quinones represent an important group of secondary metabolites widely distributed in important fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. • Quinones are of industrial interest and can be used in pharmacology, as colorants and pigments, and as electrolytes in redox flow batteries. • Quinones are grouped into families and compared between genera according to the revised taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Christiansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Isbrandt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - T E Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M R Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - T B Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - J L Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - T O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Mendoza-Vargas LA, Villamarín-Romero WP, Cotrino-Tierradentro AS, Ramírez-Gil JG, Chávez-Arias CC, Restrepo-Díaz H, Gómez-Caro S. Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali, Fusaric Acid, and Water Deficit in a Hydrophonic System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702842. [PMID: 34421951 PMCID: PMC8374548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cape gooseberry production has been limited by vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by many Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum formae speciales. The effects of the interaction between this mycotoxin and plants (such as cape gooseberry) under biotic stress (water deficit, WD) have been little explored. Three experiments were carried out. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) different Foph inoculum densities (1 × 104 and 1 × 106 conidia ml-1; experiment (1); (ii) the effect of times of exposure (0, 6, 9, and 12 h) and FA concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1; experiment (2), and (iii) the interaction between Foph (1 × 104 conidia mL-1) or FA (25 mg L-1 × 9 h), and WD conditions (experiment 3) on the physiological (plant growth, leaf stomatal conductance (g s ), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline] responses of cape gooseberry seedling ecotype Colombia. The first experiment showed that Foph inoculum density of 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 caused the highest incidence of the disease (100%). In the second experiment, g s (~40.6 mmol m-2 s-1) and Fv/Fm ratio (~0.59) decreased, whereas MDA (~9.8 μmol g-1 FW) increased in plants with exposure times of 9 and 12 h and an FA concentration of 100 mg L-1 compared with plants without FA exposure or concentrations (169.8 mmol m-2 s-1, 0.8, and 7.2 μmol g-1 FW for g s , Fv/Fm ratio and MDA, respectively). In the last experiment, the interaction between Foph or FA and WD promoted a higher area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (Foph × WD = 44.5 and FA × WD = 37) and lower g s (Foph × WD = 6.2 mmol m-2 s-1 and FA × WD = 9.5 mmol m-2 s-1) compared with plants without any interaction. This research could be considered as a new approach for the rapid scanning of responses to the effects of FA, Foph, and WD stress not only on cape gooseberry plants but also on other species from the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Gómez-Caro
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Agronomía, Bogotá, Colombia
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18
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Characterization of the Exo-Metabolome of the Emergent Phytopathogen Fusarium kuroshium sp. nov., a Causal Agent of Fusarium Dieback. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040268. [PMID: 33918546 PMCID: PMC8069249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium kuroshium is the fungal symbiont associated with the ambrosia beetle Euwallacea kuroshio, a plague complex that attacks avocado, among other hosts, causing a disease named Fusarium dieback (FD). However, the contribution of F. kuroshium to the establishment of this disease remains unknown. To advance the understanding of F. kuroshium pathogenicity, we profiled its exo-metabolome through metabolomics tools based on accurate mass spectrometry. We found that F. kuroshium can produce several key metabolites with phytotoxicity properties and other compounds with unknown functions. Among the metabolites identified in the fungal exo-metabolome, fusaric acid (FA) was further studied due to its phytotoxicity and relevance as a virulence factor. We tested both FA and organic extracts from F. kuroshium at various dilutions in avocado foliar tissue and found that they caused necrosis and chlorosis, resembling symptoms similar to those observed in FD. This study reports for first-time insights regarding F. kuroshium associated with its virulence, which could lead to the potential development of diagnostic and management tools of FD disease and provides a basis for understanding the interaction of F. kuroshium with its host plants.
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Achimón F, Brito VD, Pizzolitto RP, Ramirez Sanchez A, Gómez EA, Zygadlo JA. Chemical composition and antifungal properties of commercial essential oils against the maize phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 53:292-303. [PMID: 33546971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition of Curcuma longa, Pimenta dioica, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) and their antifungal and anti-conidiogenic activity against Fusarium verticillioides. The chemical profile of the EOs was determined by GC/MS. The antifungal and anti-conidiogenic activities were evaluated by the agar dilution method. The tested concentrations were 1000ppm, 500ppm, 250ppm and 125ppm. S. aromaticum EO exhibited the highest antifungal effect, followed by P. dioica and to a lesser extent C. longa. The major compounds of these EOs were eugenol (88.70% in S. aromaticum and 16.70% in P. dioica), methyl eugenol (53.09% in P. dioica), and α-turmerone (44.70%), β-turmerone (20.67%), and Ar-turmerone (17.27%) in C. longa. Rosmarinus officinalis poorly inhibited fungal growth; however, it was the only EO that inhibited conidial production, with its major components being 1,8-cineole (53.48%), α-pinene (15.65%), and (-)-camphor (9.57%). Our results showed that some compounds are capable of decreasing mycelial growth without affecting sporulation, and vice versa. However, not all the compounds of an EO are responsible for its bioactivity. In the present work, we were able to identify different major compounds or mixtures of major compounds that were responsible for antifungal and anti-conidiogenic effects. Further experiments combining these pure components are necessary in order to achieve a highly bioactive natural formulation against the phytopathogenic fungus F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Achimón
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa D Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina P Pizzolitto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | - Elisa A Gómez
- Instituto de Innovación en Biotecnología e Industria (IIBI), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Julio A Zygadlo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
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20
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Mycosynthesis of novel lactone in foliar endophytic fungus isolated from Bixa orellana L. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:33. [PMID: 33457167 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a colossal demand for natural pigments and its applications in recent times. In the study, a novel lactone pigment was isolated from a predominant endophytic fungus residing in Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae) leaves. The endophyte was identified as Fusarium verticillioides through morphological and molecular investigations. The optimum growth parameters of the endophyte for pigment production were at 33 ºC with pH 6.5 in dark. Through comprehensive spectroscopic studies, the structure of the isolated lactone was resolved and identified as (E)-3, 3-dimethyl-4-(pent-1-en-1-yl)-4-propyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. The acute oral toxicity study of the pigment investigated upon female Wistar rats indicated the median lethal dose (LD50) value above 1000 mg/kg body weight affirming safety. Thus, the red pigment from the isolated endophyte may be employed as a sustainable source for natural colorant in industries owing to its non-toxicity. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02566-x.
