1
|
Walaszczyk A, Jasińska A, Bernat P, Różalska S, Sas-Paszt L, Lisek A, Paraszkiewicz K. The Combined Effects of Azoxystrobin and the Biosurfactant-Producing Bacillus sp. Kol B3 against the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium sambucinum IM 6525. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4175. [PMID: 38673760 PMCID: PMC11049953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate how the combined presence of the synthetic fungicide azoxystrobin (AZ) and the biosurfactant-producing Bacillus sp. Kol B3 influences the growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium sambucinum IM 6525. The results showed a noticeable increase in antifungal effectiveness when biotic and abiotic agents were combined. This effect manifested across diverse parameters, including fungal growth inhibition, changes in hyphae morphology, fungal membrane permeability and levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response to the presence of Fusarium and AZ in the culture, the bacteria changed the proportions of biosurfactants (surfactin and iturin) produced. The presence of both AZ and/or Fusarium resulted in an increase in iturin biosynthesis. Only in 72 h old bacterial-fungal co-culture a 20% removal of AZ was noted. In the fungal cultures (with and without the addition of the bacteria), the presence of an AZ metabolite named azoxystrobin free acid was detected in the 48th and 72nd hours of the process. The possible involvement of increased iturin and ROS content in antifungal activity of Bacillus sp. and AZ when used together are also discussed. Biosurfactants were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Microscopy techniques and biochemical assays were also used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Walaszczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Jasińska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (P.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (P.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (P.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Lidia Sas-Paszt
- Department of Microbiology and Rhizosphere, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (L.S.-P.); (A.L.)
| | - Anna Lisek
- Department of Microbiology and Rhizosphere, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (L.S.-P.); (A.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Paraszkiewicz
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (P.B.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu X, Nielsen LJD, Song L, Maróti G, Strube ML, Kovács ÁT. Enhanced specificity of Bacillus metataxonomics using a tuf-targeted amplicon sequencing approach. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:126. [PMID: 38012258 PMCID: PMC10682494 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus species are ubiquitous in nature and have tremendous application potential in agriculture, medicine, and industry. However, the individual species of this genus vary widely in both ecological niches and functional phenotypes, which, hence, requires accurate classification of these bacteria when selecting them for specific purposes. Although analysis of the 16S rRNA gene has been widely used to disseminate the taxonomy of most bacterial species, this gene fails proper classification of Bacillus species. To circumvent this restriction, we designed novel primers and optimized them to allow exact species resolution of Bacillus species in both synthetic and natural communities using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The primers designed for the tuf gene were not only specific for the Bacillus genus but also sufficiently discriminated species both in silico and in vitro in a mixture of 11 distinct Bacillus species. Investigating the primers using a natural soil sample, 13 dominant species were detected including Bacillus badius, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus mycoides as primary members, neither of which could be distinguished with 16S rRNA sequencing. In conclusion, a set of high-throughput primers were developed which allows unprecedented species-level identification of Bacillus species and aids the description of the ecological distribution of Bacilli in various natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Xu
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lasse Johan Dyrbye Nielsen
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lijie Song
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, ELKH, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mikael Lenz Strube
- Bacterial Ecophysiology and Biotechnology Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zammuto V, Rizzo MG, De Pasquale C, Ferlazzo G, Caccamo MT, Magazù S, Guglielmino SPP, Gugliandolo C. Lichenysin-like Polypeptide Production by Bacillus licheniformis B3-15 and Its Antiadhesive and Antibiofilm Properties. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1842. [PMID: 37513014 PMCID: PMC10384595 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the ability of the crude biosurfactant (BS B3-15), produced by the marine, thermotolerant Bacillus licheniformis B3-15, to hinder the adhesion and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 to polystyrene and human cells. First, we attempted to increase the BS yield, optimizing the culture conditions, and evaluated the surface-active properties of cell-free supernatants. Under phosphate deprivation (0.06 mM) and 5% saccharose, the yield of BS (1.5 g/L) increased by 37%, which could be explained by the earlier (12 h) increase in lchAA expression compared to the non-optimized condition (48 h). Without exerting any anti-bacterial activity, BS (300 µg/mL) prevented the adhesion of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus to polystyrene (47% and 36%, respectively) and disrupted the preformed biofilms, being more efficient against S. aureus (47%) than P. aeruginosa (26%). When added to human cells, the BS reduced the adhesion of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (10× and 100,000× CFU/mL, respectively) without altering the epithelial cells' viability. As it is not cytotoxic, BS B3-15 could be useful to prevent or remove bacterial biofilms in several medical and non-medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Zammuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- ATHENA Green Solutions S.r.l., Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia De Pasquale
