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Shi J, Yu M, Chen W, Chen S, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Wang Y, Huang G, Zheng C. Recent Discovery of Nitrogen Heterocycles from Marine-Derived Aspergillus Species. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:321. [PMID: 39057430 PMCID: PMC11277891 DOI: 10.3390/md22070321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles have drawn considerable attention because of their structurally novel and significant biological activities. Marine-derived fungi, especially the Aspergillus species, possess unique metabolic pathways to produce secondary metabolites with novel structures and potent biological activities. This review prioritizes the structural diversity and biological activities of nitrogen heterocycles that are produced by marine-derived Aspergillus species from January 2019 to January 2024, and their relevant biological activities. A total of 306 new nitrogen heterocycles, including seven major categories-indole alkaloids, diketopiperazine alkaloids, quinazoline alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids pyrrolidine alkaloids, cyclopeptide alkaloids, and other heterocyclic alkaloids-are presented in this review. Among these nitrogen heterocycles, 52 compounds had novel skeleton structures. Remarkably, 103 compounds showed various biological activities, such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-virus, and enzyme-inhibitory activities, and 21 compounds showed potent activities. This paper will guide further investigations into the structural diversity and biological activities of nitrogen heterocycles derived from the Aspergillus species and their potential contributions to the future development of new natural drug products in the medicinal and agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Weikang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Shiji Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yikang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zhenyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Guolei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Caijuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.S.); (M.Y.); (W.C.); (S.C.); (Y.Q.); (Z.X.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
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Jiang Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Tian X, Liang Z, Xu X, Bao J, Chen B. Biological Activity and Sterilization Mechanism of Marine Fungi-derived Aromatic Butenolide Asperbutenolide A Against Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301826. [PMID: 38155523 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Marine fungi represent a huge untapped resource of natural products. The bio-activity of a new asperbutenolide A from marine fungus Aspergillus terreus was not well known. In the present study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and RNA-Sequencing were used to analyze the bio-activity and sterilization mechanism of asperbutenolide A against clinical pathogenic microbes. The results showed that the MICs of asperbutenolide A against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were 4.0-8.0 μg/mL. The asperbutenolide A present poor bio-activity against with candida. The sterilization mechanism of asperbutenolide A against MRSA showed that there were 1426 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) between the groups of MRSA treated with asperbutenolide A and negative control. Gene Ontology (GO) classification analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in cellular process, metabolic process, cellular anatomical entity, binding, catalytic activity, etc. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) classification analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, etc. Moreover, qRT-PCR showed similar trends in the expressions of argF, ureA, glmS and opuCA with the RNA-Sequencing. These results indicated that asperbutenolide A was with ideal bio-activity against with MRSA and could be as a new antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Medical Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Jining high-throughput gene sequencing, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Jining Prenatal Monitoring and Genetic Disease Research, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jiule Wang
- Central Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Jining Key Laboratory for the Intelligent Diagnosis of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xuelu Tian
- Department of Laboratory, Jining Dermatosis Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liang
- Medical Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Jining high-throughput gene sequencing, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Jining Prenatal Monitoring and Genetic Disease Research, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xinli Xu
- Medical Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Jining high-throughput gene sequencing, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Jining Prenatal Monitoring and Genetic Disease Research, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Bao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Central Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Jining Key Laboratory for the Intelligent Diagnosis of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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Matsumoto T, Watanabe T, Okayama M, Yoshikawa H, Maeda S, Kitagawa T. Chemical Structures and Cell Death Inducing Activities of the Metabolites of Aspergillus terreus. HETEROCYCLES 2023. [DOI: 10.3987/com-23-14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Sun YJ, Cao SJ, Liang FN, Li JY, Zhang XY, Li W, Ding LQ, Qiu F. Puerol and pueroside derivatives from Pueraria lobata and their anti-inflammatory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113507. [PMID: 36347309 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Five undescribed puerols and puerosides and three known analogues were obtained from the roots of Pueraria lobata. Their structures were determined by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data and chemical methods. Since puerol D and puerol C were racemic compounds, resolved into their enantiomers, and their absolute configurations were determined by experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Six of the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on NO