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Sarwar A, Aslam B, Rasool MH, Bekhit MMS, Sasanya J. A Health Threat from Farm to Fork: Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Co-Harboring blaNDM-1 and mcr-1 in Various Sources of the Food Supply Chain. Pathogens 2024; 13:659. [PMID: 39204259 PMCID: PMC11357323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of resistant pathogens through food supply chains poses a significant public health risk, spanning from farm to fork. This study analyzed the distribution of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) across various sources within the animal-based food supply chain. A total of 500 samples were collected from livestock, poultry, the environment, fisheries, and dairy. Standard microbiological procedures were employed to isolate and identify E. coli isolates, which were further confirmed using MALDI-TOF and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) such as stx1, stx2, ompT, hylF, iutA, fimH, and iss. The phenotypic resistance patterns of the isolates were determined using the disc diffusion method, followed by molecular identification of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through PCR. STEC were subjected to PCR-based O typing using specific primers for different O types. Overall, 154 (30.5%) samples were confirmed as E. coli, of which 77 (50%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli. Among these, 52 (67.53%) isolates exhibited an array of VAGs, and 21 (40.38%) were confirmed as STEC based on the presence of stx1 and stx2. Additionally, 12 out of 52 (23.07%) isolates were identified as non-O157 STEC co-harbouring mcr-1 and blaNDM-1. O26 STEC was found to be the most prevalent among the non-O157 types. The results suggest that the detection of STEC in food supply chains may lead to serious health consequences, particularly in developing countries with limited healthcare resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sarwar
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.S.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.S.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Muhammad Hidayat Rasool
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.S.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Mounir M. Salem Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - James Sasanya
- International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria;
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Duc HM, Ha CTT, Hoa TTK, Hung LV, Thang NV, Son HM. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Beef, Pork, and Chicken Meat in Vietnam. Foods 2024; 13:2059. [PMID: 38998565 PMCID: PMC11241076 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, and the rise of antibiotic resistance to it is a significant threat to global public health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic resistance of STEC isolated from raw meat in Vietnam. The findings in this study showed that the prevalence of STEC in raw beef, pork, and chicken meat was 9.72% (7/72), 5.56% (4/72), and 1.39% (1/72), respectively. The STEC isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (91.67%) and tetracycline (91.67%), followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (83.33%), streptomycin (75%), and florfenicol (66.67%). The incidence of STEC virulence-associated genes, including stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA, was 8.33% (1/12), 91.67% (11/12), 33.33% (4/12), and 58.33% (7/12), respectively. STEC serogroups O157, O26, and O111 were detected in 3 out of 12 STEC isolates. Two isolates were found to be ESBL producers carrying the blaCTX-M-55 gene, and three isolates were colistin-resistant strains harboring the mcr-1 gene. Notably, a STEC O111 isolate from chicken meat harbored both the blaCTX-M-55 and mcr-1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Minh Duc
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Cam Thi Thu Ha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Khanh Hoa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Hung
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thang
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Son
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
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Growth behavior of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and generic E. coli in raw pork considering background microbiota at 10, 25, and 40 °C. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 391-393:110134. [PMID: 36812695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that pork products may be vehicles for the transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to humans. The severe morbidity associated with STEC infections highlights the need for research to understand the growth behavior of these bacteria in pork products. Classical predictive models can estimate pathogen growth in sterile meat. However, competition models considering background microbiota reflect a more realistic scenario for raw meat products. The objective of this study was to estimate the growth kinetics of clinically significant STEC (O157, non-O157, and O91), Salmonella, and generic E. coli in raw ground pork using competition primary growth models at temperature abuse (10 and 25 °C) and sublethal temperature (40 °C). A competition model incorporating the No lag Buchanan model was validated using the acceptable prediction zone (APZ) method where >92 % (1498/1620) of the residual errors fell within the APZ (pAPZ > 0.70). The background microbiota (mesophilic aerobic plate counts, APC) inhibited the growth of STEC and Salmonella indicating a simple one-directional competitive interaction between pathogens and the mesophilic microbiota of ground pork. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) of all the bacterial groups was not significantly different (p > 0.05) based on fat content (5 vs 25 %) except for generic E. coli at 10 °C. E. coli O157 and non-O157 behaved similarly in terms of μmax and maximum population density (MPD). Salmonella showed a similar (p > 0.05) μmax to E. coli O157 and non-O157 at 10 and 40 °C but a significantly higher rate (p < 0.05) at 25 °C. STEC were more prone to be inhibited by APC than Salmonella at 10 and 25 °C. The μmax of O91 was lower (p < 0.05) than other STEC and Salmonella at 10 and 25 °C but similar (p > 0.05) at 40 °C. Generic E. coli showed a two- to five-times higher (p < 0.05) μmax (0.028 ± 0.011 log10 CFU/h) than other bacterial groups (0.006 ± 0.004 to 0.012 ± 0.003 log10 CFU/h) at 10 °C making it a potential indicator bacteria for process control. Industry and regulators can use competitive models to develop appropriate risk assessment and mitigation strategies to improve the microbiological safety of raw pork products.
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Pérez Terrazzino G, Costa M, López Campo A, Saade C, Moreno Mochi MP, Signorini M, Roge A, Van Der Ploeg C, Leotta G, Jure MÁ. Comprehensive evaluation of abattoirs with no Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan in Tucumán, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023:S0325-7541(22)00105-5. [PMID: 36842870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the comprehensive study of two provincial transit abattoirs in Tucumán, Argentina, with no Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan. Visits (n=20) were conducted between 2016 and 2018 during the operational and post-operational processes. Risk was estimated and the bacteriological analysis of carcass and environmental samples was performed. Risk estimation showed the predominance of high risk in both abattoirs. The main deviations from the HACCP plan were: deficient building conditions, deficient workflow, lack of sectorization of changing rooms and bathrooms, lack of implementation of Standardized Sanitary Operational Procedures, and no food safety training of workers. The counts of indicator microorganisms from both abattoirs were not significant. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 7.5% carcass and 7.3% environmental samples. The Salmonella serovars identified were Cerro, Corvallis, Havana and Agona. Shiga toxin (stx) genes were detected in 24.4% carcass and 30.9% environmental samples. The isolates were characterized as Escherichia coli O8:H7/stx1, O116:H49/stx2 and O136:H40/stx2. Based on these results, it would be possible to implement an improvement plan in Tucumán abattoirs together with the local health authorities. Still, the need to work jointly with the sanitary authority in search of a unique sanitary standard for Argentina remains unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pérez Terrazzino
- Instituto de Microbiología "Dr. Luis C Verna", Cátedra de Bacteriología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491 (4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro López Campo
- Dirección de Ganadería de la Provincia de Tucumán, Córdoba 1039 (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carolina Saade
- Dirección de Ganadería de la Provincia de Tucumán, Córdoba 1039 (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Paula Moreno Mochi
- Instituto de Microbiología "Dr. Luis C Verna", Cátedra de Bacteriología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491 (4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- EEA RAFAELA - Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (CR SANTA FE-CONICET - INTA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria), Ruta 34 Km 227 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ariel Roge
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Van Der Ploeg
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Ángela Jure
- Instituto de Microbiología "Dr. Luis C Verna", Cátedra de Bacteriología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491 (4000) Tucumán, Argentina.