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Human Pathology, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Unit of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Caccamo
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magazù
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- ATHENA Green Solutions S.r.l., Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pietro Paolo Guglielmino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao D, Tong C, Yang T, Huo Z, Li Y, Zeng Z, Xiong W. First insights into antimicrobial resistance, toxigenic profiles, and genetic diversity in Bacillus cereus isolated from Chinese sausages. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
5
|
Costa LVD, Miranda RVDSLD, Reis CMFD, Andrade JMD, Cruz FV, Frazão AM, Fonseca ELD, Ramos JN, Brandão MLL, Vieira VV. MALDI-TOF MS database expansion for identification of Bacillus and related genera isolated from a pharmaceutical facility. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 203:106625. [PMID: 36403787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus and related genera are among the main bacterial groups isolated from pharmaceutical production areas. The identification of Bacillus species and related genera by classical methods is particularly difficult, due to similarities between closely related species. The Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is one of the most promising techniques for chemotaxonomic characterization of microorganisms, being an alternative to genotypic methods. This study aimed to identify Bacillus strains and related genera isolated from immunobiological production areas by phylogenetic analysis of housekeeping genes and expand the database associated with MALDI-TOF MS to improve their identification. In a previous study, 97 aerobic endospore-forming bacteria isolated from a pharmaceutical facility were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene full-length sequencing. All strains were identified as Bacillus and related genera by the latest methodology. Among the 97 strains, 22 were unidentified and 2 strains were misidentified by MALDI-TOF MS. In the present study, these 24 strains were subjected to 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis. Strains not identified at species level by this methodology were submitted to rpoB gene phylogenetic analysis. After identifying the strains, 19 of the 24 strains were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h on Tryptic Soy Agar and Sheep Blood Agar and subjected to analysis by MALDI-TOF MS. A SuperSpectrum for each strain was created and entered into the equipment database. Finally, the 24 strains were again submitted to proteomic analysis by MALDI-TOF MS, and, at this time, all were correctly identified. The genotypic identification of in-house isolated strains and the introduction of these spectra in MALDI-TOF MS, in order to obtain a customized database, proved to be an extremely effective tool in the identification of Bacillus and related genera from pharmaceutical industry origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Veloso da Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Microbiological Control Laboratory, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Joyce Modesto de Andrade
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Microbiological Control Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ventura Cruz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Microbiological Control Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Adriana Marques Frazão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Microbiological Control Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Erica Louro da Fonseca
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Microbiological Control Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nunes Ramos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Microbiological Control Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Verônica Viana Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bianco A, Capozzi L, Monno MR, Del Sambro L, Manzulli V, Pesole G, Loconsole D, Parisi A. Characterization of Bacillus cereus Group Isolates From Human Bacteremia by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:599524. [PMID: 33510722 PMCID: PMC7835510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are spore-forming organisms commonly associated with food poisoning and intestinal infections. Moreover, some strains of the group (i.e., B. cereus sensu stricto and Bacillus thuringiensis) can cause bacteremia in humans, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Here we performed the genetic characterization of 17 human clinical strains belonging to B. cereus group isolated from blood culture. The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the isolates were closely related to B. cereus sensu stricto and B. thuringiensis-type strain. Multilocus sequence typing analysis performed on the draft genome revealed the genetic diversity of our isolates, which were assigned to different sequence types. Based on panC nucleotide sequence, the isolates were grouped in the phylogenetic groups III and IV. The NHE, cer, and inhA gene cluster, entA, entFM, plcA, and plcB, were the most commonly detected virulence genes. Although we did not assess the ability to generate biofilm by phenotypic tests, we verified the prevalence of biofilm associated genes using an in silico approach. A high prevalence of pur gene cluster, xerC, clpY, codY, tasA, sipW, sinI, and sigB genes, was found. Genes related to the resistance to penicillin, trimethoprim, and ceftriaxone were identified in most of the isolates. Intriguingly, the majority of these virulence and AMR genes appeared to be evenly distributed among B. cereus s.s. isolates, as well as closely related to B. thuringiensis isolates. We showed the WGS represents a good approach to rapidly characterize B. cereus group strains, being able to give useful information about genetic epidemiology, the presence of virulence and antimicrobial genes, and finally about the potential hazard related to this underestimated risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Monno