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Hai Y, Chen M, Huang A, Tang Y. Biosynthesis of Mycotoxin Fusaric Acid and Application of a PLP-Dependent Enzyme for Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Substituted l-Pipecolic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19668-19677. [PMID: 33155797 PMCID: PMC8093010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a well-known mycotoxin that plays an important role in plant pathology. The biosynthetic gene cluster for FA has been identified, but the biosynthetic pathway remains unclarified. Here, we elucidated the biosynthesis of FA, which features a two-enzyme catalytic cascade, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme (Fub7), and a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent oxidase (Fub9) in synthesizing the picolinic acid scaffold. FA biosynthesis also involves an off-line collaboration between a highly reducing polyketide synthase (HRPKS, Fub1) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like carboxylic acid reductase (Fub8) in making an aliphatic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. By harnessing the stereoselective C-C bond-forming activity of Fub7, we established a chemoenzymatic route for stereoconvergent synthesis of a series of 5-alkyl-, 5,5-dialkyl-, and 5,5,6-trialkyl-l-pipecolic acids of high diastereomeric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mengbin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Arthur Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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22
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Fumero MV, Sulyok M, Ramirez ML, Leslie JF, Chulze SN. Effects of water activity and temperature on fusaric and fusarinolic acid production by Fusarium temperatum. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Lin X, Xu H, Liu L, Li H, Gao Z. Draft genome sequence of Neonectria sp. DH2 isolated from Meconopsis grandis Prain in Tibet. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:346. [PMID: 32728513 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we report the high-quality draft genome sequence of Neonectria sp. DH2, an endophytic fungus isolated from Meconopsis grandis Prain in Tibet. The whole genome is about 45.8 Mbp, with a GC content of 53%. A total of 14,163 genes are predicted to encode proteins, and 557 of them are considered as unique, as no matches are found in five gene databases. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences shows that Neonectria sp. DH2 was most closely related to Neonectria ramulariae. 47 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) were identified in Neonectria sp. DH2 genome, and only 5 BGCs shows significant similarities to previously reported BGCs. The presence of 42 unique BGCs in Neonectria sp. DH2 suggests that it has great potential to produce novel secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Hui Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000 China
| | - Huixian Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Zhizeng Gao
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000 China
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Pyrrocidine, a molecular off switch for fumonisin biosynthesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008595. [PMID: 32628727 PMCID: PMC7377494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarocladium zeae is a fungal endophyte of maize and can be found co-inhabiting a single seed with Fusarium verticillioides, a major mycotoxigenic food safety threat. S. zeae produces pyrrocidines A and B that inhibit the growth of F. verticillioides and may limit its spread within the seed to locations lacking S. zeae. Although coinhabiting single seeds, the fungi are generally segregated in separate tissues. To understand F. verticillioides' protective physiological response to pyrrocidines we sequenced the F. verticillioides transcriptome upon exposure to purified pyrrocidine A or B at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Through this work we identified a F. verticillioides locus FvABC3 (FVEG_11089) encoding a transporter critical for resistance to pyrrocidine. We also identified FvZBD1 (FVEG_00314), a gene directly adjacent to the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster that was induced several thousand-fold in response to pyrrocidines. FvZBD1 is postulated to act as a genetic repressor of fumonisin production since deletion of the gene resulted in orders of magnitude increase in fumonisin. Further, pyrrocidine acts, likely through FvZBD1, to shut off fumonisin biosynthesis. This suggests that S. zeae is able to hack the secondary metabolic program of a competitor fungus, perhaps as preemptive self-protection, in this case impacting a mycotoxin of central concern for food safety.