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A review of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination in the raw pork production chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 377:109832. [PMID: 35834920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections associated with the consumption of contaminated pork highlight the need for increased awareness of STEC as an emerging pathogen in the pork supply chain. The objective of this review is to contribute to our understanding of raw pork products as potential carriers of STEC into the food supply. We summarize and critically analyze primary literature reporting the prevalence of STEC in the raw pork production chain. The reported prevalence rate of stx-positive E. coli isolates in live swine, slaughtered swine, and retail pork samples around the world ranged from 4.4 % (22/500) to 68.3 % (82/120), 22 % (309/1395) to 86.3 % (69/80), and 0.10 % (1/1167) to 80 % (32/40), respectively, depending upon the sample categories, detection methods, and the hygiene condition of the slaughterhouses and retail markets. In retail pork, serogroup O26 was prevalent in the U.S., Europe, and Africa. Serogroup O121 was only reported in the U.S. Furthermore, serogroup O91 was reported in the U.S., Asia, and South American retail pork samples. The most common virulence gene combination in retail pork around the globe were as follows: the U.S.: serogroup O157 + stx, non-O157 + stx, unknown serogroups+stx + eae; Europe: unknown serogroups+(stx + eae, stx2 + eae, or stx1 + stx2 + eae); Asia: O157 + stx1 + stx2 + ehxA, Unknown+stx1 + eaeA + ehxA, or only eae; Africa: O157 + stx2 + eae + ehxA. STEC strains derived from retail pork in the U.S. fall under low to moderate risk categories capable of causing human disease, thus indicating the need for adequate cooking and prevention of cross contamination to minimize infection risk in humans.
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Bishop H, Evans J, Eze JI, Webster C, Humphry RW, Beattie R, White J, Couper J, Allison L, Brown D, Tongue SC. Bacteriological Survey of Fresh Minced Beef on Sale at Retail Outlets in Scotland in 2019: Three Foodborne Pathogens, Hygiene Process Indicators, and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1370-1379. [PMID: 35653627 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The health and economic burden of foodborne illness is high, with approximately 2.4 million cases occurring annually in the United Kingdom. A survey to understand the baseline microbial quality and prevalence of food-related hazards of fresh beef mince on retail sale could inform risk assessment, management, and communication to ensure the safety of this commodity. In such a survey, a two-stage sampling design was used to reflect variations in population density and the market share of five categories of retail outlets in Scotland. From January to December 2019, 1,009 fresh minced beef samples were collected from 15 geographic areas. The microbial quality of each sample was assessed using aerobic colony count and Escherichia coli count. Samples were cultured for Campylobacter and Salmonella, and PCR was used to detect target genes (stx1 all variants, stx2 a to g, and rfbO157) for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The presence of viable E. coli O157 and STEC in samples with a positive PCR signal was confirmed via culture and isolation. Phenotypic antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of cultured pathogens and 100 E. coli isolates were determined, mostly via disk diffusion. The median aerobic colony count and E. coli counts were 6.4 × 105 (interquartile range, 6.9 × 104 to 9.6 × 106) and <10 CFU/g (interquartile range, <10 to 10) of minced beef, respectively. The prevalence was 0.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0 to 0.7%) for Campylobacter, 0.3% (95% CI, 0 to 1%) for Salmonella, 22% (95% CI, 20 to 25%) for PCR-positive STEC, and 4% (95% CI, 2 to 5%) for culture-positive STEC. The evidence for phenotypic antimicrobial resistance detected did not give cause for concern, mainly occurring in a few E. coli isolates as single nonsusceptibilities to first-line active substances. The low prevalence of pathogens and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance is encouraging, but ongoing consumer food safety education is necessary to mitigate the residual public health risk. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bishop
- Scotland's Rural College, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - J Evans
- Scotland's Rural College, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - J I Eze
- Scotland's Rural College, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK.,Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - C Webster
- Scotland's Rural College, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - R W Humphry
- Scotland's Rural College, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - R Beattie
- Scientific Services Laboratories of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Tayside Councils, 6 James Lindsay Place, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, 4 Marine Esplanade, Edinburgh EH6 7LU, and Colston Laboratories 64 Everard Drive, Glasgow G21 1XG, UK
| | - J White
- Scientific Services Laboratories of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Tayside Councils, 6 James Lindsay Place, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, 4 Marine Esplanade, Edinburgh EH6 7LU, and Colston Laboratories 64 Everard Drive, Glasgow G21 1XG, UK
| | - J Couper
- Scientific Services Laboratories of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Tayside Councils, 6 James Lindsay Place, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, 4 Marine Esplanade, Edinburgh EH6 7LU, and Colston Laboratories 64 Everard Drive, Glasgow G21 1XG, UK
| | - L Allison
- Scottish Microbiological Reference Laboratories (SMiRL) (Edinburgh and Glasgow), Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory (SERL), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, and Level 5, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G21 3ER, UK
| | - D Brown
- Scottish Microbiological Reference Laboratories (SMiRL) (Edinburgh and Glasgow), Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory (SERL), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, and Level 5, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G21 3ER, UK
| | - S C Tongue
- Scotland's Rural College, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
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Madoroba E, Malokotsa KP, Ngwane C, Lebelo S, Magwedere K. Presence and Virulence Characteristics of Shiga Toxin Escherichia coli and Non-Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Products from Animal Protein Supply Chain Enterprises in South Africa. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:386-393. [PMID: 35512735 PMCID: PMC9245721 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of food that is contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been linked to serious foodborne disease outbreaks. Our aim was to provide a descriptive study on the presence and virulence factors of STEC and non-STEC O157 isolates recovered from 2017 diverse meat and meat product samples from all provinces of South Africa (n = 1758) and imported meat from South Africa's major ports of entry (n = 259). A cross-sectional study was undertaken to analyze raw intact meat, raw processed (nonintact) meat, and ready-to-eat (RTE) meat from cattle, game, sheep, pork, and poultry. Isolation was performed using International Organization for Standardization-based microbiological techniques, while detection and characterization were performed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and conventional PCR targeting the stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA genes. A total of 28 of 1758 (1.59%; confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2) samples from the domestic market tested positive (n = 10 Escherichia coli O157:H7; n = 14 Escherichia coli O157: non-H7; and n = 4 non-O157 STEC), while 4/259 (1.54%; CI 0.4-4) samples from ports of entry tested positive for Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on RT-PCR. On average, diverse samples from domestic meat and meat products from cattle showed the highest number of positive samples (22/1758; 1.3%; CI 0.8-2). RT-PCR detected more positive samples (n = 32) compared with culture (n = 17). Sixteen different virulence factor combinations were observed. Our findings demonstrate a relatively low presence of diverse STEC strains along the meat value chain. To our knowledge, this is the first extensive report in South Africa to analyze STEC and non-STEC O157 from local and imported samples from many animal species. This is important as it reveals virulence factors in STEC strains circulating in meat and meat products in South Africa, which contribute to the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Keneiloe Portia Malokotsa
