1
|
Castillo-Pérez LJ, Ponce-Hernández A, Alonso-Castro AJ, Solano R, Fortanelli-Martínez J, Lagunez-Rivera L, Carranza-Álvarez C. Medicinal Orchids of Mexico: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:907. [PMID: 39065757 PMCID: PMC11279439 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Some species of the Orchidaceae family are used in Mexican traditional medicine. However, there are no current and critical compilations of the medicinal uses and pharmacological effects of the members of the Orchidaceae family. This review provides a current, critical, and comprehensive analysis of the traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological reports, and active compounds isolated from Mexican orchids. A total of 62 Mexican orchids with medicinal potential have been recorded, of which 14 have scientific evidence. The remaining 48 plant species have ethnomedicinal information but have not been validated with scientific studies. These orchids are distributed in 14 states of the Mexican Republic, mainly in the southern region of Mexico. The most common pharmacological activities reported are anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, antinociceptive, antioxidant, spasmolytic, antihypertensive, and hallucinogenic activities. It is necessary to increase the number of pharmacological, phytochemical, and toxicological studies with medicinal orchids from Mexico because there are scientific studies on only 22.5% of these species. In further studies, it will be possible to evaluate the pharmacological effects of Mexican orchids in clinical trials. In addition, the mechanisms of action by which plant extracts and their active compounds exert medicinal effects remain to be studied. Plant extracts from orchids and their active compounds show promising antinociceptive and spasmolytic effects, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis J. Castillo-Pérez
- Programa Multidisciplinario de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78290, Mexico;
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles 79060, Mexico
| | - Amauri Ponce-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78290, Mexico;
| | - Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Solano
- Laboratorio de Extracción y Análisis de Productos Naturales Vegetales, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán 71230, Mexico; (R.S.); (L.L.-R.)
| | - Javier Fortanelli-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78290, Mexico;
| | - Luicita Lagunez-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Extracción y Análisis de Productos Naturales Vegetales, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán 71230, Mexico; (R.S.); (L.L.-R.)
| | - Candy Carranza-Álvarez
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles 79060, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mata R, Figueroa M, Navarrete A, Rivero-Cruz I. Chemistry and Biology of Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 108:1-142. [PMID: 30924013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01099-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are an integral element of alternative medical care in Mexico, and the best testimony to their efficacy and cultural value is their persistence in contemporary Mexican marketplaces where the highest percentages of medicinal and aromatic plants are sold. This chapter summarizes current trends in research on medicinal plants in Mexico, with emphasis on work carried out at the authors' laboratories. The most relevant phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of a selected group of plants used widely for treating major national health problems are described.From this contribution, it is evident that in the last five decades a significant amount of research on medicinal plants has been performed by Mexican scientists. Such efforts have led to the publication of many research papers in noted peer-reviewed journals and technical books. The isolation and structural characterization of hundreds of bioactive secondary metabolites have been accomplished, and most importantly, these studies have tended to support the ethnomedical uses of many different species. A multidisciplinary approach for investigating these plants has led to an increased emphasis on areas such as phytopharmacology, phytotoxicology, quality control, regulation, and conservation issues for these valuable resources. The medicinal plants analyzed so far have shown a very broad chemical diversity of their constituents, which have a high potential for exhibiting novel mechanistic effects biologically. The chapter shows also that there is need to conduct additional clinical studies on herbal drugs, in particular because the longstanding traditional evidence for their safety is not always sufficient to assure their rational use. There is also need to move to "omics" approaches for investigating the holistic effect and the influence of groups of phytochemicals on the whole organism. Mexican scientists may be expected to have bright prospects in this regard, which will imbue medicinal plant research with a new dynamism in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mata
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Andrés Navarrete
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isabel Rivero-Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rojas-Olivos A, Solano-Gómez R, Alexander-Aguilera A, Jiménez-Estrada M, Zilli-Hernández S, Lagunez-Rivera L. Effect of Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae) on obesity and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rojas-Olivos