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Rath M, Crenshaw NJ, Lofton LW, Glenn AE, Gold SE. FvSTUA is a Key Regulator of Sporulation, Toxin Synthesis, and Virulence in Fusarium verticillioides. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:958-971. [PMID: 32293993 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-19-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important pathogens of maize, causing rot and producing fumonisin mycotoxins during infection. Ingestion of fumonisin-contaminated corn causes underperformance and even fatal toxicity in livestock and is associated with neural tube birth defects, growth stunting in children, and some cancers. StuA, an APSES-class transcription factor, is a major developmental transcriptional regulator in fungi. It has been shown to regulate crucial developmental processes, such as sporulation, virulence, and mycotoxin synthesis among others. In this study, the role of FvSTUA in F. verticillioides was examined by characterizing ∆FvstuA deletion mutants functionally and transcriptomally. The deletion mutants exhibited reduced vegetative growth, stunted aerial hyphae, and significant reductions in microconidiation. Macroconidiation and hydrophobicity of the deletion strains were reduced as well. Additionally, fumonisin production and virulence of the deletion mutants were greatly reduced. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of expression of several genes in the fumonisin and fusarin C biosynthetic clusters and differential expression of genes involved in conidiation and virulence. Nuclear localization of FvSTUA supported its likely function as a transcription factor. Together, our results indicate that FvSTUA plays a global role in transcriptional regulation in F. verticillioides influencing morphogenesis, toxin production, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rath
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - N J Crenshaw
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - L W Lofton
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - A E Glenn
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - S E Gold
- USDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA, U.S.A
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Gargouri S, Balmas V, Burgess L, Paulitz T, Laraba I, Kim HS, Proctor RH, Busman M, Felker FC, Murray T, O'Donnell K. An endophyte of Macrochloa tenacissima (esparto or needle grass) from Tunisia is a novel species in the Fusarium redolens species complex. Mycologia 2020; 112:792-807. [PMID: 32552568 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1767493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on the morphological, molecular, and chemical characterization of a novel Fusarium species recovered from the roots and rhizosphere of Macrochloa tenacissima (halfa, esparto, or needle grass) in central Tunisia. Formally described here as F. spartum, this species is a member of the Fusarium redolens species complex but differs from the other two species within the complex, F. redolens and F. hostae, by its endophytic association with M. tenacissima and its genealogical exclusivity based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses. To assess their sexual reproductive mode, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed and used to screen the three strains of F. spartum, 51 of F. redolens, and 14 of F. hostae for mating type (MAT) idiomorph. Genetic architecture of the MAT locus in the former two species suggests that if they reproduce sexually, it is via obligate outcrossing. By comparison, results of the PCR assay indicated that 13/14 of the F. hostae strains possessed MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs and thus might be self-fertile or homothallic. However, when the F. hostae strains were selfed, 11 failed to produce perithecia and one only produced several small abortive perithecia. Cirrhi with ascospores, however, were only produced by 8/28 and 4/84 of the variable size perithecia, respectively, of F. hostae NRRL 29888 and 29890. The potential for the three F. redolens clade species to produce mycotoxins, pigments, and phytohormones was assessed by screening whole genome sequence data and by analyzing extracts on cracked maize kernel cultures via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Protection des végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Lester Burgess
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Timothy Paulitz
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
| | - Imane Laraba
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Frederick C Felker
- Functional Food Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Timothy Murray
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
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Kalra R, Conlan XA, Goel M. Fungi as a Potential Source of Pigments: Harnessing Filamentous Fungi. Front Chem 2020; 8:369. [PMID: 32457874 PMCID: PMC7227384 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing concern over the harmful effects of synthetic colorants on both the consumer and the environment has raised a strong interest in natural coloring alternatives. As a result the worldwide demand for colorants of natural origin is rapidly increasing in the food, cosmetic and textile sectors. Natural colorants have the capacity to be used for a variety of industrial applications, for instance, as dyes for textile and non-textile substrates such as leather, paper, within paints and coatings, in cosmetics, and in food additives. Currently, pigments and colorants produced through plants and microbes are the primary source exploited by modern industries. Among the other non-conventional sources, filamentous fungi particularly ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi (mushrooms), and lichens (symbiotic association of a fungus with a green alga or cyanobacterium) are known to produce an extraordinary range of colors including several chemical classes of pigments such as melanins, azaphilones, flavins, phenazines, and quinines. This review seeks to emphasize the opportunity afforded by pigments naturally found in fungi as a viable green alternative to current sources. This review presents a comprehensive discussion on the capacity of fungal resources such as endophytes, halophytes, and fungi obtained from a range or sources such as soil, sediments, mangroves, and marine environments. A key driver of the interest in fungi as a source of pigments stems from environmental factors and discussion here will extend on the advancement of greener extraction techniques used for the extraction of intracellular and extracellular pigments. The search for compounds of interest requires a multidisciplinary approach and techniques such as metabolomics, metabolic engineering and biotechnological approaches that have potential to deal with various challenges faced by pigment industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Kalra
- Division of Sustainable Agriculture, TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, India
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mayurika Goel
- Division of Sustainable Agriculture, TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, India
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28
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Ding Z, Xu T, Zhu W, Li L, Fu Q. A MADS-box transcription factor FoRlm1 regulates aerial hyphal growth, oxidative stress, cell wall biosynthesis and virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:183-193. [PMID: 32220379 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causes Fusarium wilt that affects banana plants. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of Foc virulence determinants have not been elucidated. In this study, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor FoRlm1 that is conserved among mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our data revealed that FoRlm1 is essential for aerial hyphal growth and virulence. Transcriptional analysis revealed that FoRlm1 deletion altered the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes, chitin synthases, fusaric acid (FA), and beauvericin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, FoRlm1 deletion promoted tolerance to Congo red and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Transcriptome analysis of ΔFoRlm1 mutant and wild-type strain indicated that the expression of many genes associated with fungal physiology and virulence was up- or down-regulated. Overall, these results suggested that FoRlm1 plays a critical role in the regulation of hyphal growth, anti-oxidation mechanisms, cell wall biosynthesis, transcription of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes encoding FA and beauvericin, and virulence in Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Ding
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China.
| | - Tianwei Xu
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Weiju Zhu
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Lijie Li
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Qiyan Fu
- Tropical Agricultural College, Hainan College of Vocation and Technique, Haikou, 570216, China.
