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Dioh W, Tourette C, Del Signore S, Daudigny L, Dupont P, Balducci C, Dilda PJ, Lafont R, Veillet S. A Phase 1 study for safety and pharmacokinetics of BIO101 (20-hydroxyecdysone) in healthy young and older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1259-1273. [PMID: 37057316 PMCID: PMC10235879 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is an age-related skeletal muscle disorder characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength leading to mobility disability. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a polyhydroxylated plant steroid that demonstrates pharmacological effects in many disease animal models including ageing/sarcopenia. BIO101 is a 20E purified investigational drug (≥97%) that previously demonstrated good toxicology profiles in rat and dog. BIO101 is evaluated in healthy young and older adults in a Phase 1 study. METHODS This study is a Single Ascending Dose (SAD) followed by a 14-day Multiple Ascending Dose (MAD). In SAD, BIO101 was administered orally to 16 young adults at doses from 100 to 1400 mg and to 8 older adults (age ≥65 years) at 1400 mg. In MAD, doses of 350 mg once daily (qd), 350 mg twice daily (bid) and 450 mg bid were administered to 10 older adults. The primary objective was to evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics (PK), including dosing of circulating metabolites. Pharmacodynamic effects were investigated with regard to myostatin, procollagen-III-amino-terminal propeptide (PIIINP), myoglobin, creatine-kinase Muscle Brain (CKMB), renin and aldosterone plasma/serum levels. RESULTS BIO101 showed a good safety profile with only mild to moderate adverse events and a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile. In SAD, at 100 mg to 1400 mg, mean Cmax and areas under the curve increased less than dose-proportionally. Mean half-life was short (2.4-4.9 h), and mean renal clearance was comparable in all doses (4.05-5.05 L/h). Mean plasma exposure was slightly lower in older adults (22% lower for Cmax and 13%-15% lower for AUCs) compared with young subjects. In MAD, 350 and 450 mg bid led to a slight accumulation over 14 days (mean ratio of accumulation [Rac] of 1.31 in both cohorts). Reduction of biomarkers (myoglobin, CK-MB) mean serum levels (vs. baseline) was observed at 450 mg bid. Two major metabolites of 20E (14-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone and 14-deoxypoststerone) were identified and quantified. CONCLUSIONS BIO101 shows a good safety and pharmacokinetic profile that led to the selection of doses for the subsequent interventional clinical trials of Phase 2 in age-related sarcopenia (SARA-INT) and Phase 3 in Covid-19 (COVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Waly Dioh
- BiophytisSorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - René Lafont
- BiophytisSorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- FSI, Paris‐Seine Biology Institute (BIOSIPE), CNRSSorbonne UniversityParisFrance
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2
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Dinan L, Balducci C, Guibout L, Foucault AS, Bakrim A, Kumpun S, Girault JP, Tourette C, Dioh W, Dilda PJ, Veillet S, Lafont R. Ecdysteroid metabolism in mammals: The fate of ingested 20-hydroxyecdysone in mice and rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105896. [PMID: 33819630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids are molecules derived from sterol metabolism and found in many plants. They display a wide array of pharmacological effects on mammals (e.g. anabolic, anti-diabetic). Although these effects have been long established, the molecular targets involved remain to be identified. Like endogenous steroid hormones and bile acids, which are biochemically related, ingested or injected phytoecdysteroids undergo a set of reactions in mammals leading to the formation of numerous metabolites, only some of which have been so far identified, and it is presently unknown whether they represent active metabolites or inactivation products. In the large intestine, ecdysteroids undergo efficient 14-dehydroxylation. Other changes (reductions, epimerization, side-chain cleavage) are also observed, but whether these occur in the liver and/or large intestine is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the most common phytoecdysteroid, when administered to mice and rats, using, when required, tritium-labelled molecules to permit metabolic tracking. Bioavailability, the distribution of radioactivity and the kinetics of formation of metabolites were followed for 24-48 hours after ingestion and qualitative and quantitative analyses of circulating and excreted compounds were performed. In mice, the digestive tract always contains the majority of the ingested 20E. Within 30 min after ingestion, 20E reaches the large intestine, where microorganisms firstly remove the 14-hydroxyl group and reduce the 6-one. Then a very complex set of metabolites (not all of which have yet been identified) appears, which correspond to poststerone derivatives formed in the liver. We have observed that these compounds (like bile acids) undergo an entero-hepatic cycle, involving glucuronide conjugation in the liver and subsequent deconjugation in the intestine. Despite the very short half-life of ecdysteroids in mammals, this entero-hepatic cycle helps to maintain their plasma levels at values which, albeit low (≤0.2 μM), would be sufficient to evoke several pharmacological effects. Similar 20E metabolites were observed in mice and rats; they include in particular 14-deoxy-20E, poststerone and 14-deoxypoststerone and their diverse reduction products; the major products of this metabolism have been unambiguously identified. The major sites of metabolism of exogenous ecdysteroids in mammals are the large intestine and the liver. The entero-hepatic cycle contributes to the metabolism and to maintaining a low, but pharmacologically significant, concentration of ecdysteroids in the blood for ca. 24 h after ingestion. These data, together with parallel in vitro experiments provide a basis for the identification of 20E metabolite(s) possibly involved in the physiological effects associated with ecdysteroids in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dinan
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (BIOSIPE), 75005, Paris, France.