- Bacteriology Section, Agricultural Research Council–Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Cynthia Ngwane
- Agricultural Research Council—Biometry Unit, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Sogolo Lebelo
- Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria, South Africa
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Shen J, Zhi S, Guo D, Jiang Y, Xu X, Zhao L, Lv J. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from Imported Foods in China during 2015-2021. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:68. [PMID: 35202096 PMCID: PMC8875648 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are foodborne pathogens that cause hemolytic uremic syndrome and fatal infant diarrhea, respectively, but the characterization of these bacteria from imported food in China are unknown. A total of 1577 food samples from various countries during 2015-2021 were screened for STEC and EPEC, and the obtained isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance and whole genome sequencing analysis was performed. The prevalence of STEC and EPEC was 1.01% (16/1577) and 0.51% (8/1577), respectively. Antimicrobial resistances to tetracycline (8%), chloramphenicol (8%), ampicillin (4%), ceftazidime (4%), cefotaxime (4%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (4%) were observed. The antimicrobial resistance phenotypes corresponded with genotypes for most strains, and some resistance genes were related to mobile genetic elements. All 16 STEC isolates were eae negative, two solely contained stx1 (stx1a or stx1c), 12 merely carried stx2 (stx2a, stx2d, or stx2e), and two had both stx1 and stx2 (stx1c + stx2b, stx1a + stx2a + stx2c). Although they were eae negative, several STEC isolates carried other adherence factors, such as iha (5/16), sab (1/16), and lpfA (8/16), and belonged to serotypes (O130:H11, O8:H19, and O100:H30) or STs (ST297, ST360), which have caused human infections. All the eight EPEC isolates were atypical EPEC; six serotypes and seven STs were found, and clinically relevant EPEC serotypes O26:H11, O103:H2, and O145:H28 were identified. Two STEC/ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli) hybrids and one EPEC/ETEC hybrid were observed, since they harbored sta1 and/or stb. The results revealed that food can act as a reservoir of STEC/EPEC with pathogenic potential, and had the potential ability to transfer antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Shen
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuai Zhi
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Dehua Guo
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China; (J.S.); (D.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jingzhang Lv
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen 518045, China;
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Zhang H, Yamamoto E, Murphy J, Carrillo C, Locas A. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and STEC-Associated Virulence Genes in Raw Ground Pork in Canada. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1956-1964. [PMID: 34197587 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7/nonmotile and some non-O157 STEC strains are foodborne pathogens. In response to pork-associated O157 STEC outbreaks in Canada, we investigated the occurrence of STEC in Canadian retail raw ground pork during the period of 1 November 2014 to 31 March 2016. Isolated STEC strains were characterized to determine the Shiga toxin gene (stx) subtype and the presence of virulence genes encoding intimin (eae) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli hemolysin (hlyA). O157 STEC and non-O157 STEC strains were isolated from 1 (0.11%) of 879 and 13 (2.24%) of 580 pork samples, respectively. STEC virulence gene profiles containing both eae and hlyA were found only in the O157 STEC (stx2a, eae, hlyA) isolate. The eae gene was absent from all non-O157 STEC isolates. Of the 13 non-O157 STEC isolates, two virulence genes of stx1a and hlyA were found in four (30.8%) O91:H14 STEC isolates, whereas one virulence gene of stx2e, stx1a, and stx2a was identified in five (38.5%), two (15.4%), and one (7.7%) STEC isolates, respectively, of various serotypes. The remaining non-O157 STEC isolate carried stx2, but the subtype is unknown because this isolate could not be recovered for sequencing. O91:H14 STEC (stx1a, hlyA) was previously reported in association with diarrheal illnesses, whereas the other non-O157 STEC isolates identified in this study are not known to be associated with severe human illnesses. Virulence gene profiles identified in this study indicate that the occurrence of non-O157 STEC capable of causing severe human illness is rare in Canadian retail pork. However, O157 STEC in ground pork can occasionally occur; therefore, education regarding the potential risks associated with STEC contamination of pork would be beneficial for the public and those in the food industry to help reduce foodborne illnesses. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Zhang
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Etsuko Yamamoto
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Johanna Murphy
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Catherine Carrillo
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Building 22, CEF 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Annie Locas
- Food Safety Science Directorate, Science Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
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10
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Li Y, Wu X, Chen H, Zhao Y, Shu M, Zhong C, Wu G. A bacteriophage JN02 infecting multidrug‐resistant Shiga toxin‐producing
Escherichia
coli
: isolation, characterisation and application as a biocontrol agent in foods. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Ke Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China
| | - Xin Wu
- Jiangxi Province Food Control Institute Nanchang China
| | - Hu Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China
| | - Yuan‐Yang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China
| | - Mei Shu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China
| | - Chan Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China
| | - Guo‐Ping Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China
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11
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Jung Y, Porto-Fett ACS, Parveen S, Meredith J, Shoyer BA, Henry E, Trauger Z, Shane LE, Osoria M, Schwarz J, Rupert C, Chapman B, Moxley RA, Luchansky JB. Recovery Rate of Cells of the Seven Regulated Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Raw Veal Cutlets, Ground Veal, and Ground Beef from Retail Stores in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States. J Food Prot 2021; 84:220-232. [PMID: 32977344 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A total of 482 veal cutlet, 555 ground veal, and 540 ground beef samples were purchased from retail establishments in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States over a noncontiguous 2-year period between 2014 and 2017. Samples (325 g each) were individually enriched and screened via real-time PCR for all seven regulated serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Presumptive STEC-positive samples were subjected to serogroup-specific immunomagnetic separation and plated onto selective media. Up to five isolates typical for STEC from each sample were analyzed via multiplex PCR for both the virulence genes (i.e., eae, stx1 and/or stx2, and ehxA) and serogroup-specific gene(s) for the seven regulated STEC serogroups. The recovery rates of non-O157 STEC from veal cutlets (3.94%, 19 of 482 samples) and ground veal (7.03%, 39 of 555 samples) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that from ground beef (0.93%, 5 of 540 samples). In contrast, only a single isolate of STEC O157:H7 was recovered; this isolate originated from 1 (0.18%) of 555 samples of ground veal. Recovery rates for STEC were not associated with state, season, packaging type, or store type (P > 0.05) but were associated with brand and fat content (P < 0.05). Pulsed-field subtyping of the 270 viable and confirmed STEC isolates from the 64 total samples testing positive revealed 78 pulsotypes (50 to 80% similarity) belonging to 39 pulsogroups, with ≥90% similarity among pulsotypes within pulsogroups. Multiple isolates from 43 (67.7%) of 64 samples testing positive had an indistinguishable pulsotype. STEC serotypes O26 and O103 were the most prevalent serogroups in beef and veal, respectively. These findings support related findings from regulatory sampling studies over the past decade and confirm that recovery rates for the regulated STEC serogroups are higher for raw veal than for raw beef samples, as was observed in the present study of meat purchased at food retailers in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Jung
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Anna C S Porto-Fett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2689-6402 [A.C.S.P.F.])