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29
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Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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Nielsen MR, Holzwarth AKR, Brew E, Chrapkova N, Kaniki SEK, Kastaniegaard K, Sørensen T, Westphal KR, Wimmer R, Sondergaard TE, Sørensen JL. A new vector system for targeted integration and overexpression of genes in the crop pathogen Fusarium solani. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:25. [PMID: 31890232 PMCID: PMC6905090 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-019-0089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Besides their ability to produce several interesting bioactive secondary metabolites, members of the Fusarium solani species complex comprise important pathogens of plants and humans. One of the major obstacles in understanding the biology of this species complex is the lack of efficient molecular tools for genetic manipulation. Results To remove this obstacle we here report the development of a reliable system where the vectors are generated through yeast recombinational cloning and inserted into a specific site in F. solani through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. As proof-of-concept, the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) was inserted in a non-coding genomic position of F. solani and subsequent analyses showed that the resulting transformants were fluorescent on all tested media. In addition, we cloned and overexpressed the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcriptional factor fsr6 controlling mycelial pigmentation. A transformant displayed deep red/purple pigmentation stemming from bostrycoidin and javanicin. Conclusion By creating streamlined plasmid construction and fungal transformation systems, we are now able to express genes in the crop pathogen F. solani in a reliable and fast manner. As a case study, we targeted and activated the fusarubin (PKS3: fsr) gene cluster, which is the first case study of secondary metabolites being directly associated with the responsible gene cluster in F. solani via targeted activation. The system provides an approach that in the future can be used by the community to understand the biochemistry and genetics of the Fusarium solani species complex, and is obtainable from Addgene catalog #133094. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- 1Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Emmett Brew
- 1Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Natalia Chrapkova
- 1Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Kenneth Kastaniegaard
- 2Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Trine Sørensen
- 2Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Klaus Ringsborg Westphal
- 2Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- 2Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- 2Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- 1Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
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Laraba I, Kim HS, Proctor RH, Busman M, O'Donnell K, Felker FC, Aime MC, Koch RA, Wurdack KJ. Fusarium xyrophilum, sp. nov., a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex recovered from pseudoflowers on yellow-eyed grass ( Xyris spp.) from Guyana. Mycologia 2019; 112:39-51. [PMID: 31825746 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1668991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on the discovery and characterization of a novel Fusarium species that produced yellow-orange pseudoflowers on Xyris spp. (yellow-eyed grass; Xyridaceae) growing in the savannas of the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana. The petaloid fungal structures produced on infected plants mimic host flowers in gross morphology. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of full-length RPB1 (RNA polymerase largest subunit), RPB2 (RNA polymerase second largest subunit), and TEF1 (elongation factor 1-α) DNA sequences mined from genome sequences resolved the fungus, described herein as F. xyrophilum, sp. nov., as sister to F. pseudocircinatum within the African clade of the F. fujikuroi species complex. Results of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for mating type idiomorph revealed that single-conidial isolates of F. xyrophilum had only one of the MAT idiomorphs (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2), which suggests that the fungus may have a heterothallic sexual reproductive mode. BLASTn searches of whole-genome sequence of three strains of F. xyrophilum indicated that it has the genetic potential to produce secondary metabolites, including phytohormones, pigments, and mycotoxins. However, a polyketide-derived pigment, 8-O-methylbostrycoidin, was the only metabolite detected in cracked maize kernel cultures. When grown on carnation leaf agar, F. xyrophilum is phenotypically distinct from other described Fusarium species in that it produces aseptate microconidia on erect indeterminate synnemata that are up to 2 mm tall and it does not produce multiseptate macroconidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Laraba
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Frederick C Felker
- Functional Food Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Rachel A Koch
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Kenneth J Wurdack
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-2012
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Gao S, Gold SE, Wisecaver JH, Zhang Y, Guo L, Ma LJ, Rokas A, Glenn AE. Genome-wide analysis of Fusarium verticillioides reveals inter-kingdom contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the expansion of metabolism. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 128:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nielsen MR, Sondergaard TE, Giese H, Sørensen JL. Advances in linking polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides to their biosynthetic gene clusters in Fusarium. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1263-1280. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang M, Gu Z, Wang R, Guo J, Ling N, Firbank LG, Guo S. Plant Primary Metabolism Regulated by Nitrogen Contributes to Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:329-342. [PMID: 30388252 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen contributes to plant defense responses by the regulation of plant primary metabolism during plant-pathogen interactions. Based on biochemical, physiological, bioinformatic and transcriptome approaches, we investigated how different nitrogen forms (ammonium vs. nitrate) regulate the physiological response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) infection. The metabolic profile revealed that nitrate-grown plants accumulated more organic acids, while ammonium-grown plants accumulated more amino acids; FOC infection significantly increased levels of both amino acids and organic acids in the roots of ammonium-grown plants. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes related to carbon metabolism were mostly up-regulated in plants grown with nitrate, whereas in ammonium-grown plants the up-regulated genes were mostly those that were related to primary nitrogen metabolism. Root FOC colonization and disease incidence were positively correlated with levels of root amino acids and negatively correlated with levels of root organic acids. In conclusion, organic acid metabolism and expression of related genes increased under nitrate, whereas ammonium increased the level of amino acids and expression of related genes; these altered levels of organic acids and amino acids resulted in different tolerances to FOC infection depending on the nitrogen forms supplied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zechen Gu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Ling