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Viviana Manzulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, University of Bari "A. Moro", Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies of the National Research Council and Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Hygiene Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li F, Hunt K, Buggy AK, Murphy KM, Ho QT, O'Callaghan TF, Butler F, Jordan K, Tobin JT. The effects of sequential heat treatment on microbial reduction and spore inactivation during milk processing. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Harvey KL, Jarocki VM, Charles IG, Djordjevic SP. The Diverse Functional Roles of Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Microbial Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2351. [PMID: 31708880 PMCID: PMC6822514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor thermal unstable Tu (EF-Tu) is a G protein that catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome inside living cells. Structural and biochemical studies have described the complex interactions needed to effect canonical function. However, EF-Tu has evolved the capacity to execute diverse functions on the extracellular surface of both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. EF-Tu can traffic to, and is retained on, cell surfaces where can interact with membrane receptors and with extracellular matrix on the surface of plant and animal cells. Our structural studies indicate that short linear motifs (SLiMs) in surface exposed, non-conserved regions of the molecule may play a key role in the moonlighting functions ascribed to this ancient, highly abundant protein. Here we explore the diverse moonlighting functions relating to pathogenesis of EF-Tu in bacteria and examine putative SLiMs on surface-exposed regions of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Harvey
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Janakiev T, Dimkić I, Bojić S, Fira D, Stanković S, Berić T. Bacterial communities of plum phyllosphere and characterization of indigenous antagonistic Bacillus thuringiensis R3/3 isolate. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:528-543. [PMID: 31606926 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The characterization of bacterial communities diversity on four local plum cultivars in two phenological stages using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods and screening among culturable plum community for indigenous bacteria active against phytopathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS The bacterial communities associated with leaves and fruits of four local Serbian plum cultivars (Požegača, Ranka, Čačanska Lepotica and Čačanska Rodna) were investigated in two phenological stages during early (May) and late (July) fruit maturation. Metagenomic approach revealed Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas and Hymenobacter as dominant genera. The most frequently isolated representatives with cultivable approach were pseudomonads with Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas graminis, the most likely resident species of plum community. Antagonistic Bacillus thuringiensis R3/3 isolate from plum phyllosphere had ability to produce exoenzymes, reduce the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria in co-culture environment and show quorum quenching activity. CONCLUSIONS Plum cultivar and growth season contribute to the structure of the bacterial community associated with plum. Plum phyllosphere is good source of antagonists effective against phytopathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Knowledge of bacterial communities on plum will have an impact on studies related to phyllosphere ecology and biocontrol. The indigenous antagonistic isolate, B. thuringiensis R3/3, from plum could be further investigated for its potential use in biological control of plum diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Janakiev
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Dimkić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Bojić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Fira
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Stanković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Berić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Multifaceted toxin profile of Bacillus probiotic in newly isolated Bacillus spp. from soil rhizosphere. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
11
|
Rossi GAM, Silva HO, Aguilar CEG, Rochetti AL, Pascoe B, Méric G, Mourkas E, Hitchings MD, Mathias LA, de Azevedo Ruiz VL, Fukumasu H, Sheppard SK, Vidal AMC. Comparative genomic survey of Bacillus cereus sensu stricto isolates from the dairy production chain in Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4780294. [PMID: 29390131 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of 262 Bacillus cereus isolates were analyzed including 69 isolates sampled from equipment, raw milk and dairy products from Brazil. The population structure of isolates showed strains belonging to known phylogenetic groups II, III, IV, V and VI. Almost all the isolates obtained from dairy products belonged to group III. Investigation of specific alleles revealed high numbers of isolates carrying toxin-associated genes including cytK (53.62%), hblA (59.42%), hblC (44.93%), hblD (53.62%), nheA (84.06%), nheB (89.86%) and nheC (84.06%) with isolates belonging to groups IV and V having significant higher prevalence of hblACD and group IV of CytK genes. Strains from dairy products had significantly lower prevalence of CytK and hblACD genes compared to isolates from equipment and raw milk/bulk tanks. Genes related to sucrose metabolism were detected at higher frequency in isolates obtained from raw milk compared to strains from equipment and utensils. The population genomic analysis demonstrated the diversity of strains and variability of putative function among B. cereus group isolates in Brazilian dairy production, with large numbers of strains potentially able to cause foodborne illness. This detailed information will contribute to targeted interventions to reduce milk contamination and spoilage associated with B. cereus in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Higor Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Gamero Aguilar