| | - C Balducci
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - L Guibout
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - A-S Foucault
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - A Bakrim
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (BIOSIPE), 75005, Paris, France; Research Team in Biological Engineering, Agri-food and Aquaculture, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Larache, 92000, Morocco.
| | - S Kumpun
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (BIOSIPE), 75005, Paris, France; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, SuanSunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
| | - J-P Girault
- Paris University, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - C Tourette
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - W Dioh
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - P J Dilda
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - S Veillet
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - R Lafont
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université - BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (BIOSIPE), 75005, Paris, France.
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3
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Balducci C, Dinan L, Guibout L, Foucault AS, Carbonne C, Durand JD, Caradeuc C, Bertho G, Girault JP, Lafont R. The complex metabolism of poststerone in male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105897. [PMID: 33862260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are not endogenous to mammals, but are normal components of the food intake of many mammalian species consuming phytoecdysteroid-containing plants. The most frequently encountered phytoecdysteroid is 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Several pharmaceutical effects have been observed after ecdysteroid injection or ingestion, but it is not clear to what extent metabolites generated in the mammalian body contribute to these effects. The C21-ecdysteroid poststerone (Post) is a metabolite of 20E in rodents. Post analogues are key intermediates in the metabolism of exogenous ecdysteroids possessing a C20/22-diol. The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of Post have been assessed in male rats after ingestion and injection. The bioavailability of Post is significantly greater than that of 20E and the presence of an efficient entero-hepatic cycle allows Post to be effectively metabolised to a wide range of metabolites which are excreted mainly in the faeces, but also to some extent in the urine. Several of the major metabolites in the bile have been identified unambiguously as 3-epi-poststerone, 16α-hydroxypoststerone, 21-hydroxypoststerone and 3-epi-21-hydroxypoststerone. Conjugates are also present. Parallels are drawn to the metabolism of endogenous vertebrate steroid hormones, to which Post bears more similarity than 20E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Balducci
- Biophytis SA, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Laurence Dinan
- Biophytis SA, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Louis Guibout
- Biophytis SA, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | | | - Christel Carbonne
- Biophytis SA, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; Metabrain Research, 19 Ave du Professeur Cadiot, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Jean-Denis Durand
- Metabrain Research, 19 Ave du Professeur Cadiot, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Cédric Caradeuc
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - Gildas Bertho
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Girault
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - René Lafont
- Biophytis SA, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC (Université Paris 06), IBPS - BIOSIPE, F-75005 Paris, France.
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4
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Tóth G, Herke I, Gáti T, Vágvölgyi M, Berkecz R, Parfenova LV, Ueno M, Yokoi T, Nakagawa Y, Hunyadi A. A Commercial Extract of Cyanotis arachnoidea Roots as a Source of Unusual Ecdysteroid Derivatives with Insect Hormone Receptor Binding Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1870-1881. [PMID: 34143640 PMCID: PMC8314276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids act as molting hormones in insects and as nonhormonal anabolic agents and adaptogens in mammals. A wide range of ecdysteroid-containing herbal extracts are available worldwide as food supplements. The aim of this work was to study such an extract as a possible industrial source of new bioactive ecdysteroids. A large-scale chromatographic isolation was performed from an extract of Cyanotis arachnoidea roots. Ten ecdysteroids (1-10) including eight new compounds were isolated and characterized by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Highly unusual structures were identified, including a H-14β (1, 2, 4, and 10) moiety, among which a 14β(H)17β(H) phytosteroid (1) is reported for the first time. Compounds with an intact side chain (4-10) and 11 other natural or semisynthetic ecdysteroids (11-21) were tested for insect ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) binding activity. Two new compounds, i.e., 14-deoxydacryhainansterone (5) and 22-oxodacryhainansterone (6), showed strong EcR binding activity (IC50 = 41.7 and 380 nM, respectively). Six compounds were identified as EcR agonists and another two as antagonists using a transgenic ecdysteroid reporter gene assay. The present results demonstrate that commercial C. arachnoidea extracts are rich in new, unusual bioactive ecdysteroids. Because of the lack of an authentic plant material, the truly biosynthetic or artifactual nature of these compounds cannot be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tóth
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, NMR Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Herke
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Analysis, and Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gáti
- Servier
Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (SRIMC), H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Vágvölgyi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Analysis, and Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Analysis, and Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lyudmila V. Parfenova
- Institute
of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Minori Ueno
- Graduate
School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taiyo Yokoi
- Graduate
School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Graduate
School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Analysis, and Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Kopylov AT, Malsagova KA, Stepanov AA, Kaysheva AL. Diversity of Plant Sterols Metabolism: The Impact on Human Health, Sport, and Accumulation of Contaminating Sterols. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051623. [PMID: 34066075 PMCID: PMC8150896 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The way of plant sterols transformation and their benefits for humans is still a question under the massive continuing revision. In fact, there are no receptors for binding with sterols in mammalians. However, possible biotransformation to steroids that can be catalyzed by gastro-intestinal microflora, microbial cells in prebiotics or cytochromes system were repeatedly reported. Some products of sterols metabolization are capable to imitate resident human steroids and compete with them for the binding with corresponding receptors, thus affecting endocrine balance and entire physiology condition. There are also tremendous reports about the natural origination of mammalian steroid hormones in plants and corresponding receptors for their binding. Some investigations and reports warn about anabolic effect of sterols, however, there are many researchers who are reluctant to believe in and have strong opposing arguments. We encounter plant sterols everywhere: in food, in pharmacy, in cosmetics, but still know little about their diverse properties and, hence, their exact impact on our life. Most of our knowledge is limited to their cholesterol-lowering influence and protective effect against cardiovascular disease. However, the world of plant sterols is significantly wider if we consider the thousands of publications released over the past 10 years.