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Yun Y, Zhou X, Yang S, Wen Y, You H, Zheng Y, Norvienyeku J, Shim WB, Wang Z. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici C 2H 2 transcription factor FolCzf1 is required for conidiation, fusaric acid production, and early host infection. Curr Genet 2019; 65:773-783. [PMID: 30631890 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The soil-borne, asexual fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a causal agent of tomato wilt disease. The infection process of Fol comprises root recognition, adhesion, penetration, colonization of the root cortex and hyphal proliferation within the xylem vessels, which are under the regulation of virulence-involved transcription factors (TFs). In this study, we identified a gene, designated FolCZF1, which encodes a C2H2 TF in Fol. The homologs of FolCzf1 are also known to affect pathogenicity in F. graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae on wheat and rice, respectively. We learned that FolCZF1 transcript level is upregulated in conidia and early host infection stage, which led us to hypothesize that FolCzf1 is associated with early host infection in Fol. The FolCZF1 deletion mutant (ΔFolCZF1) exhibited defects in growth rate, conidiation, conidia morphology and a complete loss of virulence on tomato root. Further microscopic observation showed that ΔFolCZF1 can penetrate the root but the primary infection hypha cannot extend its colonization inside the host tissue, suggesting that FolCzf1 TF plays an important role in early infection. Fusaric acid, a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species, is suggested as a virulence factor in many crop diseases. We found that FolCzf1 plays a critical role in fusaric acid production by regulating the expression of fusaric acid biosynthesis genes. In summary, FolCzf1 is required for conidiation, secondary metabolism, and early host infection in Fol, and we propose that homologs of FolCzf1 are required for early parasitic growth in other plant pathogenic filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ya Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haixia You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuru Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Institute for Food and Drug Quality Control, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
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Liu S, Wu B, Lv S, Shen Z, Li R, Yi G, Li C, Guo X. Genetic Diversity in FUB Genes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Suggests Horizontal Gene Transfer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1069. [PMID: 31552071 PMCID: PMC6738028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is an important secondary metabolite of many Fusarium species and involved in the wilt symptoms caused in banana by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). To investigate the evolution characteristics of the 12 Foc FA biosynthetic genes (FUB), coding sequences of the 12 FUB genes and three housekeeping genes, EF-1α/RPB1/RPB2 (translation elongation factor-1α/RNA polymerase II subunit I/RNA polymerase II subunit II), were subjected to genetic diversity analysis, phylogenetic analysis, recombination detection, and selective pressure analysis. The results of selective pressure analysis showed that the 15 genes were mainly subjected to negative selection. However, a significantly higher number of silent mutations, which could not be simply explained by selective pressure difference, were observed in the 12 FUB genes in Foc than in the three housekeeping genes. Infraspecies phylogeny and recombination detection analysis showed that significantly more horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events (normalized) had occurred in the FUB genes than in the three housekeeping genes. In addition, many of these events involved outgroup isolates and significantly increased the genetic diversity of FUB genes in Foc. The infraspecies phylogenetic analysis suggested that the polyphyletic phylogeny proposed for Foc requires further discussion, and the divergence of race 1, race 4, and the common ancestor of several F. oxysporum (Fo) isolates pathogenic to nonbanana plants should have diverged over a short period. Finally, our results suggest that the FUB genes in Fo should have benefited from HGT to gain a relatively high genetic diversity to respond to different host plants and environments despite mainly being subject to negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Lv
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zongzhuan Shen
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Li, ; Xiuwu Guo,
| | - Xiuwu Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Li, ; Xiuwu Guo,
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Yang RX, Zhang SW, Xue D, Xuan JH, Zhang YB, Peng BB. Culturable Endophytes Diversity Isolated from Paeonia ostii and the Genetic Basis for Their Bioactivity. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 67:441-454. [PMID: 30550230 PMCID: PMC7256872 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonia ostii is known for its excellent medicinal values as Chinese traditional plant. To date, the diversity of culturable endophytes associated with P. ostii is in its initial phase of exploration. In this study, 56 endophytic bacteria and 51 endophytic fungi were isolated from P. ostii roots in China. Subsequent characterization of 56 bacterial strains by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis revealed that nine families and 13 different genera were represented. All the fungal strains were classed into six families and 12 genera based on ITS gene sequence. The biosynthetic potential of all the endophytes was further investigated by the detection of putative polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes. The PCR screens were successful in targeting thirteen bacterial PKS, five bacterial NRPS, ten fungal PKS and nine fungal NRPS gene fragments. Bioinformatic analysis of these detected endophyte gene fragments facilitated inference of the potential bioactivity of endophyte bioactive products, suggesting that the isolated endophytes are capable of producing a plethora of secondary metabolites. These results suggest that endophytes isolated from P. ostii had abundant population diversity and biosynthetic potential, which further proved that endophytes are valuable reservoirs of novel bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xian Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P.R.China
| | - Shao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P.R.China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P.R.China
| | - Jun-Hao Xuan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P.R.China
| | - Yuan-Bo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P.R.China
| | - Biao-Biao Peng
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology , Luoyang , P.R.China