| | - Salina Parveen
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
| | - Joan Meredith
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
| | - Bradley A Shoyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Elizabeth Henry
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Zachary Trauger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Laura E Shane
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Manuela Osoria
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Jurgen Schwarz
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
| | | | | | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
| | - John B Luchansky
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
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12
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Brusa V, Costa M, Padola NL, Etcheverría A, Sampedro F, Fernandez PS, Leotta GA, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with beef consumption in Argentina. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242317. [PMID: 33186398 PMCID: PMC7665811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-contaminated beef (intact beef cuts, ground beef and commercial hamburgers) in children under 15 years of age from Argentina. The QMRA was used to characterize STEC prevalence and concentration levels in each product through the Argentinean beef supply chain, including cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, retail and home preparation, and consumption. Median HUS probability from beef cut, ground beef and commercial hamburger consumption was <10-15, 5.4x10-8 and 3.5x10-8, respectively. The expected average annual number of HUS cases was 0, 28 and 4, respectively. Risk of infection and HUS probability were sensitive to the type of abattoir, the application or not of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for STEC (HACCP-STEC), stx prevalence in carcasses and trimmings, storage conditions from the abattoir to retailers and home, the joint consumption of salads and beef products, and cooking preference. The QMRA results showed that the probability of HUS was higher if beef cuts (1.7x) and ground beef (1.2x) were from carcasses provided by abattoirs not applying HACCP-STEC. Thus, the use of a single sanitary standard that included the application of HACCP-STEC in all Argentinean abattoirs would greatly reduce HUS incidence. The average number of annual HUS cases estimated by the QMRA (n = 32) would explain about 10.0% of cases in children under 15 years per year in Argentina. Since other routes of contamination can be involved, including those not related to food, further research on the beef production chain, other food chains, person-to-person transmission and outbreak studies should be conducted to reduce the impact of HUS on the child population of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Pablo S. Fernandez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, España
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L. Signorini
- IdICaL–Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea–(INTA–CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
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13
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Yang G, Zhang S, Huang Y, Ye Q, Zhang J, Wu Q, Wang J, Chen M, Xue L. Isolation and Characterization of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Foods Sold at Retail Markets in China. J Food Prot 2020; 83:460-466. [PMID: 32065650 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are significant foodborne pathogens that can cause acute diarrhea in humans. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination by non-O157 STEC in different types of food sold at retail markets in the People's Republic of China and to characterize non-O157 STEC strains. From May 2012 to April 2014, 1,200 retail food samples were collected from markets in 24 cities in China. Forty-four non-O157 isolates were recovered from 43 STEC-positive samples. Of the isolates, 22 and 19 carried the stx1 and stx2 genes, respectively, and 3 harbored both stx1 and stx2. stx1a and stx2a were the most prevalent stx subtypes. Other virulence genes, ent, hlyA, astA, eae, espB, iha, subAB, and tia, were commonly detected. Diverse O serogroups were identified among these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing indicated the high genetic diversity of the isolates. Thirty-two sequence types (STs) were identified among the 44 isolates, with ST383 (9.09%), ST134 (6.82%), and ST91 (6.82%) the most prevalent. Nine new STs were found. The isolates had a high prevalence of resistance to cephalothin, ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. Twenty isolates (45.45%) were resistant to at least three antibiotics. This study provides updated surveillance data for non-O157 STEC isolates from foods sold at retail markets. Virulent and multidrug-resistant non-O57 STEC strains were isolated from all types of food. Our findings highlight the need for increased monitoring of non-O157 STEC in retail foods. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhu Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbin Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application; and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
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14
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Identification and detection of iha subtypes in LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from humans, cattle and food. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03015. [PMID: 31879713 PMCID: PMC6920203 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are important cause of infection in humans and they should be included in the public health surveillance systems. Some isolates have been associated with haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) but the mechanisms of pathogenicity are is a field continuos broadening of knowledge. The IrgA homologue adhesin (Iha), encoded by iha, is an adherence-conferring protein and also a siderophore receptor distributed among LEE-negative STEC strains. This study reports the presence of different subtypes of iha in LEE-negative STEC strains. We used genomic analyses to design PCR assays for detecting each of the different iha subtypes and also, all the subtypes simultaneously. LEE-negative STEC strains were designed and different localizations of this gene in STEC subgroups were examinated. Genomic analysis detected iha in a high percentage of LEE-negative STEC strains. These strains generally carried iha sequences similar to those harbored by the Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) or by the plasmid pO113. Besides, almost half of the strains carried both subtypes. Similar results were observed by PCR, detecting iha LAA in 87% of the strains (117/135) and iha pO113 in 32% of strains (43/135). Thus, we designed PCR assays that allow rapid detection of iha subtypes harbored by LEE-negative strains. These results highlight the need to investigate the individual and orchestrated role of virulence genes that determine the STEC capacity of causing serious disease, which would allow for identification of target candidates to develop therapies against HUS.
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15
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Jung Y, Porto-Fett ACS, Shoyer BA, Shane LE, Henry E, Osoria M, Luchansky JB. Survey of Intact and Nonintact Raw Pork Collected at Retail Stores in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States for the Seven Regulated Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1844-1850. [PMID: 31599649 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 514 raw pork samples (395 ground or nonintact and 119 intact samples) were purchased at retail stores in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey between July and December 2017. All raw pork samples were screened for serogroup O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, or O157:H7 cells of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-7) using standard microbiological and molecular methods. In short, 21 (5.3%) of the 395 ground or nonintact pork samples and 3 (3.4%) of the 119 intact pork samples tested positive via the BAX system real-time PCR assay for the stx and eae virulence genes and for the somatic O antigens for at least one of the STEC-7 serogroups. However, none of these 24 presumptive-positive pork samples subsequently yielded a viable isolate of STEC displaying a STEC-7 serogroup-specific surface antigen in combination with the stx and eae genes. These data suggest that cells of STEC serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, or O157:H7 are not common in retail raw pork samples in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Jung
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Anna C S Porto-Fett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Bradley A Shoyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Laura E Shane
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Elizabeth Henry
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Manuela Osoria
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - John B Luchansky
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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16
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Hernandez LB, Cadona JS, Christensen M, Fernández D, Padola NL, Bustamante AV, Sanso AM. Virulence genes and genetic diversity assessment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O91 strains from cattle, beef and poultry products. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:463-467. [PMID: 30300666 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O91 has ranked in the top five of the non-O157 serogroups most frequently associated with human cases. In order to gain insight into the genetic diversity of O91 Latin American STEC strains, we analyzed their virulence properties and carried out a subtyping assay. A panel of 21 virulence genetic markers associated with human and animal infections was evaluated and the relatedness among strains was determined by a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) comprising 9 VNTR loci. Twenty-two STEC O91 isolated from cattle and meat food and belonging to 5 serotypes (O91:H21, O91:H8, O91:H14, O91:H28, O91:H40) were studied. Eight virulence profiles were obtained for the O91 STEC strains: 4 for O91:H21 plus one for O91:H8, O91:H14, O91:H28 and O91:H40. All strains contained ehxA and lpfA0113 genes and only both stx1-positive strains lacked saa, which encodes the STEC autoagglutinating adhesin. Other genes involved in adhesion were detected: ehaA (91%), elfA and espP (86%), ecpA (82%) and, hcpA (77%). The gene encoding the cytolethal distending toxin type-V (CDT-V) was found only in O91:H8 and O91:H21, being present in the majority (89%) of strains of this last serotype. MLVA typing divided the total number of strains into 12 genotypes, and 9 of them were unique to a single strain. No association was observed between the virulence profiles and the source of the strains. Although they lack the eae gene, most of the strains have the genetic potential to adhere to host cells through other structures and possess cdt-V, which has been found in STEC strains involved in serious diseases. The MLVA showed clonal relatedness among strains isolated from cattle belonged to a same dairy farm and suggested that the same clone remains circulating throughout the year and, on the other hand, the need to increase the number of VNTR loci which could allow a higher discrimination among O91:H21 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Belén Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Jimena Soledad Cadona
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Martín Christensen
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana Victoria Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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17
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Toro M, Rivera D, Jiménez MF, Díaz L, Navarrete P, Reyes-Jara A. Isolation and characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from retail ground beef in Santiago, Chile. Food Microbiol 2018; 75:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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The diversity of beef safety: A global reason to strengthen our current systems. Meat Sci 2017; 132:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Yoo BB, Liu Y, Juneja V, Huang L, Hwang CA. Effect of environmental stresses on the survival and cytotoxicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli†. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Baranzoni GM, Fratamico PM, Boccia F, Bagi LK, Kim GH, Anastasio A, Pepe T. Evaluation of the performance of the IQ-Check kits and the USDA Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook methods for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and STEC and Salmonella simultaneously in ground beef. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:809-816. [PMID: 27987365 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the performance of the IQ-Check kits and the USDA Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) methods for detection of the top seven Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) (O157:H7, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145) in ground beef and both STEC and Salmonella in co-inoculated samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Ground beef samples inoculated with ~10 CFU of STEC or both STEC and Salmonella Typhimurium were stored at 4°C for 72 h, followed by screening with the IQ-Check and BAX System kit (MLG) methods that employ different enrichment media. STEC and S. Typhimurium were detected after 12 and 18 h and their presence was confirmed by colony isolation. CONCLUSIONS Both methods were able to detect STEC in ground beef after 12 h of enrichment in samples inoculated with low levels of the pathogen. STEC and S. Typhimurium can be detected and isolated in co-inoculated ground beef samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The IQ-Check methods are comparable to the MLG methods for detection of STEC and simultaneous detection of STEC and S. Typhimurium in seeded ground beef after a short enrichment time, thus the IQ-Check method can be useful for the food industry for rapid detection of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Baranzoni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - P M Fratamico
