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Kalra R, Conlan XA, Goel M. Recent advances in research for potential utilization of unexplored lichen metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108072. [PMID: 36464145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Several research studies have shown that lichens are productive organisms for the synthesis of a broad range of secondary metabolites. Lichens are a self-sustainable stable microbial ecosystem comprising an exhabitant fungal partner (mycobiont) and at least one or more photosynthetic partners (photobiont). The successful symbiosis is responsible for their persistence throughout time and allows all the partners (holobionts) to thrive in many extreme habitats, where without the synergistic relationship they would be rare or non-existent. The ability to survive in harsh conditions can be directly correlated with the production of some unique metabolites. Despite the potential applications, these unique metabolites have been underutilised by pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries due to their slow growth, low biomass availability and technical challenges involved in their artificial cultivation. However, recent development of biotechnological tools such as molecular phylogenetics, modern tissue culture techniques, metabolomics and molecular engineering are opening up a new opportunity to exploit these compounds within the lichen holobiome for industrial applications. This review also highlights the recent advances in culturing the symbionts and the computational and molecular genetics approaches of lichen gene regulation recognized for the enhanced production of target metabolites. The recent development of multi-omics novel biodiscovery strategies aided by synthetic biology in order to study the heterologous expressed lichen-derived biosynthetic gene clusters in a cultivatable host offers a promising means for a sustainable supply of specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Kalra
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mayurika Goel
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
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Lagarde A, Jargeat P, Roy M, Girardot M, Imbert C, Millot M, Mambu L. Fungal communities associated with Evernia prunastri, Ramalina fastigiata and Pleurosticta acetabulum: Three epiphytic lichens potentially active against Candida biofilms. Microbiol Res 2018; 211:1-12. [PMID: 29705201 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal communities associated to three epiphytic lichens active against Candida, were investigated using culture-based methods We hypothetized that associated fungi would contribute to lichens activities. The ability of specific fungi to grow inside or outside lichens was investigated. To detect biogenesis pathways involved in the production of secondary metabolites, genes coding for nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase I (PKS I) were screened by PCR from fungal DNA extracts. Both endo and epilichenic communities were isolated from two fructicose (Evernia prunastri and Ramalina fastigiata) and one foliose (Pleurosticta acetabulum) lichens. A total of 86 endolichenic and 114 epilichenic isolates were obtained, corresponding to 18 and 24 phylogenetic groups respectively suggesting a wide diversity of fungi. The communities and the species richness were distinct between the three lichens which hosted potentially new fungal species. Additionally, the endo- and epilichenic communities differed in their composition: Sordariomycetes were particularly abundant among endolichenic fungi and Dothideomycetes among epilichenic fungi. Only a few fungi colonized both habitats, such as S. fimicola, Cladosporium sp1 and Botrytis cinerea. Interestingly, Nemania serpens (with several genotypes) was the most abundant endolichenic fungus (53% of isolates) and was shared by the three lichens. Finally, 12 out of 36 phylogenetic groups revealed the presence of genes coding for nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPs) and polyketide synthase I (PKS I). This study shows that common lichens are reservoirs of diverse fungal communities, which could potentially contribute to global activity of the lichen and, therefore, deserve to be isolated for further chemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lagarde
- EA 1069 Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Patricia Jargeat
- UMR5174 UPS-CNRS-IRD Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, EDB, Université Toulouse, 3, Bât 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Roy
- UMR5174 UPS-CNRS-IRD Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, EDB, Université Toulouse, 3, Bât 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Girardot
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Marion Millot
- EA 1069 Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Lengo Mambu
- EA 1069 Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
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Muggia L, Fleischhacker A, Kopun T, Grube M. Extremotolerant fungi from alpine rock lichens and their phylogenetic relationships. FUNGAL DIVERS 2015; 76:119-142. [PMID: 26877720 PMCID: PMC4739527 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-015-0343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi other than the lichen mycobiont frequently co-occur within lichen thalli and on the same rock in harsh environments. In these situations dark-pigmented mycelial structures are commonly observed on lichen thalli, where they persist under the same stressful conditions as their hosts. Here we used a comprehensive sampling of lichen-associated fungi from an alpine habitat to assess their phylogenetic relationships with fungi previously known from other niches. The multilocus phylogenetic analyses suggest that most of the 248 isolates belong to the Chaetothyriomycetes and Dothideomycetes, while a minor fraction represents Sordariomycetes and Leotiomycetes. As many lichens also were infected by phenotypically distinct lichenicolous fungi of diverse lineages, it remains difficult to assess whether the culture isolates represent these fungi or are from additional cryptic, extremotolerant fungi within the thalli. Some of these strains represent yet undescribed lineages within Chaethothyriomycetes and Dothideomycetes, whereas other strains belong to genera of fungi, that are known as lichen colonizers, plant and human pathogens, rock-inhabiting fungi, parasites and saprotrophs. The symbiotic structures of the lichen thalli appear to be a shared habitat of phylogenetically diverse stress-tolerant fungi, which potentially benefit from the lichen niche in otherwise hostile habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Muggia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria ; Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Valerio 12/2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Theodora Kopun
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
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