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Jacobs-Venter A, Laraba I, Geiser DM, Busman M, Vaughan MM, Proctor RH, McCormick SP, O'Donnell K. Molecular systematics of two sister clades, the Fusarium concolor and F. babinda species complexes, and the discovery of a novel microcycle macroconidium-producing species from South Africa. Mycologia 2018; 110:1189-1204. [PMID: 30522417 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1526619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multilocus DNA sequence data were used to investigate species identity and diversity in two sister clades, the Fusarium concolor (FCOSC) and F. babinda species complexes. Of the 109 isolates analyzed, only 4 were received correctly identified to species and these included 1/46 F. concolor, 1/31 F. babinda, and 2/3 F. anguioides. The majority of the F. concolor and F. babinda isolates were received as F. polyphialidicum, which is a heterotypic synonym of the former species. Previously documented from South America, Africa, Europe, and Australia, our data show that F. concolor is also present in North America. The present study expands the known distribution of F. babinda in Australia to Asia, Europe, and North America. The molecular phylogenetic results support the recognition of a novel Fusarium species within the FCOSC, which is described and illustrated here as F. austroafricanum, sp. nov. It was isolated as an endophyte of kikuyu grass associated with a putative mycotoxicosis of cattle and from plant debris in soil in South Africa. Fusarium austroafricanum is most similar morphologically to F. concolor and F. babinda but differs from the latter two species in producing (i) much longer macroconidia in which the apical cell is blunt to slightly papillate and the basal cell is only slightly notched and (ii) macroconidia via microcycle conidiation on water agar. BLASTn searches of the whole genome sequence of F. austroafricanum NRRL 53441 were conducted to predict mycotoxin potential, using genes known to be essential for the synthesis of several mycotoxins and biologically active metabolites. Based on the presence of intact gene clusters that confer the ability to synthesize mycotoxins and pigments, we analyzed cracked corn kernel cultures of F. austroafricanum via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) but failed to detect these metabolites in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaana Jacobs-Venter
- a Biosystematics Unit, Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council , Pretoria , 0001 South Africa
| | - Imane Laraba
- b Laboratoire de phytopathologie et de biologie moléculaire, département de botanique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique , Algiers , Algeria
| | - David M Geiser
- c Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology , Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Mark Busman
- d Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 60604-3999
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- d Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 60604-3999
| | - Robert H Proctor
- d Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 60604-3999
| | - Susan P McCormick
- d Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 60604-3999
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- d Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 60604-3999
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Lebeau J, Petit T, Clerc P, Dufossé L, Caro Y. Isolation of two novel purple naphthoquinone pigments concomitant with the bioactive red bikaverin and derivates thereof produced by Fusarium oxysporum. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2738. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments; Université de La Réunion; Saint-Denis France
| | - Thomas Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments; Université de La Réunion; Saint-Denis France
- Département Hygiène Sécurité Environnement (HSE); IUT La Réunion, Université de La Réunion; Saint-Pierre France
| | - Patricia Clerc
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments; Université de La Réunion; Saint-Denis France
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments; Université de La Réunion; Saint-Denis France
| | - Yanis Caro
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments; Université de La Réunion; Saint-Denis France
- Département Hygiène Sécurité Environnement (HSE); IUT La Réunion, Université de La Réunion; Saint-Pierre France
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Sánchez-Rangel D, Hernández-Domínguez EE, Pérez-Torres CA, Ortiz-Castro R, Villafán E, Rodríguez-Haas B, Alonso-Sánchez A, López-Buenfil A, Carrillo-Ortiz N, Hernández-Ramos L, Ibarra-Laclette E. Environmental pH modulates transcriptomic responses in the fungus Fusarium sp. associated with KSHB Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:721. [PMID: 30285612 PMCID: PMC6167834 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ambrosia Fusarium Clade phytopathogenic Fusarium fungi species have a symbiotic relationship with ambrosia beetles in the genus Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Related beetle species referred to as Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus have been spread in California, USA and are recognized as the causal agents of Fusarium dieback, a disease that causes mortality of many plant species. Despite the importance of this fungi, no transcriptomic resources have been generated. The datasets described here represent the first ever transcripts available for these species. We focused our study on the isolated species of Fusarium that is associated with one of the cryptic species referred to as Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB) Euwallacea sp. near fornicatus. RESULTS Hydrogen concentration is a critical signal in fungi for growth and host colonization, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different pH conditions on growth and gene expression of the fungus Fusarium sp. associated with KSHB. An RNA-seq approach was used to compare the gene expression of the fungus grown for 2 weeks in liquid medium at three different pH levels (5.0, 6.0, and 7.0). An unbuffered treatment was included to evaluate the capability of the fungus to change the pH of its environment and the impact in gene expression. The results showed that the fungus can grow and modulate its genetic expression at different pH conditions; however, growth was stunted in acidic pH in comparison with neutral pH. The results showed a differential expression pattern in each pH condition even when acidic conditions prevailed at the end of the experiment. After comparing transcriptomics data from the three treatments, we found a total of 4,943 unique transcripts that were differentially expressed. CONCLUSIONS We identified transcripts related to pH signaling such as the conserved PAL/RIM pathway, some transcripts related to secondary metabolism and other transcripts that were differentially expressed. Our analysis suggests possible mechanisms involved in pathogenicity in this novel Fusarium species. This is the first report that shows transcriptomic data of this pathogen as well as the first report of genes and proteins involved in their metabolism identifying potential virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Eric-Edmundo Hernández-Domínguez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Randy Ortiz-Castro
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Emanuel Villafán
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | | | - Abel López-Buenfil