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - F Boccia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - L K Bagi
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - G-H Kim
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - A Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - T Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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21
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Leotta GA, Brusa V, Galli L, Adriani C, Linares L, Etcheverría A, Sanz M, Sucari A, Peral García P, Signorini M. Comprehensive Evaluation and Implementation of Improvement Actions in Butcher Shops. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162635. [PMID: 27618439 PMCID: PMC5019392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens can cause acute and chronic diseases and produce a wide range of symptoms. Since the consumption of ground beef is a risk factor for infections with some bacterial pathogens, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of butcher shops, implemented improvement actions for both butcher shops and consumers, and verified the impact of those actions implemented. A comprehensive evaluation was made and risk was quantified on a 1-100 scale as high-risk (1-40), moderate-risk (41-70) or low-risk (71-100). A total of 172 raw ground beef and 672 environmental samples were collected from 86 butcher shops during the evaluation (2010-2011) and verification (2013) stages of the study. Ground beef samples were analyzed for mesophilic aerobic organisms, Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus enumeration. Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and Listeria monocytogenes were detected and isolated from all samples. Risk quantification resulted in 43 (50.0%) high-risk, 34 (39.5%) moderate-risk, and nine (10.5%) low-risk butcher shops. Training sessions for 498 handlers and 4,506 consumers were held. Re-evaluation by risk quantification and microbiological analyses resulted in 19 (22.1%) high-risk, 42 (48.8%) moderate-risk and 25 (29.1%) low-risk butcher shops. The count of indicator microorganisms decreased with respect to the 2010-2011 period. After the implementation of improvement actions, the presence of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and stx genes in ground beef decreased. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 10 (11.6%) ground beef samples, without detecting statistically significant differences between both study periods (evaluation and verification). The percentage of pathogens in environmental samples was reduced in the verification period (Salmonella spp., 1.5%; L. monocytogenes, 10.7%; E. coli O157:H7, 0.6%; non-O157 STEC, 6.8%). Risk quantification was useful to identify those relevant facts in butcher shops. The reduction of contamination in ground beef and the environment was possible after training handlers based on the problems identified in their own butcher shops. Our results confirm the feasibility of implementing a comprehensive risk management program in butcher shops, and the importance of information campaigns targeting consumers. Further collaborative efforts would be necessary to improve foodstuffs safety at retail level and at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Luciano Linares
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, CICPBA, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA
| | - Marcelo Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, CICPBA, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA
| | - Adriana Sucari
- Centro Estudios Infectológicos “Dr. Daniel Stamboulian”, División Alimentos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pilar Peral García
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- CONICET - EEA Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Ercoli L, Farneti S, Zicavo A, Mencaroni G, Blasi G, Striano G, Scuota S. Prevalence and characteristics of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs and pork products in Umbria and Marche regions of Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 232:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wyrsch ER, Roy Chowdhury P, Chapman TA, Charles IG, Hammond JM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:843. [PMID: 27379026 PMCID: PMC4908116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem. Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations. Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health. In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard. Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Wyrsch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park Norwich, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Wang J, Stanford K, McAllister TA, Johnson RP, Chen J, Hou H, Zhang G, Niu YD. Biofilm Formation, Virulence Gene Profiles, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Nine Serogroups of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coli. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:316-24. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Roger P. Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongman Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Gongliang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan D. Niu
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Rincón AM, Singh RK. Effect of Radio Frequency Heating on Nalidixic Acid-Adapted Shiga Toxin-Producing and Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in Buffer. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baranzoni GM, Fratamico PM, Gangiredla J, Patel I, Bagi LK, Delannoy S, Fach P, Boccia F, Anastasio A, Pepe T. Characterization of Shiga Toxin Subtypes and Virulence Genes in Porcine Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:574. [PMID: 27148249 PMCID: PMC4838603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to ruminants, swine have been shown to be a reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and pork products have been linked with outbreaks associated with STEC O157 and O111:H-. STEC strains, isolated in a previous study from fecal samples of late-finisher pigs, belonged to a total of 56 serotypes, including O15:H27, O91:H14, and other serogroups previously associated with human illness. The isolates were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a high-throughput real-time PCR system to determine the Shiga toxin (Stx) subtype and virulence-associated and putative virulence-associated genes they carried. Select STEC strains were further analyzed using a Minimal Signature E. coli Array Strip. As expected, stx2e (81%) was the most common Stx variant, followed by stx1a (14%), stx2d (3%), and stx1c (1%). The STEC serogroups that carried stx2d were O15:H27, O159:H16 and O159:H-. Similar to stx2a and stx2c, the stx2d variant is associated with development of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, and reports on the presence of this variant in STEC strains isolated from swine are lacking. Moreover, the genes encoding heat stable toxin (estIa) and enteroaggregative E. coli heat stable enterotoxin-1 (astA) were commonly found in 50 and 44% of isolates, respectively. The hemolysin genes, hlyA and ehxA, were both detected in 7% of the swine STEC strains. Although the eae gene was not found, other genes involved in host cell adhesion, including lpfAO113 and paa were detected in more than 50% of swine STEC strains, and a number of strains also carried iha, lpfAO26, lpfAO157, fedA, orfA, and orfB. The present work provides new insights on the distribution of virulence factors among swine STEC strains and shows that swine may carry Stx1a-, Stx2e-, or Stx2d-producing E. coli with virulence gene profiles associated with human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Baranzoni
- Eastern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Pina M Fratamico
- Eastern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Isha Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Lori K Bagi
- Eastern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Food Safety Laboratory, University of Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Food Safety Laboratory, University of Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Federica Boccia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Tiziana Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
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Brusa V, Piñeyro PE, Galli L, Linares LH, Ortega EE, Padola NL, Leotta GA. Isolation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Ground Beef Using Multiple Combinations of Enrichment Broths and Selective Agars. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:163-70. [PMID: 26836701 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens, and beef cattle are recognized as the principal reservoir. The aims of this study were (1) to identify the most sensitive combination of selective enrichment broths and agars for STEC isolation in artificially inoculated ground beef samples, and (2) to evaluate the most efficient combination(s) of methods for naturally contaminated ground beef samples. A total of 192 ground beef samples were artificially inoculated with STEC and non-stx bacterial strains. A combination of four enrichment broths and three agars were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for STEC isolation from experimentally inoculated samples. Enrichments with either modified tryptic soy broth (mTSB) containing 8 mg/L novobiocin (mTSB-8) or modified Escherichia coli (mEC) broth followed by isolation in MacConkey agar were the most sensitive combinations for STEC isolation of artificially inoculated samples. Independently, both enrichments media followed by isolation in MacConkey were used to evaluate ground beef samples from 43 retail stores, yielding 65.1% and 58.1% stx-positive samples by RT-PCR, respectively. No difference was observed in the isolate proportions between these two methods (8/25 [32%] and 8/28 [28.6%]). Identical serotypes and stx genotypes were observed in STEC strains isolated from the same samples by either method. In this study, no single enrichment protocol was sufficient to detect all STEC in artificially inoculated samples and had considerable variation in detection ability with naturally contaminated samples. Moreover, none of the single or combinations of multiple isolation agars used were capable of identifying all STEC serogroups in either artificially inoculated or naturally occurring STEC-contaminated ground beef. Therefore, it may be prudent to conclude that there is no single method or combination of isolation methods capable of identifying all STEC serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- 1 Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Buenos Aires, Argentina .,3 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout," Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- 2 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Lucía Galli
- 3 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout," Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano H Linares
- 1 Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emanuel E Ortega
- 1 Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L Padola
- 4 Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- 3 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout," Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Molecular screening and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in retail foods. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Brusa V, Galli L, Linares LH, Ortega EE, Lirón JP, Leotta GA. Development and validation of two SYBR green PCR assays and a multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in meat. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:10-7. [PMID: 26410309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are recognized as food-borne pathogens. We developed and validated two SYBR green PCR (SYBR-PCR) and a real-time multiplex PCR (RT-PCR) to detect stx1 and stx2 genes in meat samples, and compared these techniques in ground beef samples from retail stores. One set of primers and one hydrolysis probe were designed for each stx gene. For RT-PCR, an internal amplification control (IAC) was used. All PCR intra-laboratory validations were performed using pure strains and artificially contaminated ground beef samples. A total of 50 STEC and 30 non-STEC strains were used. Naturally contaminated ground beef samples (n=103) were obtained from retail stores and screened with SYBR-PCR and RT-PCR, and stx-positive samples were processed for STEC isolation. In the intra-laboratory validation, each PCR obtained a 1×10(2) CFU mL(-1) limit of detection and 100% inclusivity and exclusivity. The same results were obtained when different laboratory analysts in alternate days performed the assay. The level of agreement obtained with SYBR-PCR and RT-PCR was kappa=0.758 and 0.801 (P<0.001) for stx1 and stx2 gene detection, respectively. Two PCR strategies were developed and validated, and excellent performance with artificially contaminated ground beef samples was obtained. However, the efforts made to isolate STEC from retail store samples were not enough. Only 11 STEC strains were isolated from 35 stx-positive ground beef samples identically detected by all PCRs. The combination of molecular approaches based on the identification of a virulence genotypic profile of STEC must be considered to improve isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina; IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luciano H Linares
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Emanuel E Ortega
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan P Lirón
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP La Plata, Argentina.