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Oaxaca, Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, 71230, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Solano-Gómez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Oaxaca, Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, 71230, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Alexander-Aguilera
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Carmen Serdán s/n , Col. Flores Magón, Veracruz, Veracruz, 91700, Mexico
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cristóbal Colón, Carr. Veracruz-Medellin s/n , Col. Puente Moreno, Boca del Río, Veracruz, 94271, Mexico
| | - Manuel Jiménez-Estrada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Stefan Zilli-Hernández
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cristóbal Colón, Carr. Veracruz-Medellin s/n , Col. Puente Moreno, Boca del Río, Veracruz, 94271, Mexico
| | - Luicita Lagunez-Rivera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Oaxaca, Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, 71230, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu J, Lu C, Li X, Fang H, Wan W, Yang Q, Sun X, Wang M, Hu X, Chen CYO, Wei X. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Gigantol Derivatives as Potential Agents in Prevention of Diabetic Cataract. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141092. [PMID: 26517726 PMCID: PMC4627826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a continuation of our efforts directed towards the development of natural anti-diabetic cataract agents, gigantol was isolated from Herba dendrobii and was found to inhibit both aldose reductase (AR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, which play a significant role in the development and progression of diabetic cataracts. To improve its bioefficacy and facilitate use as a therapeutic agent, gigantol (compound 14f) and a series of novel analogs were designed and synthesized. Analogs were formulated to have different substituents on the phenyl ring (compounds 4, 5, 8, 14a-e), substitute the phenyl ring with a larger steric hindrance ring (compounds 10, 17c) or modify the carbon chain (compounds 17a, 17b, 21, 23, 25). All of the analogs were tested for their effect on AR and iNOS activities and on D-galactose-induced apoptosis in cultured human lens epithelial cells. Compounds 5, 10, 14a, 14b, 14d, 14e, 14f, 17b, 17c, 23, and 25 inhibited AR activity, with IC50 values ranging from 5.02 to 288.8 μM. Compounds 5, 10, 14b, and 14f inhibited iNOS activity with IC50 ranging from 432.6 to 1188.7 μM. Compounds 5, 8, 10, 14b, 14f, and 17c protected the cells from D-galactose induced apoptosis with viability ranging from 55.2 to 76.26%. Of gigantol and its analogs, compound 10 showed the greatest bioefficacy and is warranted to be developed as a therapeutic agent for diabetic cataracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanjun Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wencheng Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiaohong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaosheng Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - C.-Y. Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyong Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vasodilator compounds derived from plants and their mechanisms of action. Molecules 2013; 18:5814-57. [PMID: 23685938 PMCID: PMC6270466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper reviews vasodilator compounds isolated from plants that were reported in the past 22 years (1990 to 2012) and the different mechanisms of action involved in their vasodilator effects. The search for reports was conducted in a comprehensive manner, intending to encompass those metabolites with a vasodilator effect whose mechanism of action involved both vascular endothelium and arterial smooth muscle. The results obtained from our bibliographic search showed that over half of the isolated compounds have a mechanism of action involving the endothelium. Most of these bioactive metabolites cause vasodilation either by activating the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway or by blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels. Moreover, it was found that many compounds induced vasodilation by more than one mechanism. This review confirms that secondary metabolites, which include a significant group of compounds with extensive chemical diversity, are a valuable source of new pharmaceuticals useful for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of gigantol analogs as calmodulin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2699-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of methanolic extract from roots of Laelia anceps are mediated by calcium-channel antagonism. Fitoterapia 2009; 81:350-7. [PMID: 19879929 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RMELanc-induced relaxation in aortic rings precontracted with NE, 5-HT and KCl. It also reduced NE-induced transient contraction in Ca(2+)-free solution and inhibited contraction induced by increasing external calcium. Nevertheless, the vasorelaxant effect of RMELanc was not reduced by ODQ, 1-alprenolol, TEA, glibenclamide, and 2-AP. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg of RMELanc exhibited a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in SHR rats. HPLC analysis allowed us to detect the presence of 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4,9-trimethoxyphenantrene (1), which induced a significant relaxation effect. Therefore, our results suggest that RMELanc induces vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects by blockade of Ca(2+) channels.