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arina Lázaro Rochetti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | | | - Luis Antonio Mathias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Letticie de Azevedo Ruiz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ana Maria Centola Vidal
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Özdemir F, Arslan S. Molecular Characterization and Toxin Profiles of Bacillus spp. Isolated from Retail Fish and Ground Beef. J Food Sci 2019; 84:548-556. [PMID: 30690739 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus species are common in the environment due to their spore-forming ability and nutritional versatility and cause food contamination. Bacilli play a significant role in foodborne illnesses and food spoilage. In this study, 52 Bacillus isolates from retail fish and ground beef were identified and differentiated based on 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoB gene sequencing. The presence of genes encoding emetic toxin (ces), hemolytic enterotoxin hemolysin BL (hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) and cytotoxin K (cytK1) was assessed in all Bacillus isolates. The ability of the Bacillus isolates to produce several extracellular enzymes that contribute to pathogenicity and food spoilage was investigated. The 16S rRNA, rpoB, and gyrB gene sequence similarities of the Bacillus isolates tested were 96.1%, 83.2%, and 77.5%, respectively. The gyrB gene demonstrated a higher degree of sequence variation than the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes. The prevalence of Bacillus isolates producing at least two of the genes of the HBL and NHE complexes was 23.1% and 15.4%, respectively. Of the B. cereus isolates, 10 (41.7%) possessed two or more enterotoxin genes. None of the isolates carried the ces and cytK1 genes. All isolates were positive for the production of enzymes such as protease, lipase, gelatinase, and DNase. However, only 92.3% of the tested isolates were positive for amylase. In conclusion, our results revealed that the presence of genes involved in toxin production and enzyme production in meat-originated B. cereus and other Bacillus isolates may cause spoilage of food and pose a health risk for consumers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Bacillus species can be found in various foods due to their ubiquitous nature. Bacillus spp., especially B. cereus, are associated with food poisoning and other infections in humans. Toxins and many extracellular enzymes produced by Bacillus spp. are the causative agents of foodborne outbreaks, food spoilage, and low-quality food with significantly reduced edibility. This study highlights the characterization of Bacillus spp. and presence of potentially pathogenic Bacillus species in meats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özdemir
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Univ., Gölköy, Bolu, 14030, Turkey
| | - Seza Arslan
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Univ., Gölköy, Bolu, 14030, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rossi GAM, Aguilar CEG, Silva HO, Vidal AMC. Bacillus cereus group: genetic aspects related to food safety and dairy processing. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000232017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bacillus cereus group includes not pathogenic and high pathogenic species. They are considered as a risk to public health due to foodborne diseases and as an important cause of economic losses to industries due to production of spoilage enzymes. Some researches have been performed in order to assess the possible factors that contribute to put public health into risk because of consumption of food contaminated with viable cells or toxins which have complex mechanisms of production. The control of these bacteria in food is difficult because they are resistant to several processes used in industries. Thus, in this way, this review focused on highlighting the risk due to toxins production by bacteria from B. cereus group in food and the consequences for food safety and dairy industries.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lazarte JN, Lopez RP, Ghiringhelli PD, Berón CM. Bacillus wiedmannii biovar thuringiensis: A Specialized Mosquitocidal Pathogen with Plasmids from Diverse Origins. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2823-2833. [PMID: 30285095 PMCID: PMC6203079 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus sensu lato also known as B. cereus group is composed of an ecologically diverse bacterial group with an increasing number of related species, some of which are medically or agriculturally important. Numerous efforts have been undertaken to allow presumptive differentiation of B. cereus group species from one another. FCC41 is a Bacillus sp. strain toxic against mosquito species like Aedes aegypti, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) albifasciatus, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex apicinus, some of them responsible for the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of FCC41 strain, which consists of one circular chromosome and eight circular plasmids ranging in size from 8 to 490 kb. This strain harbors six crystal protein genes, including cry24Ca, two cry4-like and two cry52-like, a cry41-like parasporin gene and multiple virulence factors. The phylogenetic analysis of the whole-genome sequence of this strain with molecular approaches places this strain into the Bacillus wiedmannii cluster. However, according with phenotypical characteristics such as the mosquitocidal activity due to the presence of Cry proteins found in the parasporal body and cry genes encoded in plasmids of different sizes, indicate that this strain could be renamed as B. wiedmannii biovar thuringiensis strain FCC41.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Nicolás Lazarte