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Shen J, Rump L, Ju W, Shao J, Zhao S, Brown E, Meng J. Virulence characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from food, humans and animals. Food Microbiol 2015; 50:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Noll LW, Shridhar PB, Dewsbury DM, Shi X, Cernicchiaro N, Renter DG, Nagaraja TG. A Comparison of Culture- and PCR-Based Methods to Detect Six Major Non-O157 Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Cattle Feces. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135446. [PMID: 26270482 PMCID: PMC4536017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture-based methods to detect the six major non-O157 (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145) Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are not well established. Our objectives of this study were to develop a culture-based method to detect the six non-O157 serogroups in cattle feces and compare the detection with a PCR method. Fecal samples (n = 576) were collected in a feedlot from 24 pens during a 12-week period and enriched in E. coli broth at 40° C for 6 h. Enriched samples were subjected to immunomagnetic separation, spread-plated onto a selective chromogenic medium, and initially pooled colonies, and subsequently, single colonies were tested by a multiplex PCR targeting six serogroups and four virulence genes, stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA (culture method). Fecal suspensions, before and after enrichment, were also tested by a multiplex PCR targeting six serogroups and four virulence genes (PCR method). There was no difference in the proportions of fecal samples that tested positive (74.3 vs. 77.4%) for one or more of the six serogroups by either culture or the PCR method. However, each method detected one or more of the six serogroups in samples that were negative by the other method. Both culture method and PCR indicated that O26, O45, and O103 were the dominant serogroups. Higher proportions (P < 0.05) of fecal samples were positive for O26 (44.4 vs. 22.7%) and O121 (22.9 vs. 2.3%) serogroups by PCR than by the culture method. None of the fecal samples contained more than four serogroups. Only a small proportion of the six serogroups (23/640; 3.6%) isolated carried Shiga toxin genes. The culture method and the PCR method detected all six serogroups in samples negative by the other method, highlighting the importance of subjecting fecal samples to both methods for accurate detection of the six non-O157 STEC in cattle feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance W. Noll
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Pragathi B. Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Diana M. Dewsbury
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David G. Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - T. G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Ro EY, Ko YM, Yoon KS. Survival of pathogenic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and control with calcium oxide in frozen meat products. Food Microbiol 2015; 49:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ercoli L, Farneti S, Ranucci D, Scuota S, Branciari R. Role of Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia Coli in the Swine Production Chain. Ital J Food Saf 2015; 4:5156. [PMID: 27800398 PMCID: PMC5076656 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2015.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe clinical diseases in humans, such as haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Although ruminants, primarily cattle, have been suggested as typical reservoirs of STEC, many food products of other origins, including pork products, have been confirmed as vehicles for STEC transmission. Only in rare cases, pork consumption is associated with severe clinical symptoms caused by high pathogenic STEC strains. However, in these outbreaks, it is unknown whether the contamination of food products occurs during swine processing or via cross-contamination from foodstuffs of different sources. In swine, STEC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of oedema disease. In particular a Shiga toxin subtype, named stx2e, it is considered as a key factor involved in the damage of swine endothelial cells. On the contrary, stx2e-producing Escherichia coli has rarely been isolated in humans, and usually only from asymptomatic carriers or from patients with mild symptoms, such as uncomplicated diarrhoea. In fact, the presence of gene stx2e, encoding for stx2e, has rarely been reported in STEC strains that cause HUS. Moreover, stx2e-producing STEC isolated from humans and pigs were found to differ in serogroup, their virulence profile and interaction with intestinal epithelial cells. Because of the limited epidemiologic data of STEC in swine and the increasing role of non-O157 STEC in human illnesses, the relationship between swine STEC and human disease needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ercoli
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Umbria and Marche, Perugia
| | - Silvana Farneti
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Umbria and Marche, Perugia
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Scuota
- Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Umbria and Marche, Perugia
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Hoang Minh S, Kimura E, Hoang Minh D, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Virulence characteristics of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia colifrom raw meats and clinical samples. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:114-22. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Son Hoang Minh
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Etsuko Kimura
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Duc Hoang Minh
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Honjoh
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
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The growing season, but not the farming system, is a food safety risk determinant for leafy greens in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2395-407. [PMID: 25616798 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00051-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small- and medium-size farms in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States use varied agricultural practices to produce leafy greens during spring and fall, but the impact of preharvest practices on food safety risk remains unclear. To assess farm-level risk factors, bacterial indicators, Salmonella enterica, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from 32 organic and conventional farms were analyzed. A total of 577 leafy greens, irrigation water, compost, field soil, and pond sediment samples were collected. Salmonella was recovered from 2.2% of leafy greens (n = 369) and 7.7% of sediment (n = 13) samples. There was an association between Salmonella recovery and growing season (fall versus spring) (P = 0.006) but not farming system (organic or conventional) (P = 0.920) or region (P = 0.991). No STEC was isolated. In all, 10% of samples were positive for E. coli: 6% of leafy greens, 18% of irrigation water, 10% of soil, 38% of sediment, and 27% of compost samples. Farming system was not a significant factor for levels of E. coli or aerobic mesophiles on leafy greens but was a significant factor for total coliforms (TC) (P < 0.001), with higher counts from organic farm samples. Growing season was a factor for aerobic mesophiles on leafy greens (P = 0.004), with higher levels in fall than in spring. Water source was a factor for all indicator bacteria (P < 0.001), and end-of-line groundwater had marginally higher TC counts than source samples (P = 0.059). Overall, the data suggest that seasonal events, weather conditions, and proximity of compost piles might be important factors contributing to microbial contamination on farms growing leafy greens.
