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Li Y, Huang H, Gu C, Huang W, Chen X, Lu X, You A, Ye S, Zhong J, Zhao Y, Yan Y, Li C. Film-forming polymer solutions containing cholesterol myristate and berberine mediate pressure ulcer repair via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Wound Repair Regen 2024; 32:279-291. [PMID: 38353052 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Pressure ulcer (PU) is a worldwide problem that is difficult to address because of the related inflammatory response, local hypoxia, and repeated ischaemia/reperfusion, causing great suffering and financial burden to patients. Traditional Chinese medicine turtle plate powder can treat skin trauma, but its composition is complex and inconvenient to use. Here, we combined cholesterol myristate (S8) with berberine (BBR), with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, as a drug and used hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 as carriers to construct a novel film-forming polymeric solution (S8 + BBR FFPS), comprehensively study its reparative effect on PU and explore the potential mechanism in rat PU models. The results showed that S8 + BBR FFPS inhibits excessive inflammatory response, promotes re-epithelialization, and promotes hair follicle growth during the healing process of PU, which may be related to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway by S8 + BBR FFPS to mediate hair follicle stem cell proliferation and maintain skin homeostasis. Therefore, S8 + BBR FFPS may be a potential candidate for the treatment of chronic skin injury, and its association with the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway may provide new ideas to guide the design of biomaterial-based wound dressings for chronic wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiting Huang
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuijin Gu
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianxian Chen
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Lu
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aijia You
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Ye
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yan
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ma S, Zhao H, Liu S, Tian C, Gao M, Wang Y, Dong J, Zhang L. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol and 7-hydroxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2,3,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione: two natural products from Serratia marcescens Ha1 and their herbicidal activities. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1016-1025. [PMID: 37831548 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weeds are one of the critical factors that negatively affect crop yield and quality. Microbial herbicides are a research hotspot for novel herbicides owing to their environmental safety and lack of weed resistance. In the current study, the active ingredients of Serratia marcescens Ha1, a new microbial herbicide, were investigated for their effectiveness against agricultural weeds using bioassay-guided fractionation. RESULTS The results revealed that petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of S. marcescens Ha1 had high herbicidal activity. Forty-nine compounds were identified from the petroleum ether extract, including 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DB; C14 H22 O, 38.82%), ethyl 14-methyl-hexadecanoate, 1-nonadecene, and [1,1'-biphenyl]-2,3'-diol, 3,4',5,6'-tetrakis. Of these, DB showed significant inhibitory effects on root and shoot growth in Amaranthus retroflexus, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 389.17 and 832.44 mg L-1 , respectively. In addition, 7-hydroxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2,3,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (HPD) was identified as the major active ingredient in the ethyl acetate extract of S. marcescens Ha1 using bioassay-guided fractionation, with IC50 values of 439.86 and 476.95 mg L-1 against A. retroflexus shoot and root growth, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that DB and HPD exert destructive effects on A. retroflexus root, and the damage is gradually aggravated with increasing treatment time and concentration. CONCLUSION The S. marcescens Ha1 extract and its active compounds DB and HPD exhibit significant herbicidal activity, which could be utilized further for the development of microbial herbicides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Ma
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ci Tian
