Subnudatones A and B, new trans-decalin polyketides from the cultured lichen mycobionts of Pseudopyrenula subnudata

Diorygmones A-B, two new guaiane-sesquiterpenes from the cultured lichen mycobiont of Diorygma sp

Diorygma sp. is a native crustose-lichen in Vietnam. A mycobiont of this lichen was isolated, then cultivated. The present study described the isolation and structural elucidation of two new guaiane-type sesquiterpenes, namely diorygmones A-B. Their absolute chemical structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis, high-resolution mass spectroscopy, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and comparisons with the literatures. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell line.

Diphenyl ethers from the cultured lichen mycobiont of Graphis handelii Zahlbr

Purpose

Cultured lichen mycobionts are valuable sources of new natural compounds. Mycobiont of Graphis handelii growing in Vietnam was isolated, cultivated and chemically investigated. The crude extract of this cultured mycobiont showed potent alpha-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 value of 50 μg/mL.

Methods

Multiple chromatographic methods were applied to the extract to isolate compounds. The combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis and high-resolution mass spectroscopy determined their chemical structures. Electrophilic bromination/chlorination was applied to obtain new derivatives using NaBr/H2O2 and NaCl/H2O2 reagents. Compounds were evaluated for enzyme inhibitory activities, including alpha-glucosidase inhibition, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition, SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity, and cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines. A molecular docking study for anti-SARS-CoV-2 was conducted to understand the inhibitory mechanism.

Results

A new diphenyl ether, handelone (1) and a known compound xylarinic acid A (2) were isolated and elucidated. Four synthetic products 6'-bromohandelone (1a), 2'-bromohandelone (1b), 2',6'-dibromohandelone (1c), and 2',6'-dichlorohandelone (1d) were prepared. Compound 1 showed good activity against Mpro with an IC50 value of 5.2 μM but it showed weak or inactive activity in other tests. Other compounds were inactive in all assays.

Conclusion

A new compound, handelone (1) was isolated from the cultured mycobiont of Graphis handelii. From these compounds, four new derivatives were prepared. Compound 1 showed good activity against Mpro with an IC50 value of 5.2 μM but it showed weak or inactive activity in other tests. Other compounds were inactive in all assays.

Antimicrobial sesquiterpenes from the cultured mycobiont Diorygma pruinosum against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Vietnamese street foods

Traditionally, lichen has been used for many purposes, but there remains a lack of understanding regarding the chemical composition and antimicrobial characteristics of Diorygma pruinosum, a lichen native to Vietnam. In this study, four sesquiterpenes, diorygmones B-E (1-4), one phenolic compound, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (5), and one sterol, β-sitosterol (6), were isolated and structurally elucidated from the cultured mycobiont of the lichen Diorygma pruinosum. Additionally, two compounds, stictic acid (7) and norstictic acid (8), were also isolated from the lichen D. pruinosum. Compounds 2-4 were new compounds. Their chemical structures were established using comprehensive spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations were confirmed through the analysis of NOESY and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, has been responsible for various infections, including food poisoning. Herein, we identified and isolated 13 strains of S. aureus from street food sources. Among these strains, one was identified as a multidrug-resistant variant, designated as SAX15, and was subsequently used for further antimicrobial testing. Compounds 1-3 produced zones of inhibition against S. aureus SAX15 (each 5 mm) in comparison to commercial drugs such as penicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, and clarithromycin, which displayed inhibitory zones of 7, 5, 10, 9.7, and 7 mm, respectively.