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Pagadala S, Marine SC, Micallef SA, Wang F, Pahl DM, Melendez MV, Kline WL, Oni RA, Walsh CS, Everts KL, Buchanan RL. Assessment of region, farming system, irrigation source and sampling time as food safety risk factors for tomatoes. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 196:98-108. [PMID: 25540859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, small- and medium-sized farmers use varied farm management methods and water sources to produce tomatoes. It is unclear whether these practices affect the food safety risk for tomatoes. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, and assess risk factors for Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and bacterial indicators in pre-harvest tomatoes and their production areas. A total of 24 organic and conventional, small- to medium-sized farms were sampled for six weeks in Maryland (MD), Delaware (DE) and New Jersey (NJ) between July and September 2012, and analyzed for indicator bacteria, Salmonella and STEC. A total of 422 samples--tomato fruit, irrigation water, compost, field soil and pond sediment samples--were collected, 259 of which were tomato samples. A low level of Salmonella-specific invA and Shiga toxin genes (stx1 or stx2) were detected, but no Salmonella or STEC isolates were recovered. Of the 422 samples analyzed, 9.5% were positive for generic E. coli, found in 5.4% (n=259) of tomato fruits, 22.5% (n=102) of irrigation water, 8.9% (n=45) of soil, 3/9 of pond sediment and 0/7 of compost samples. For tomato fruit, farming system (organic versus conventional) was not a significant factor for levels of indicator bacteria. However, the total number of organic tomato samples positive for generic E. coli (1.6%; 2/129) was significantly lower than for conventional tomatoes (6.9% (9/130); (χ(2) (1)=4.60, p=0.032)). Region was a significant factor for levels of Total Coliforms (TC) (p=0.046), although differences were marginal, with western MD having the highest TC counts (2.6 log CFU/g) and NJ having the lowest (2.0 log CFU/g). Tomatoes touching the ground or plastic mulch harbored significantly higher levels of TC compared to vine tomatoes, signaling a potential risk factor. Source of irrigation water was a significant factor for all indicator bacteria (p<0.0001), and groundwater had lower bacterial levels than surface water. End of line surface water samples were not significantly different from source water samples, but end of line groundwater samples had significantly higher bacterial counts than source (p<0.0001), suggesting that Good Agricultural Practices that focus on irrigation line maintenance might be beneficial. In general, local effects other than cropping practices, including topography, land use and adjacent industries, might be important factors contributing to microbiological inputs on small- and medium-sized farms in the mid-Atlantic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaranjani Pagadala
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sasha C Marine
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, located at Lower Eastern Shore Research and Education Center, Salisbury, MD, USA
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Donna M Pahl
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Meredith V Melendez
- Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Mercer County, Rutgers University, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | - Wesley L Kline
- Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Cumberland County, Rutgers University, Millville, NJ, USA
| | - Ruth A Oni
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher S Walsh
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kathryne L Everts
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, located at Lower Eastern Shore Research and Education Center, Salisbury, MD, USA; Joint Appointment with University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Sheng L, Zhu MJ. Inhibitory effect of Cinnamomum cassia oil on non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Genomic diversity and virulence profiles of historical Escherichia coli O157 strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:569-77. [PMID: 25381234 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02616-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is, to date, the major E. coli serotype causing food-borne human disease worldwide. Strains of O157 with other H antigens also have been recovered. We analyzed a collection of historic O157 strains (n = 400) isolated in the late 1980s to early 1990s in the United States. Strains were predominantly serotype O157:H7 (55%), and various O157:non-H7 (41%) serotypes were not previously reported regarding their pathogenic potential. Although lacking Shiga toxin (stx) and eae genes, serotypes O157:H1, O157:H2, O157:H11, O157:H42, and O157:H43 carried several virulence factors (iha, terD, and hlyA) also found in virulent serotype E. coli O157:H7. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed the O157 serogroup was diverse, with strains with the same H type clustering together closely. Among non-H7 isolates, serotype O157:H43 was highly prevalent (65%) and carried important enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) virulence markers (iha, terD, hlyA, and espP). Isolates from two particular H types, H2 and H11, among the most commonly found non-O157 EHEC serotypes (O26:H11, O111:H11, O103:H2/H11, and O45:H2), unexpectedly clustered more closely with O157:H7 than other H types and carried several virulence genes. This suggests an early divergence of the O157 serogroup to clades with different pathogenic potentials. The appearance of important EHEC virulence markers in closely related H types suggests their virulence potential and suggests further monitoring of those serotypes not implicated in severe illness thus far.
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Wasilenko JL, Fratamico PM, Sommers C, DeMarco DR, Varkey S, Rhoden K, Tice G. Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, and Salmonella in retail raw ground beef using the DuPont™ BAX® system. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:81. [PMID: 24995164 PMCID: PMC4061970 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella are food-borne pathogens commonly associated with beef, and reliable methods are needed to determine their prevalence in beef and to ensure food safety. Retail ground beef was tested for the presence of E. coli O157:H7, STEC serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, and Salmonella using the DuPont™ BAX® system method. Ground beef (325 g) samples were enriched in 1.5 L of TSB with 2 mg/L novobiocin at 42°C for 18 h, and then evaluated using the BAX® System real-time PCR assays for E. coli O157:H7 and STEC suite, and the BAX® System standard PCR assays for E. coli O157:H7 MP and Salmonella. Samples positive for STEC target genes by the BAX® System assays were subjected to immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and plating onto modified Rainbow Agar O157. Enrichments that were PCR positive for Salmonella were inoculated into RV broth, incubated for 18 h at 42°C, and then plated onto XLT-4 agar. Presumptive positive STEC and Salmonella colonies were confirmed using the BAX® System assays. Results of the BAX® System STEC assays showed 20/308 (6.5%) of samples positive for both the Shiga toxin (stx) and intimin (eae) genes; 4 (1.3%) for stx, eae, and O26; 1 (0.3%) for stx, eae, and O45; 3 (1%) for stx, eae, and O103; and 1 (0.3%) for stx, eae, and O145. There were also 3 samples positive for stx, eae, and more than one STEC serogroup. Three (1.0%) of the samples were positive using the BAX® System real-time E. coli O157:H7 assay, and 28 (9.1%) were positive using the BAX® System Salmonella assay. STEC O103 and E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from 2/6 and 2/3 PCR positive samples, respectively. Salmonella isolates were recovered and confirmed from 27 of the 28 Salmonella PCR positive samples, and a portion of the isolates were serotyped and antibiotic resistance profiles determined. Results demonstrate that the BAX® System assays are effective for detecting STEC and Salmonella in beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Wasilenko
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor, PA, USA ; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Richard Russell Research Center Athens, GA, USA
| | - Pina M Fratamico
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Sommers
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Daniel R DeMarco
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, DuPont Experimental Station Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Stephen Varkey
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, DuPont Experimental Station Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Kyle Rhoden
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, DuPont Experimental Station Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - George Tice
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, DuPont Experimental Station Wilmington, DE, USA
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Ju W, Rump L, Toro M, Shen J, Cao G, Zhao S, Meng J. Pathogenicity islands in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O103, and O111 isolates from humans and animals. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:342-5. [PMID: 24694187 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are increasingly recognized as foodborne pathogens worldwide. Serogroups O26, O111, and O103 cause most known outbreaks related to non-O157 STEC. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) play a major role in the evolution of STEC pathogenicity. To determine the distribution of PAIs often associated with highly virulent STECs (OI-122, OI-43/48, OI-57, and high pathogenicity islands) among STEC O26, O103, and O111, a collection of STEC O26 (n=45), O103 (n=29), and O111 (n=52) from humans and animals were included in this study. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI digestion was used to characterize the clonal relationship of the strains. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to determine eae subtypes. Additional virulence genes on PAIs were identified using specific PCR assays, including OI-122: pagC, sen, efa-1, efa-2, and nleB; OI-43/48: terC, ureC, iha, and aidA-1; OI-57: nleG2-3, nleG5-2, and nleG6-2; and HPI: fyuA and irp2. A PFGE dendrogram demonstrated that instead of clustering together with strains from the same O type (O111:H8), the O111:H11 (n=14) strains clustered together with strains of the same H type (O26:H11, n=45). In addition, O26:H11 and O111:H11 strains carried eae subtype β, whereas O111:H8 strains had eae γ2/θ. The O26:H11 and O111:H11 stains contained an incomplete OI-122 lacking pagC and a complete HPI. However, a complete OI-122 but no HPI was found in the O111:H8 strains. Additionally, aidA-1 of OI-43/48 and nleG6-2 of OI-57 were significantly associated with O26:H11 and O111:H11 strains but were almost missing in O111:H8 strains (p<0.001). This study demonstrated that H11 (O111:H11 and O26:H11) strains were closely related and may have come from the same ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ju