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Lawrence MM, Zwetsloot KA, Arthur ST, Sherman CA, Huot JR, Badmaev V, Grace M, Lila MA, Nieman DC, Shanely RA. Phytoecdysteroids Do Not Have Anabolic Effects in Skeletal Muscle in Sedentary Aging Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020370. [PMID: 33418916 PMCID: PMC7825148 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass and strength are lost with aging. Phytoecdysteroids, in particular 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), increase protein synthesis in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and muscle strength in young rats. The objective of this study was to determine whether an extract from Ajuga turkestanica (ATE), enriched in phytoecdysteroids, and 20E affect skeletal muscle mass and fiber size, fiber type, activation of the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway, and the mRNA levels of MAFbx, MuRF-1, and myostatin in sedentary aging mice. Aging male C57BL/6 mice (20 months old) received ATE, 20E, or vehicle (CT) once per day for 28 days or a single acute dose. Treatment did not alter body, muscle, or organ mass; fiber cross-sectional area; or fiber type in the triceps brachii or plantaris muscles. Likewise, protein synthesis signaling markers (i.e., phosphorylation of AktSer473 and p70S6kThr389) measured after either 28 days or acutely were unchanged. Neither ATE nor 20E treatment for 28 days affected the mRNA levels of MAFbx, MuRF-1, and myostatin. In conclusion, these data indicate that phytoecdysteroid treatment does not alter muscle mass or fiber type, nor does it activate protein synthesis signaling in the skeletal muscle of sedentary aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. Lawrence
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.Z.); (C.A.S.)
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
- Integrated Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Boone, NC 28607, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT 84720, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (S.T.A.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Kevin A. Zwetsloot
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.Z.); (C.A.S.)
- Integrated Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Boone, NC 28607, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 20608, USA
| | - Susan T. Arthur
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (S.T.A.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Chase A. Sherman
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.Z.); (C.A.S.)
- Integrated Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Boone, NC 28607, USA
| | - Joshua R. Huot
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (S.T.A.); (J.R.H.)
| | | | - Mary Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (M.G.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (M.G.); (M.A.L.)
| | - David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 20608, USA
| | - R. Andrew Shanely
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.Z.); (C.A.S.)
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
- Integrated Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Boone, NC 28607, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-828-262-6319
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Savchenko RG, Nové M, Spengler G, Hunyadi A, Parfenova LV. In vitro adjuvant antitumor activity of various classes of semi-synthetic poststerone derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104485. [PMID: 33261846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Various classes of semi-synthetic analogs of poststerone, the product of oxidative cleavage of the C20-C22 bond in the side chain of the phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone, were synthesized. The analogs were obtained by reductive transformations using L-Selectride and H2-Pd/C, by molecular abeo-rearrangements using the DAST reagent or ultrasonic treatment in the NaI-Zn-DMF system, and by acid-catalyzed reactions of poststerone derivatives with various aldehydes (o-FC6H4CHO, m-CF3C6H4CHO, CO2Me(CH2)8CHO). The products were tested on a mouse lymphoma cell line pair, L5178 and its ABCB1-transfected multi-drug resistant counterpart, L5178MDR, for their in vitro activity alone and in combination with doxorubicin, and for the ability to inhibit the ABCB1 transporter. Among the tested compounds, new 2,3-dioxolane derivatives of the pregnane ecdysteroid were found to have a pronounced chemosensitizing activity towards doxorubicin and could be considered as promising candidates for further structure optimization for the development of effective chemosensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimma G Savchenko
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, 141, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Márta Nové
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sq. 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sq. 9, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Eötvös str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Lyudmila V Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, 141, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 450075 Ufa, Russia.
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