Recent advances in research for potential utilization of unexplored lichen metabolites

Several research studies have shown that lichens are productive organisms for the synthesis of a broad range of secondary metabolites. Lichens are a self-sustainable stable microbial ecosystem comprising an exhabitant fungal partner (mycobiont) and at least one or more photosynthetic partners (photobiont). The successful symbiosis is responsible for their persistence throughout time and allows all the partners (holobionts) to thrive in many extreme habitats, where without the synergistic relationship they would be rare or non-existent. The ability to survive in harsh conditions can be directly correlated with the production of some unique metabolites. Despite the potential applications, these unique metabolites have been underutilised by pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries due to their slow growth, low biomass availability and technical challenges involved in their artificial cultivation. However, recent development of biotechnological tools such as molecular phylogenetics, modern tissue culture techniques, metabolomics and molecular engineering are opening up a new opportunity to exploit these compounds within the lichen holobiome for industrial applications. This review also highlights the recent advances in culturing the symbionts and the computational and molecular genetics approaches of lichen gene regulation recognized for the enhanced production of target metabolites. The recent development of multi-omics novel biodiscovery strategies aided by synthetic biology in order to study the heterologous expressed lichen-derived biosynthetic gene clusters in a cultivatable host offers a promising means for a sustainable supply of specialized metabolites.

Lignan compound isolated from n-Hexane extract myristica fragrans Houtt root as antioxidant and antitumor activities against MCF-7 cell lines data

Nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is known as one of traditional medicine. The nutmeg root has a strong potential in antioxidant and anticancer agents among other nutmeg plant parts. The n-hexane root extract has been carried out by thin-layer chromatography and obtained 8 fractions (labeled as Myristica fragrans Houtt Root: MFHR 1 − 8). Specifically, the MFHR 4 has been purified for several times to obtain a yellow-brown color. Furthermore, lignan compound 6′-methyl-(7‑hydroxy-8-methylbut-9-en)-3,2′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,5-diol) was identified with chemical formula of C₂₀H₂₄O₅ and analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Based on MTT assay, MFHR demonstrated moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines of 51.95 µM, meanwhile, DPPH activity confirmed the strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 12.67 ppm.

A new eremophilane-sesquiterpene from the cultured lichen mycobiont of Graphis sp

Lichens, a natural source producing a number of valuable compounds is economically not feasible and profitable due to its slow growth. Mycobiont cultures are alternative sources which have become highly attractive for chemists recently. Mycobiont of Graphis sp., a native lichens in Vietnam was separated then cultivated in test tubes. The present study aimed to identify chemical constituents of the cultured mycobiont of Graphis sp. Multiple chromatographic methods were applied to isolate three eremophilane sesquiterpenes including one new compound, graphilane (1) and two known compounds sporogen-AO-1 (2) and dihydrosporogen-AO-1 (3). Their chemical structures was elucidated by extensive 1 D and 2 D NMR analysis and high resolution mass spectroscopy as well as comparisons in literature. Compound 1 was evaluated for the cytotoxic activity against K562 cancer cell line and revealed moderate activity with IC₅₀ value of 87.20 ± 0.76 µM.

Pyrenosetin D, a New Pentacyclic Decalinoyltetramic Acid Derivative from the Algicolous Fungus Pyrenochaetopsis sp. FVE-087

The fungal genus Pyrenochaetopsis is commonly found in soil, terrestrial, and marine environments, however, has received little attention as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites so far. In a recent work, we reported the isolation and characterization of three new anticancer decalinoyltetramic acid derivatives, pyrenosetins A-C, from the Baltic Fucus vesiculosus-derived endophytic fungus Pyrenochaetopsis sp. FVE-001. Herein we report a new pentacyclic decalinoylspirotetramic acid derivative, pyrenosetin D (1), along with two known decalin derivatives wakodecalines A (2) and B (3) from another endophytic strain Pyrenochaetopsis FVE-087 isolated from the same seaweed and showed anticancer activity in initial screenings. The chemical structures of the purified compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of HR-ESIMS, FT-IR, [a]D, 1D and 2D NMR data coupled with DFT calculations of NMR parameters and optical rotation. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their anticancer and toxic potentials against the human malignant melanoma cell line (A-375) and the non-cancerous keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Pyrenosetin D (1) showed toxicity towards both A-375 and HaCaT cells with IC50 values of 77.5 and 39.3 μM, respectively, while 2 and 3 were inactive. This is the third chemical study performed on the fungal genus Pyrenochaetopsis and the first report of a pentacyclic decalin ring system from the fungal genus Pyrenochaetopsis.