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC) - CONICET, FIBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Rocio P Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC) - CONICET, FIBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - P Daniel Ghiringhelli
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular (LIGBCM), Area Virosis de Insectos (AVI), Departamento Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and CONICET, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Corina M Berón
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC) - CONICET, FIBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poirier S, Rué O, Peguilhan R, Coeuret G, Zagorec M, Champomier-Vergès MC, Loux V, Chaillou S. Deciphering intra-species bacterial diversity of meat and seafood spoilage microbiota using gyrB amplicon sequencing: A comparative analysis with 16S rDNA V3-V4 amplicon sequencing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204629. [PMID: 30252901 PMCID: PMC6155546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and seafood spoilage ecosystems harbor extensive bacterial genomic diversity that is mainly found within a small number of species but within a large number of strains with different spoilage metabolic potential. To decipher the intraspecies diversity of such microbiota, traditional metagenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene is inadequate. We therefore assessed the potential benefit of an alternative genetic marker, gyrB, which encodes the subunit B of DNA gyrase, a type II DNA topoisomerase. A comparison between 16S rDNA-based (V3-V4) amplicon sequencing and gyrB-based amplicon sequencing was carried out in five types of meat and seafood products, with five mock communities serving as quality controls. Our results revealed that bacterial richness in these mock communities and food samples was estimated with higher accuracy using gyrB than using16S rDNA. However, for Firmicutes species, 35% of putative gyrB reads were actually identified as sequences of a gyrB paralog, parE, which encodes subunit B of topoisomerase IV; we therefore constructed a reference database of published sequences of both gyrB and pare for use in all subsequent analyses. Despite this co-amplification, the deviation between relative sequencing quantification and absolute qPCR quantification was comparable to that observed for 16S rDNA for all the tested species. This confirms that gyrB can be used successfully alongside 16S rDNA to determine the species composition (richness and evenness) of food microbiota. The major benefit of gyrB sequencing is its potential for improving taxonomic assignment and for further investigating OTU richness at the subspecies level, thus allowing more accurate discrimination of samples. Indeed, 80% of the reads of the 16S rDNA dataset were represented by thirteen 16S rDNA-based OTUs that could not be assigned at the species-level. Instead, these same clades corresponded to 44 gyrB-based OTUs, which differentiated various lineages down to the subspecies level. The increased ability of gyrB-based analyses to track and trace phylogenetically different groups of strains will generate improved resolution and more reliable results for studies of the strains implicated in food processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poirier
- MICALIS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Rué
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Raphaëlle Peguilhan
- MICALIS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gwendoline Coeuret
- MICALIS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Valentin Loux
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Chaillou
- MICALIS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Despite the ever increase in rigorous control and monitoring measures to assure safe food along the entire farm‐to‐fork chain, the past decade has also witnessed an increase in microbial food alerts. Hence, research on food safety and quality remain of utmost importance. Complementary, and at least as important, is the necessity to be able to assess the potential microbial risks along the food chain. Risk assessment relies on sound scientific data. Unfortunately, often, quality data are limited if not lacking. High‐throughput tools such as next‐generation sequencing (NGS) could fill this gap. NGS approaches can be used to generate ample qualitative and quantitative data to be used in the risk assessment process. NGS applications are not new in food microbiology with applications ranging from pathogen detection along the food chain, food epidemiology studies, whole genome analysis of food‐associated microorganisms up to describing complete food microbiomes. Yet, its application in the area of microbial risk assessment is still at an early stage and faces important challenges. The possibilities of NGS for risk assessment are ample, but so are the questions on the subject. One of the major strengths of NGS lies in its capacity to generate a lot of data, but to what extend can this wealth be of use in hazard identification, hazard characterisation and exposure assessment to perform a sound risk characterisation, which in turn will make it possible to take substantiated risk management decisions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Almeida E, Serra CR, Albuquerque P, Guerreiro I, Teles AO, Enes P, Tavares F. Multiplex PCR identification and culture-independent quantification of Bacillus licheniformis by qPCR using specific DNA markers. Food Microbiol 2018; 74:1-10. [PMID: 29706322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics benefits in fish farming have been usually inferred