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- College of Plant Protection/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Zhu H, Guo L, Yu D, Du X. New insights into immunomodulatory properties of lactic acid bacteria fermented herbal medicines. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1073922. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1073922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought more attention to the immune system, the body’s defense against infectious diseases. The immunomodulatory ability of traditional herbal medicine has been confirmed through clinical trial research, and has obvious advantages over prescription drugs due to its high number of potential targets and low toxicity. The active compounds of herbal drugs primarily include polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics and can be modified to produce new active compounds after lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. LAB, primary source of probiotics, can produce additional immunomodulatory metabolites such as exopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, and bacteriocins. Moreover, several compounds from herbal medicines can promote the growth and production of LAB-based immune active metabolites. Thus, LAB-mediated fermentation of herbal medicines has become a novel strategy for regulating human immune responses. The current review discusses the immunomodulatory properties and active compounds of LAB fermented herbal drugs, the interaction between LAB and herbal medicines, and changes in immunoregulatory components that occur during fermentation. This study also discusses the mechanisms by which LAB-fermented herbal medicines regulate the immune response, including activation of the innate or adaptive immune system and the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Eliwa D, Ibrahim ARS, Kabbash A, El-Aasr M, Tomczyk M, Bin Jardan YA, Batiha GES, Ragab AE. Biotransformation of Modified Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids: Boldine and Berberine and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Metabolites on Telomerase and Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1195. [PMID: 36297307 PMCID: PMC9611891 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural nitrogen heterocycles biotransformation has been extensively used to prepare synthetic drugs and explore the fate of therapeutic agents inside the body. Herein, the ability of filamentous fungi to biotransform boldine and berberine was investigated. Docking simulation studies of boldine, berberine and their metabolites on the target enzymes: telomerase (TERT) and human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) were also performed to investigate the anticancer and antidiabetic potentials of compounds in silico. The biotransformation of boldine and berberine with Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 2310, Rhodotorula rubra NRRL y1592, Penicillium chrysogeneum ATCC 10002, Cunninghamella blackesleeana MR198 and Cunninghamella blackesleeana NRRL 1369 via demethylation, N- oxidation, glucosidation, oxidation and hydroxylation reactions produced seven metabolites, namely: 1,10-didesmethyl-boldine (1), laurolitsine (2), 1,10-didesmethyl-norboldine (3), boldine-9-O-β-D-glucoside (4), tridesmethyl berberine (5), demethylene berberine (6), and lambertine (7). Primarily, the structures of the metabolites were established by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses and mass spectrometry. In silico molecular docking simulation of the metabolites of boldine and berberine to the proteins TERT and PTP-1B, respectively, revealed good binding MolDock scores comparable to boldine and berberine and favorable interactions with the catalytic sites of the proteins. In conclusion, this study presented promising biologically prepared nitrogen scaffolds (isoquinolines) of boldine and berberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Amal Kabbash
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mona El-Aasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Amany E. Ragab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Effect of Dietary Fructus mume and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on the Fecal Microbiota and Its Correlation with Apparent Nutrient Digestibility in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182418. [PMID: 36139277 PMCID: PMC9495044 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been demonstrated to exert a therapeutic effect on various diseases and has been used as a substitute for antibiotics in pig production. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and apparent nutrient digestibility when weaned piglet diets are supplemented with TCM. One hundred and sixty-two 25-day-old weaning piglets were housed in an environmentally controlled nursery facility and fed a basal diet (control group, n = 54) or a TCM complex (Fructus mume 1%, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi 3%) (TCM group, n = 54), or a fermented diet with a complex of these two TCMs (F-TCM group, n = 54). Compared with the control group, in the TCM and F-TCM groups, the average daily gain (ADG) increased (p < 0.05), the F:G ratio and diarrhea rate decreased (p < 0.05), and the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) of weaned piglets increased (p < 0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant phyla, representing approximately 95% of all sequences. The abundance of four genera and 10 OTUs (belonging to Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Lachnoclostridium, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31 group, Prevotella_1) were negatively correlated with apparent EE digestibility (p < 0.05). The results suggest that weaned piglets fed with antibiotic-free diets supplemented with Fructus mume and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi gained more weight and were healthier. When added to the diet, the complex of these two TCMs may have a direct impact on apparent EE digestibility by modifying the gut microbial composition, which favors the health of weaned piglets.