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnóstico, Servicios y Constatación, 55740 Tecámac, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Nayeli Carrillo-Ortiz
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnóstico, Servicios y Constatación, 55740 Tecámac, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Lervin Hernández-Ramos
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnóstico, Servicios y Constatación, 55740 Tecámac, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
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Laraba I, Keddad A, Boureghda H, Abdallah N, Vaughan MM, Proctor RH, Busman M, O’Donnell K. Fusarium algeriense, sp. nov., a novel toxigenic crown rot pathogen of durum wheat from Algeria is nested in the Fusarium burgessii species complex. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1425067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imane Laraba
- Laboratoire de Phytopathologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Département de Botanique, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdelaziz Keddad
- Laboratoire de Phytopathologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Département de Botanique, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Houda Boureghda
- Laboratoire de Phytopathologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Département de Botanique, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nora Abdallah
- Laboratoire de Phytopathologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Département de Botanique, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Martha M. Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 60604-3999
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 60604-3999
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 60604-3999
| | - Kerry O’Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 60604-3999
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Rodrigues PA, Ferrari RG, Conte-Junior CA. Application of molecular tools to elucidate the microbiota of seafood. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1347-1365. [PMID: 29345036 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the methodologies currently applied to identify microbiota and pathogens transmitted to humans through seafood consumption, focusing on molecular techniques and pointing out their importance, advantages, disadvantages and applicability. Knowledge of available techniques allows researchers to identify which technique best fits their expectations. With such discernment, it will be possible to infer which disadvantages will be present and, therefore, not interfering with the final result. Two methodologies can be employed for this purpose, dependent and independent cultures. However, the dependent culture has certain limitations that can be solved through the independent cultivation techniques, such as PCR, PFGE and NGS, especially through the sequencing of the 16S rRNA region, providing a complete view of microbial diversity. These have revolutionized microbiological knowledge, mainly because they allow for the identification of uncultivable micro-organisms, which represent a substantial portion of total micro-organisms, making it possible to elucidate not yet described taxa which may display pathogenic potential, besides quantifying microbial communities, microbiota genetics, translated proteins and produced metabolites. In addition, transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques also allow for the evaluation of possible impacts that microbial communities may create in their environment, as well as the determination of potential pathogenicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Rodrigues
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R G Ferrari
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C A Conte-Junior
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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43
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Blacutt AA, Gold SE, Voss KA, Gao M, Glenn AE. Fusarium verticillioides: Advancements in Understanding the Toxicity, Virulence, and Niche Adaptations of a Model Mycotoxigenic Pathogen of Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:312-326. [PMID: 28971734 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-17-0203-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of understanding the biology of the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides and its various microbial and plant host interactions is critical given its threat to maize, one of the world's most valuable food crops. Disease outbreaks and mycotoxin contamination of grain threaten economic returns and have grave implications for human and animal health and food security. Furthermore, F. verticillioides is a member of a genus of significant phytopathogens and, thus, data regarding its host association, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and other metabolic (degradative) capabilities are consequential to both basic and applied research efforts across multiple pathosystems. Notorious among its secondary metabolites are the fumonisin mycotoxins, which cause severe animal diseases and are implicated in human disease. Additionally, studies of these mycotoxins have led to new understandings of F. verticillioides plant pathogenicity and provide tools for research into cellular processes and host-pathogen interaction strategies. This review presents current knowledge regarding several significant lines of F. verticillioides research, including facets of toxin production, virulence, and novel fitness strategies exhibited by this fungus across rhizosphere and plant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Blacutt
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Scott E Gold
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Kenneth A Voss
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Minglu Gao
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; and second, third, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720
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López-Díaz C, Rahjoo V, Sulyok M, Ghionna V, Martín-Vicente A, Capilla J, Di Pietro A, López-Berges MS. Fusaric acid contributes to virulence of Fusarium oxysporum on plant and mammalian hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:440-453. [PMID: 28093838 PMCID: PMC6638071 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is amongst the oldest identified secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium species, known for a long time to display strong phytotoxicity and moderate toxicity to animal cells; however, the cellular targets of FA and its function in fungal pathogenicity remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of FA in Fusarium oxysporum, a soil-borne cross-kingdom pathogen that causes vascular wilt on more than 100 plant species and opportunistic infections in humans. Targeted deletion of fub1, encoding a predicted orthologue of the polyketide synthase involved in FA biosynthesis in F. verticillioides and F. fujikuroi, abolished the production of FA and its derivatives in F. oxysporum. We further showed that the expression of fub1 was positively controlled by the master regulator of secondary metabolism LaeA and the alkaline pH regulator PacC through the modulation of chromatin accessibility at the fub1 locus. FA exhibited strong phytotoxicity on tomato plants, which was rescued by the exogenous supply of copper, iron or zinc, suggesting a possible function of FA as a chelating agent of these metal ions. Importantly, the severity of vascular wilt symptoms on tomato plants and the mortality of immunosuppressed mice were significantly reduced in fub1Δ mutants and fully restored in the complemented strains. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the regulation and mode of action of FA, as well as on the function of this phytotoxin during the infection process of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Vahid Rahjoo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Veronica Ghionna