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
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41
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Trokhymchuk A, Waldner C, Gow S, Chaban B, Hill JE. Comparison of baseline bacterial levels in retail ground beef originating from different regulatory, processing, and packaging environments. J Food Prot 2014; 77:404-11. [PMID: 24674431 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to collect baseline measures of bacteria present in retail ground beef offered for sale in Saskatchewan and to assess differences associated with the licensing or regulatory environment of the packaging and processing facilities as indicated by package labeling. Packages of ground beef (n = 309) were purchased from May 2011 to May 2012. Retail samples were categorized as originating from facilities regulated by the federal government or licensed by the provincial government (n = 126), originating from facilities licensed by local health regions (n = 80), or having no inspection or source information on the package label (n = 103). Total aerobic plate counts and total Escherichia coli plate counts were determined using 3M Petrifilm methods. Total bacterial load was estimated using real-time quantitative PCR. The data were analyzed on a log scale using multivariable linear regression, accounting for season and whether the samples were fresh or frozen at purchase. Total aerobic plate counts and Escherichia coli plate counts were lower in samples from federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities than in samples from locally licensed facilities (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) or in samples with no inspection information on the label (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). Frozen ground beef from federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities had the lowest total bacterial load. Samples clearly labeled as packaged at federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities consistently had the lowest estimated bacterial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Bonnie Chaban
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Janet E Hill
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
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42
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Emerg Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416975-3.00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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43
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Shen J, Wang F, Li F, Housley R, Carolan H, Yasuda I, Burrows E, Binet R, Sampath R, Zhang J, Allard MW, Meng J. Rapid Identification and Differentiation of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliUsing Polymerase Chain Reaction Coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:737-43. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Zhangjiagang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Feng Li
- Ibis Biosciences, Abbott, Carlsbad, California
| | | | | | | | - Erik Burrows
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Rachel Binet
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | | | | | - Marc W. Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Wang F, Yang Q, Kase JA, Meng J, Clotilde LM, Lin A, Ge B. Current trends in detecting non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in food. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:665-77. [PMID: 23755895 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (non-O157 STEC) strains are increasingly recognized as important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Together with E. coli O157:H7, six additional STEC serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) are now regulated as adulterants in certain raw beef products in the United States. However, effective detection and isolation of non-O157 STEC strains from food matrices remain challenging. In the past decade, great attention has been paid to developing rapid and reliable detection methods for STEC in general (targeting common virulence factors) and specific STEC serogroups in particular (targeting serogroup-specific traits). This review summarizes current trends in detecting non-O157 STEC in food, including culture, immunological, and molecular methods, as well as several novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Djordjevic SP, Stokes HW, Roy Chowdhury P. Mobile elements, zoonotic pathogens and commensal bacteria: conduits for the delivery of resistance genes into humans, production animals and soil microbiota. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:86. [PMID: 23641238 PMCID: PMC3639385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple antibiotic resistant pathogens represent a major clinical challenge in both human and veterinary context. It is now well-understood that the genes that encode resistance are context independent. That is, the same gene is commonly present in otherwise very disparate pathogens in both humans and production and companion animals, and among bacteria that proliferate in an agricultural context. This can be true even for pathogenic species or clonal types that are otherwise confined to a single host or ecological niche. It therefore follows that mechanisms of gene flow must exist to move genes from one part of the microbial biosphere to another. It is widely accepted that lateral (or horizontal) gene transfer (L(H)GT) drives this gene flow. LGT is relatively well-understood mechanistically but much of this knowledge is derived from a reductionist perspective. We believe that this is impeding our ability to deal with the medical ramifications of LGT. Resistance genes and the genetic scaffolds that mobilize them in multiply drug resistant bacteria of clinical significance are likely to have their origins in completely unrelated parts of the microbial biosphere. Resistance genes are increasingly polluting the microbial biosphere by contaminating environmental niches where previously they were not detected. More attention needs to be paid to the way that humans have, through the widespread application of antibiotics, selected for combinations of mobile elements that enhance the flow of resistance genes between remotely linked parts of the microbial biosphere. Attention also needs to be paid to those bacteria that link human and animal ecosystems. We argue that multiply antibiotic resistant commensal bacteria are especially important in this regard. More generally, the post genomics era offers the opportunity for understanding how resistance genes are mobilized from a one health perspective. In the long term, this holistic approach offers the best opportunity to better manage what is an enormous problem to humans both in terms of health and food security.
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Distribution of pathogenicity islands OI-122, OI-43/48, and OI-57 and a high-pathogenicity island in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3406-12. [PMID: 23524679 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03661-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) play an important role in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) pathogenicity. The distribution of PAIs OI-122, OI-43/48, and OI-57 and a high-pathogenicity island (HPI) were determined among 98 STEC strains assigned to seropathotypes (SPTs) A to E. PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays were used to identify 14 virulence genes that belonged to the four PAIs and to subtype eae and stx genes, respectively. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the sequences of pagC among 34 STEC strains and iha among 67 diverse pathogenic E. coli, respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the prevalences of OI-122 (55.82%) and OI-57 (82.35%) were significantly greater in SPTs (i.e., SPTs A, B, and C) that are frequently associated with severe disease than in other SPTs. terC (62.5%) and ureC (62.5%) in OI-43/48 were also significantly more prevalent in SPTs A, B, and C than in SPTs D and E. In addition, OI-122, OI-57, and OI-43/48 and their associated virulence genes (except iha) were found to be primarily associated with eae-positive STEC, whereas HPI occurred independently of the eae presence. The strong association of OI-122, OI-43/48, and OI-57 with eae-positive STEC suggests in part that different pathogenic mechanisms exist between eae-positive and eae-negative STEC strains. Virulence genes in PAIs that are associated with severe diseases can be used as potential markers to aid in identifying highly virulent STEC.
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Brusa V, Aliverti V, Aliverti F, Ortega EE, de la Torre JH, Linares LH, Sanz ME, Etcheverría AI, Padola NL, Galli L, Peral García P, Copes J, Leotta GA. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef retail markets from Argentina. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 2:171. [PMID: 23346554 PMCID: PMC3548221 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens that cause mild or serious diseases and can lead to people death. This study reports the prevalence and characteristics of STEC O157 and non-O157 in commercial ground beef and environmental samples, including meat table, knife, meat mincing machine, and manipulator hands (n = 450) obtained from 90 retail markets over a nine-month period. The STEC isolates were serotyped and virulence genes as stx (Shiga toxin), rfb(O157)] (O157 lipopolysaccharide), fliC(H7) (H7 flagellin), eae (intimin), ehxA (enterohemolysin) and saa (STEC autoagglutinating adhesin), were determined. STEC O157 were identified in 23 (25.5%) beef samples and 16 (4.4%) environmental samples, while STEC non-O157 were present in 47 (52.2%) and 182 (50.5%), respectively. Among 54 strains isolated, 17 were STEC O157:H7 and 37 were STEC non-O157. The prevalent genotype for O157 was stx(2)/eae/ehxA/fliC(H7) (83.4%), and for STEC non-O157 the most frequent ones were stx(1)/stx(2)/saa/ehxA (29.7%); stx(2) (29.7%); and stx(2)/saa/ehxA (27%). None of the STEC non-O157 strains were eae-positive. Besides O157:H7, other 20 different serotypes were identified, being O8:H19, O178:H19, and O174:H28 the prevalent. Strains belonging to the same serotype could be isolated from different sources of the same retail market. Also, the same serotype could be detected in different stores. In conclusion, screening techniques are increasingly sensitive, but the isolation of STEC non-O157 is still a challenge. Moreover, with the results obtained from the present work, although more studies are needed, cross-contamination between meat and the environment could be suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout", Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-La Plata, CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
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