appraising the effects observed on the host and not through the direct assessment of probiotic dynamics in the host gut microbiota. To overcome this gap, quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be a powerful approach to study the bacterial dynamics in fish gut microbiota. The presented work proposes four B. licheniformis-specific DNA markers and details a qPCR method to track putative probiotics B. licheniformis on fish gut. The four B. licheniformis-specific DNA markers - BL5B (hypothetical protein BL00303), BL8A (serA2), BL13C (rfaB) and BL18A (ligD) - were selected and validated by PCR and multiplex-PCR with 20 B. licheniformis isolates and a broad range of non-target bacteria. To assess the dynamics of B. licheniformis in the digesta of farmed fish, a qPCR was validated using markers BL8A and BL18A and calibration curves obtained for both markers with digesta samples spiked with B. licheniformis cells showed a high correlation (R2 > 0.99) over 6 log units (CFU/reaction), and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 247 CFUs/reaction. Furthermore, the consistent qPCR repeatability and reproducibility underline the specificity and reliability of the qPCR proposed. Ultimately, the possibility to monitor the dynamics of B. licheniformis probiotics in the gut microbiota of farmed fish might be instrumental to optimize best practices in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Almeida
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R Serra
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Pedro Albuquerque
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Inês Guerreiro
- FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva Teles
- FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tavares
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bartoszewicz M, Czyżewska U. Spores and vegetative cells of phenotypically and genetically diverse Bacillus cereus sensu lato are common bacteria in fresh water of northeastern Poland. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:939-950. [PMID: 28930645 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive rods Bacillus cereus sensu lato (sl) are common in natural habitats and food products. It is believed that they are restricted to spores; however, their ecology in aquatic habitats is still poorly investigated. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the rain-dependent fluctuations in the concentration of B. cereus sl vegetative cells and spores, with evaluation of their phylogenetic and population structure in relation to the toxicity and psychrotolerance. We proved that vegetative cells of B. cereus sl are widely distributed in fresh water of rivers and lakes, being as common as spores. Moreover, heavy rain has a huge impact on their concentration in undisturbed environments. The diversity of B. cereus sl reflects the multiple sources of bacteria and the differences between their distinct environments. Next, their diverse genetic structure and phenotypes better fit their ecological properties than their taxonomic affiliation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bartoszewicz
- a Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 1J Ciolkowski Street, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyżewska
- b Department of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 1J Ciolkowski Street, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rapid, High-Throughput Identification of Anthrax-Causing and Emetic Bacillus cereus Group Genome Assemblies via BTyper, a Computational Tool for Virulence-Based Classification of Bacillus cereus Group Isolates by Using Nucleotide Sequencing Data. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28625989 PMCID: PMC5561296 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01096-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group comprises nine species, several of which are pathogenic. Differentiating between isolates that may cause disease and those that do not is a matter of public health and economic importance, but it can be particularly challenging due to the high genomic similarity within the group. To this end, we have developed BTyper, a computational tool that employs a combination of (i) virulence gene-based typing, (ii) multilocus sequence typing (MLST), (iii) panC clade typing, and (iv) rpoB allelic typing to rapidly classify B. cereus group isolates using nucleotide sequencing data. BTyper was applied to a set of 662 B. cereus group genome assemblies to (i) identify anthrax-associated genes in non-B. anthracis members of the B. cereus group, and (ii) identify assemblies from B. cereus group strains with emetic potential. With BTyper, the anthrax toxin genes cya, lef, and pagA were detected in 8 genomes classified by the NCBI as B. cereus that clustered into two distinct groups using k-medoids clustering, while either the B. anthracis poly-γ-d-glutamate capsule biosynthesis genes capABCDE or the hyaluronic acid capsule hasA gene was detected in an additional 16 assemblies classified as either B. cereus or Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from clinical, environmental, and food sources. The emetic toxin genes cesABCD were detected in 24 assemblies belonging to panC clades III and VI that had been isolated from food, clinical, and environmental settings. The command line version of BTyper is available at https://github.com/lmc297/BTyper. In addition, BMiner, a companion application for analyzing multiple BTyper output files in aggregate, can be found at https://github.com/lmc297/BMiner. IMPORTANCEBacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen that is estimated to cause tens of thousands of illnesses each year in the United States alone. Even with molecular methods, it can be difficult to distinguish nonpathogenic B. cereus group isolates from their pathogenic counterparts, including the human pathogen Bacillus anthracis, which is responsible for anthrax, as well as the insect pathogen B. thuringiensis. By using the variety of typing schemes employed by BTyper, users can rapidly classify, characterize, and assess the virulence potential of any isolate using its nucleotide sequencing data.