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Su W, Du Y, Lian F, Wu H, Zhang X, Yang W, Duan Y, Pan Y, Liu W, Wu A, Zhao B, Wu C, Wu S. Standards for Collection, Preservation, and Transportation of Fecal Samples in TCM Clinical Trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:783682. [PMID: 35521221 PMCID: PMC9065286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.783682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike chemical drugs with a single or a few kinds of active compounds, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)uses herbal formulas composed of numerous kinds of chemical constituents. Therefore, TCM clinical trials require unique and stricter standards for collecting, preserving, and transporting fecal samples than those used for chemical drugs. Unfortunately, there are no special standards for processing fecal samples in TCM clinical trials. Methods We invited interdisciplinary experts within TCM clinical trials and gut microbiome research to help formulate this standard. After more than a year's in-depth discussion and amendments, we achieved a standard via expert interviews, literature research, questionnaire surveys, and public opinion solicitation. This standard has been reviewed and approved by the Standards Office of China of the Association of Chinese medicine. Results We established a sample information processing method prior to TCM clinical sample collection, which is adapted to the unique features of TCM. The method formulates detailed processing requirements for TCM information in addition to the factors that may disturb the gut microbiome. We also constructed a set of methods for collecting, preserving, and transporting fecal samples that meet the characteristics of TCM. These methods formulate detailed operating specifications on the collection approaches, storage conditions, transportation requirements, and management of fecal samples. Conclusions This standard guides the information processing prior to sample collection and the standard operating procedures for the collection, preservation, and transportation of fecal samples in TCM clinical trials, which also can be used as a reference by clinicians and researchers in modern medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Su
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Fangshan Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Yang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Duan
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Pan
- The 7th Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weijng Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Zhao
- Beijing QuantiHealth Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chongming Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengxian Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Ansari MHR, Saher S, Parveen R, Khan W, Khan IA, Ahmad S. Role of gut microbiota metabolism and biotransformation on dietary natural products to human health implications with special reference to biochemoinformatics approach. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 13:150-160. [PMID: 36970455 PMCID: PMC10037058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota contributes to diverse mammalian processes including the metabolic functions of drugs. It is a potential new territory for drug targeting, especially for dietary natural compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, steroidal glycosides, anthocyanins, lignans, alkaloids, and others. Because most herbal medicines are orally administered, the chemical profile and corresponding bioactivities of herbal medicines may be altered and implication to ailments by specific microbiota through gut microbiota metabolisms (GMMs) and gut microbiota biotransformations (GMBTs). In this review, briefly introducing the interactions between different categories of natural compounds and gut microbiota produced countless microbial degraded or fragmented metabolites with their biological significance in rodent-based models. From natural product chemistry division, thousands of molecules are produced, degraded, synthesized, and isolated from natural sources but exploited due to lack of biological significance. In this direction, we add a Bio-Chemoinformatics approach to get clues of biology through a specific microbial assault to (Natural products) NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafizur Rehman Ansari
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sadia Saher
- Viral Research and Diagnosis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, J.N.M.C, A.M.U, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Washim Khan
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Imran Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
- Corresponding author. Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Li JX, Wang Y, Hao Y, Huo XK, Sun CP, Zhao XX, Wang JC, Zhang JB, Ning J, Tian XG, Wang C, Zhao WY, Lv X, Li YC, Ma XC. Identification of Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase inhibitors from Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Wang
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Ying Hao
- Dalian Medical University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Medical University, China
| | | | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Medical University, China; The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China
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You Y, Luo L, You Y, Lin Y, Hu H, Chen Y, Fu C, Xie T. Shengmai Yin formula modulates the gut microbiota of spleen-deficiency rats. Chin Med 2020; 15:114. [PMID: 33133231 PMCID: PMC7594433 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spleen-deficiency syndrome, an important pathological change in traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to attribute to intestinal dysbacteriosis. Shengmai Yin (SMY), a classic formula for replenishing qi and restoring pulse, is a common medicine for critical emergencies in traditional Chinese Medicine. Interestingly, our previous study established a spleen-deficiency rat model and verified the potency of SMY formula in curing spleen-deficiency rats. Our goal herein was to explore whether SMY can modulate the composition of intestinal flora and alleviate spleen-deficiency in rats. Methods This experiment was randomly divided into three groups, namely the normal control group (NC), model control group (MC), and the Shengmai Yin group (SMY). After the treatment, the weight and symptom indexes of the rats were recorded, histological changes in the colon were observed, levels of serum D-xylose, gastrin (GAS), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were measured, and gut microbiota profiling was conducted by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results The body mass of the spleen-deficiency model rats significantly decreased compared with that of the NC group, and SMY treatment significantly increased body mass compared with the MC group (P < 0.01). Colon histopathology revealed that SMY treatment alleviated colonic mucosal damage in spleen-deficiency rats. The serum levels of D-xylose and gastrin (GAS) were significant increased by SMY (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was reduced by SMY (P < 0.01) compared with MC. Furthermore, alpha diversity was significantly decreased in the model rats compared to the normal rats (P < 0.05) and increased with SMY treatment (P < 0.01). The most abundant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, followed by Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, there was a lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Akkermasia, and Allobaculum, and a higher relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A 136 group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, and Sphingomonas in the MC group. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136group, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillaceae, Bacilli, Verrucomicrobiae, and Akkermansia were significantly abundant in the treatment groups, and thus may be singled out as potential biomarkers for SMY in the treatment of spleen deficiency. In addition, analysis on the correlation between species and physicochemical indexes showed that the abundance of Parasutterella was negatively correlated with the change in GAS, and positively correlated with the change in VIP (P < 0.01). Conclusion Our findings have provided preliminary evidence that modulating the gut microbiota may play a role in the treatment of spleen deficiency with SMY. However, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism by which SMY regulation of related gut microbiota occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu You
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China.,Department of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, 173 Lung Du Nan Road, Chengdu, 610100 Sichuan China
| | - Yanyan You
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Huiling Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yunhui Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Tian Xie
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318# Yuhangtang Road, Cangqian Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 31112 Zhejiang China
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Dajic Stevanovic Z, Sieniawska E, Glowniak K, Obradovic N, Pajic-Lijakovic I. Natural Macromolecules as Carriers for Essential Oils: From Extraction to Biomedical Application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:563. [PMID: 32671026 PMCID: PMC7330110 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their main constituents, the terpenes, are widely studied, mostly relating to their antioxidant ability and bioactivity, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and range of other actions in the living systems. However, there is limited information on their bioavailability, especially upon clinical studies. Having in mind both strong biological effects and health benefits of EOs and their specific physicochemical properties (volatility, lipophilic character, low water solubility or insolubility, viscosity, expressed odor, concentration-dependent toxicity, etc.), there is a need for their encapsulation for target delivery. Encapsulation of EOs and their constituents is the prerequisite for enhancing their oxidative stability, thermostability, photostability, shelf life, and biological activity. We considered various carrier types such a (1) monophase and polyphase polysaccharide hydrogel carriers, (2) polysaccharide-protein carriers, and (3) lipid carriers in the context of physicochemical and engineering factors. Physicochemical factors are encapsulation efficiency, chemical stability under gastric conditions, mechanical stability, and thermal stability of carrier matrices. Choice of carrier material also determines the encapsulation technique. Consequently, the engineering factors are related to the advantage and disadvantage of various encapsulation techniques frequently used in the literature. In addition, it was intended to address the interactions between (1) main carrier components, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids themselves (in order to form chemically and mechanically stable structure); (2) main carrier components with pepsin under gastric conditions (in order to form resistant material under gastric conditions); and (3) main carrier components with EOs (in order to enhance encapsulation efficiency), as a necessary precondition for whole process optimization. Finally, different sources for obtaining natural carrier macromolecules are surveyed, especially the agro-waste materials and agricultural and food by-products. This review article highlights the bioavailability aspects of encapsulated EOs and physicochemical and engineering factors concerning natural macromolecule carriers for their target delivery and application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Glowniak
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information, Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Natasa Obradovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Pajic-Lijakovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Synergistic Mechanisms of Constituents in Herbal Extracts during Intestinal Absorption: Focus on Natural Occurring Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020128. [PMID: 32028739 PMCID: PMC7076514 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic separation strategy has long and widely been applied in the research and development of herbal medicines. However, the pharmacological effects of many bioactive constituents are much weaker than those of the corresponding herbal extracts. Thus, there is a consensus that purer herbal extracts are sometimes less effective. Pharmacological loss of purified constituents is closely associated with their significantly reduced intestinal absorption after oral administration. In this review, pharmacokinetic synergies among constituents in herbal extracts during intestinal absorption were systematically summarized to broaden the general understanding of the pharmaceutical nature of herbal medicines. Briefly, some coexisting constituents including plant-produced primary and secondary metabolites, promote the intestinal absorption of active constituents by improving solubility, inhibiting first-pass elimination mediated by drug-metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters, increasing the membrane permeability of enterocytes, and reversibly opening the paracellular tight junction between enterocytes. Moreover, some coexisting constituents change the forms of bioactive constituents via mechanisms including the formation of natural nanoparticles. This review will focus on explaining this new synergistic mechanism. Thus, herbal extracts can be considered mixtures of bioactive compounds and pharmacokinetic synergists. This review may provide ideas and strategies for further research and development of herbal medicines.
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Zhang Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Xie J, Cui X. Isovitexin, A new metabolite, was found in the metabolites of co-cultured five flavonoids isolated from Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa seeds by rat intestinal flora. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_454_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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