generation and the expression of inflammatory factors in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results showed that (S)-puerol C, (R)-puerol C, isokuzubutenolide A and kuzubutenolide A significantly decreased the NO production (IC50 values in the range of 16.87-39.95 μM). Meanwhile, (S)-puerol C, isokuzubutenolide A and kuzubutenolide A also reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Le Ren Tang Pharmaceutical Factory, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng-Ni Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin-Yan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Li-Qin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Tian-Qi C, Yan-Fang D, Yan-Yan W, Yong-Hui Z. Butyrolactone I attenuates inflammation in murine NASH by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 626:167-174. [PMID: 35994826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a key element in the exacerbation of NAFLD. Since there are currently no drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat this disease, the search for treatments that can be translated into clinical use is urgent. Butyrolactone I (BLI), isolated from Aspergillus terreus, is an active compound possessing multiple biological activities. However, the effects of BLI on NASH have never been reported. In this study, RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were applied to study the anti-inflammatory effect and the underlying mechanisms of BLI in vitro. Following this, mice fed with high-fat and -fructose diet (HFFD) were used to explore the alleviation of NASH by BLIin vivo. We found that BLI attenuated inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulating the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Moreover, results of experiments in vivo demonstrated that BLI reduced serum transaminase levels, decreased hepatic fat accumulation, inhibited inflammation, suppressed oxidative stress, and ameliorated liver fibrosis. For the first time, we investigated the role of BLI in the treatment of murine NASH. We found that BLI alleviates NASH partly by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway of signaling. Given its hepatoprotective effects and non-toxic properties, BLI can be a novel and effective drug for NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tian-Qi
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Deng Yan-Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wang Yan-Yan
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China.
| | - Zhang Yong-Hui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Fan H, Wei X, Si-Tu MX, Lei YH, Zhou FG, Zhang CX. γ-Aromatic Butenolides of Microbial Source - A Review of Their Structures, Biological Activities and Biosynthesis. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200208. [PMID: 35567462 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aromatic butenolides (γ-AB) are an important type of structures found in many bioactive microbial secondary metabolites (SMs). γ-AB refer to a group of natural products (NPs) containing five-membered (unsaturated) lactones with 3-phenyl and 4-benzyl substituents. Their wide-range biological activities have inspired pharmaceutical chemists to explore its biosynthesis mechanisms and design strategies to construct the γ-AB skeleton. Recently, there are a great deal of interesting research progress on the structures, biological activities and biosynthesis of γ-AB. This review will focus on these aspects and summarize the important achievements of γ-AB from 1975 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xia Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Xia Si-Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hu Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Guo Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Xian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Li K, Chen S, Pang X, Cai J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Zhou X. Natural products from mangrove sediments-derived microbes: Structural diversity, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and total synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114117. [PMID: 35063731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mangrove forests are a complex ecosystem, and the microbial communities in mangrove sediments play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of mangrove ecosystems. Mangrove sediments-derived microbes (MSM), as a rich reservoir of natural product diversity, could be utilized in the exploration of new antibiotics or drugs. To understand the structural diversity and bioactivities of the metabolites of MSM, this review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of 519 natural products isolated from MSM with their bioactivities, up to 2021. Most of the structural types of these compounds are alkaloids, lactones, xanthones, quinones, terpenoids, and steroids. Among them, 210 compounds are obtained from bacteria, most of which are from Streptomyces, while 309 compounds are from fungus, especially genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. The pharmacological mechanisms of some representative lead compounds are well studied, revealing that they have important medicinal potentials, such as piericidins with anti-renal cell cancer effects, azalomycins with anti-MRSA activities, and ophiobolins as antineoplastic agents. The biosynthetic pathways of representative natural products from MSM have also been summarized, especially ikarugamycin, piericidins, divergolides, and azalomycins. In addition, the total synthetic strategies of representative secondary metabolites from MSM are also reviewed, such as piericidin A and borrelidin. This review provides an important reference for the research status of natural products isolated from MSM and the lead compounds worthy of further development, and reveals that MSM have important medicinal values and are worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Siqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya, 572000, China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Huang D, Nong X, Yang J, Li C, Han C, Chen G, Song X, Sun Z, Hui Y, Chen W. Study on the Secondary Metabolites of the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus terreus HQ100X-1 in Scutellaria formosana. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202202016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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