Collapse
|
8
|
Vergara-Galicia J, Ortiz-Andrade R, Castillo-España P, Ibarra-Barajas M, Gallardo-Ortiz I, Villalobos-Molina R, Estrada-Soto S. Antihypertensive and vasorelaxant activities of Laelia autumnalis are mainly through calcium channel blockade. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 49:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Kovács A, Vasas A, Hohmann J. Natural phenanthrenes and their biological activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1084-110. [PMID: 18243254 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to survey the various naturally occurring phenanthrene compounds that have been isolated from different plants. Only one review has previously been published on this topic. Gorham (1989) reviewed the structures, biosynthesis, separations and spectroscopy of stilbenes and phenanthrenes. The present study furnishes an overview of the hydroxy or/and methoxy-substituted 9,10-dihydro/phenanthrenes, methylated, prenylated and other monomeric derivatives, dimeric and trimeric phenanthrenes and their biological activities. A fairly large number of phenanthrenes have been reported from higher plants, mainly in the Orchidaceae family, in the species Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, Eria, Maxillaria, Bletilla, Coelogyna, Cymbidium, Ephemerantha and Epidendrum. A few phenanthrenes have been found in the Hepaticae class and Dioscoreaceae, Combretaceae and Betulaceae families. Their distribution correlates strongly with the taxonomic divisions. These plants have often been used in traditional medicine, and phenanthrenes have therefore been studied for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, antiallergic activities and phytotoxicity. On the basis of 120 references, this review covers the phytochemistry and pharmacology of phenanthrenes, describing 252 compounds. This contribution stems from our work on the medicinal plant Tamus communis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriána Kovács
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao K, Zhang HJ, Xuan LJ, Zhang J, Xu YM, Bai DL. Stilbenoids: Chemistry and bioactivities. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART N) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(08)80032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Déciga-Campos M, Palacios-Espinosa JF, Reyes-Ramírez A, Mata R. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of compounds isolated from Scaphyglottis livida and Maxillaria densa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 114:161-8. [PMID: 17855030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of a CH(2)Cl(2)-MeOH (1:1) extract of Scaphyglottis livida produced dose-dependent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects when tested in mice and rats using the hot-plate (150-600 mg/kg) and carrageenan-induced inflammation (150-600 mg/kg) models, respectively. Morphine (1.5-6 mg/kg, p.o.) and indomethacin (10-40 mg/kg, p.o.) were used as positive controls, respectively. Four compounds were isolated from the active extract of Scaphyglottis livida, namely 5alpha-lanosta-24,24-dimethyl-9(11),25-dien-3beta-ol (LDD), 24,24,dimethyl-9,19-cyclolanosta-9(11),25-dien-3-one (cyclobalanone), gigantol and 3,4'-dihydroxy-3',4,5-trimethoxybibenzyl (DTB). LDD and gigantol (25-100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the hot-plate latency in comparison to vehicle-treated mice and decreased carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The antinociception provoked by LDD and gigantol was partially blocked by naloxone (1mg/kg, i.p.). However, pretreatment with L-NAME (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the antinociceptive response induced by LDD or gigantol suggesting that their pharmacological effect could be partially due to activation of opioid receptors. Moreover, a CH(2)Cl(2)-MeOH (1:1) extract of Maxillaria densa reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes but was not able to produce antinociception in the hot-plate assay. Two compounds were isolated from the active extract of Maxillaria densa, namely fimbriol A and erianthridin. Both compounds partially reduced acetic acid-induced writhes. The results tend to support the popular use of this species in folk medicine for treatment of painful complaints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Déciga-Campos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., Mexico.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Déciga-Campos M, Rivero-Cruz I, Arriaga-Alba M, Castañeda-Corral G, Angeles-López GE, Navarrete A, Mata R. Acute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in traditional medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 110:334-42. [PMID: 17101253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present work was undertaken to determine safety parameters of selected Mexican medicinal plants chosen on the basis of their frequency of medicinal use and commercial importance. The medicinal herbs included Amphipteryngium adstringens, Hintonia standleyana, Hintonia latiflora, Piper sanctum, Haemathoxylon brasiletto, Iostephane heterophylla, Valeriana procera, Arracacia tolucensis, Brickellia veronicaefolia, Scaphyglottis livida, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticum porteri, Poliomintha longiflora and Gnaphalium sp. In the acute toxicity studies in mice performed according to the Lorke procedure, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticum porteri and Poliomintha longiflora were the most toxic with LD(50) values between 1085 and 2mg/kg. The Ames test revealed that Gnaphalium sp. and Valeriana procera extracts induced mutations of S. typhimurium TA98 with or without the S9 microsomal fraction, and TA100 in the presence of the enzymatic fraction, respectively. The tincture of Valeriana procera, however, was non-mutagenic. Finally, in the Artemia salina lethality test Brickellia veronicaefolia, Arracacia tolucensis, Poliomintha longiflora and Piper sanctum caused significant mortality of the crustacean larvae with LC(50) in the range of 37-227 microg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Déciga-Campos
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Navarrete-Vázquez G, Moreno-Diaz H, Aguirre-Crespo F, León-Rivera I, Villalobos-Molina R, Muñoz-Muñiz O, Estrada-Soto S. Design, microwave-assisted synthesis, and spasmolytic activity of 2-(alkyloxyaryl)-1H-benzimidazole derivatives as constrained stilbene bioisosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4169-73. [PMID: 16784847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast, and efficient method for the preparation of several 2-(alkyloxyaryl)-1H-benzimidazole derivatives is reported. Compounds were synthesized through a rapid one-pot three component reaction via microwave irradiation, starting from commercially available aldehydes and o-phenylenediamine, in the presence of Na(2)S(2)O(5) and solvent-free conditions. The design of these compounds explore the hypothesis that the stilbene framework could be mimicked with an appropriate 2-(Alkyloxyphenyl)benzimidazole scaffold. This framework has a similar structural motif as the 6-phenylnaphthalene and behaves like stilbene bioisosteres. The spasmolytic activity of these compounds was recorded using isolated rat ileum test. Compound 12 was the most active of the series, showing an IC(50) of 1.19 microM.
Collapse
|