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Adela Martín-Vicente
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, 43204, Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- Mycology Unit, Medical School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, 43204, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Manuel S López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
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Janevska S, Tudzynski B. Secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi: strategies to unravel the function of biosynthetic pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:615-630. [PMID: 29204899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi causes bakanae disease of rice due to its ability to produce the plant hormones, the gibberellins. The fungus is also known for producing harmful mycotoxins (e.g., fusaric acid and fusarins) and pigments (e.g., bikaverin and fusarubins). However, for a long time, most of these well-known products could not be linked to biosynthetic gene clusters. Recent genome sequencing has revealed altogether 47 putative gene clusters. Most of them were orphan clusters for which the encoded natural product(s) were unknown. In this review, we describe the current status of our research on identification and functional characterizations of novel secondary metabolite gene clusters. We present several examples where linking known metabolites to the respective biosynthetic genes has been achieved and describe recent strategies and methods to access new natural products, e.g., by genetic manipulation of pathway-specific or global transcritption factors. In addition, we demonstrate that deletion and over-expression of histone-modifying genes is a powerful tool to activate silent gene clusters and to discover their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Munster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Munster, Germany.
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Abstract
Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) have provided some of the earliest glimpses at the biochemical machinery of yeast and filamentous fungi. MGCs encode diverse genetic mechanisms for nutrient acquisition and the synthesis/degradation of essential and adaptive metabolites. Beyond encoding the enzymes performing these discrete anabolic or catabolic processes, MGCs may encode a range of mechanisms that enable their persistence as genetic consortia; these include enzymatic mechanisms to protect their host fungi from their inherent toxicities, and integrated regulatory machinery. This modular, self-contained nature of MGCs contributes to the metabolic and ecological adaptability of fungi. The phylogenetic and ecological patterns of MGC distribution reflect the broad diversity of fungal life cycles and nutritional modes. While the origins of most gene clusters are enigmatic, MGCs are thought to be born into a genome through gene duplication, relocation, or horizontal transfer, and analyzing the death and decay of gene clusters provides clues about the mechanisms selecting for their assembly. Gene clustering may provide inherent fitness advantages through metabolic efficiency and specialization, but experimental evidence for this is currently limited. The identification and characterization of gene clusters will continue to be powerful tools for elucidating fungal metabolism as well as understanding the physiology and ecology of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Slot
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Busman M. Utilization of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of 8-O-methylbostrycoidin Production by Species of the Fungus Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3030043. [PMID: 29371560 PMCID: PMC5715938 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pigment 8-O-methylbostrycoidin is a polyketide metabolite produced by multiple species of the fungus Fusarium that infects plant crops, including maize. A technique was developed for the analysis of 8-O-methylbostrycoidin by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The quantitative nature of the LC-MS/MS experiment was demonstrated over a range of concentrations in maize. Limits of detection for the method (10 ng/g from 8-O-methylbostrycoidin spiked into ground maize) were shown, and susceptibility of the method to matrix effects from maize was also evaluated. The method was applied to evaluate the ability of the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides to produce 8-O-methylbostrycoidin in developing maize ears grown in an agricultural field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Ridenour JB, Bluhm BH. The novel fungal-specific gene FUG1 has a role in pathogenicity and fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:513-528. [PMID: 27071505 PMCID: PMC6638258 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is a globally important pathogen of maize, capable of causing severe yield reductions and economic losses. In addition, F. verticillioides produces toxic secondary metabolites during kernel colonization that pose significant threats to human and animal health. Fusarium verticillioides and other plant-pathogenic fungi possess a large number of genes with no known or predicted function, some of which could encode novel virulence factors or antifungal targets. In this study, we identified and characterized the novel gene FUG1 (Fungal Unknown Gene 1) in F. verticillioides through functional genetics. Deletion of FUG1 impaired maize kernel colonization and fumonisin biosynthesis. In addition, deletion of FUG1 increased sensitivity to the antimicrobial compound 2-benzoxazolinone and to hydrogen peroxide, which indicates that FUG1 may play a role in mitigating stresses associated with host defence. Transcriptional profiling via RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) identified numerous fungal genes that were differentially expressed in the kernel environment following the deletion of FUG1, including genes involved in secondary metabolism and mycelial development. Sequence analysis of the Fug1 protein provided evidence for nuclear localization, DNA binding and a domain of unknown function associated with previously characterized transcriptional regulators. This information, combined with the observed transcriptional reprogramming in the deletion mutant, suggests that FUG1 represents a novel class of fungal transcription factors or genes otherwise involved in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. Ridenour
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Arkansas Division of AgricultureFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Burton H. Bluhm
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Arkansas Division of AgricultureFayettevilleAR 72701USA
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