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kabir MS, Hsieh YH, Simpson S, Kerdahi K, Sulaiman IM. Evaluation of Two Standard and Two Chromogenic Selective Media for Optimal Growth and Enumeration of Isolates of 16 Unique Bacillus Species. J Food Prot 2017; 80:952-962. [PMID: 28467187 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genus Bacillus is a group of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria that can cause food poisoning and diarrheal illness in humans. A wide range of food products have been linked to foodborne outbreaks associated with these opportunistic pathogens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends (in their Bacteriological Analytical Manual) the use of Bacara or mannitol egg yolk polymyxin (MYP) agar plates and the most-probable-number (MPN) method for enumeration and confirmation of Bacillus cereus and related species isolated from foods, sporadic cases, outbreaks, and routine environmental surveillance samples. We performed a comparative analysis of two chromogenic media (Bacara and Brilliance) and two traditional media (MYP and polymyxin egg yolk mannitol bromothymol blue agar [PEMBA]) for the isolation and enumeration of 16 Bacillus species under modified growth conditions that included pH, temperature, and dilution factor. A total of 50 environmental, food, and American Type Culture Collection reference isolates from 16 distinct Bacillus species were evaluated. A food adulteration experiment also was carried out by artificially adulterating two baby food matrices with two isolates each of B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis . Our results clearly indicated that chromogenic plating media (Bacara and Brilliance) are better than conventional standard media (MYP and PEMBA) for the detection and enumeration of B. cereus in foods and other official regulatory samples. The comparison of the two chromogenic media also indicated that Brilliance medium to be more efficient and selective for the isolation of Bacillus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shahjahan Kabir
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 Eight Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Ying-Hsin Hsieh
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 Eight Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Steven Simpson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 Eight Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Khalil Kerdahi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 Eight Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Irshad M Sulaiman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 Eight Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kovac J, Miller RA, Carroll LM, Kent DJ, Jian J, Beno SM, Wiedmann M. Production of hemolysin BL by Bacillus cereus group isolates of dairy origin is associated with whole-genome phylogenetic clade. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:581. [PMID: 27507015 PMCID: PMC4979109 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus cereus group isolates that produce diarrheal or emetic toxins are frequently isolated from raw milk and, in spore form, can survive pasteurization. Several species within the B. cereus group are closely related and cannot be reliably differentiated by established taxonomical criteria. While B. cereus is traditionally recognized as the principal causative agent of foodborne disease in this group, there is a need to better understand the distribution and expression of different toxin and virulence genes among B. cereus group food isolates to facilitate reliable characterization that allows for assessment of the likelihood of a given isolate to cause a foodborne disease. RESULTS We performed whole genome sequencing of 22 B. cereus group dairy isolates, which represented considerable genetic diversity not covered by other isolates characterized to date. Maximum likelihood analysis of these genomes along with 47 reference genomes representing eight validly published species revealed nine phylogenetic clades. Three of these clades were represented by a single species (B. toyonensis -clade V, B. weihenstephanensis - clade VI, B. cytotoxicus - VII), one by two dairy-associated isolates (clade II; representing a putative new species), one by two species (B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides - clade I) and four by three species (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis - clades III-a, b, c and IV). Homologues of genes encoding a principal diarrheal enterotoxin (hemolysin BL) were distributed across all, except the B. cytotoxicus clade. Using a lateral flow immunoassay, hemolysin BL was detected in 13 out of 18 isolates that carried hblACD genes. Isolates from clade III-c (which included B. cereus and B. thuringiensis) consistently did not carry hblACD and did not produce hemolysin BL. Isolates from clade IV (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis) consistently carried hblACD and produced hemolysin BL. Compared to others, clade IV was significantly (p = 0.0001) more likely to produce this toxin. Isolates from clade VI (B. weihenstephanensis) carried hblACD homologues, but did not produce hemolysin BL, possibly due to amino acid substitutions in different toxin-encoding genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that production of diarrheal enterotoxin hemolysin BL is neither inclusive nor exclusive to B. cereus sensu stricto, and that phylogenetic classification of isolates may be better than taxonomic identification for assessment of B. cereus group isolates risk for causing a diarrheal foodborne disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rachel A Miller
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laura M Carroll
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - David J Kent
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jiahui Jian
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sarah M Beno
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Phat C, Kim S, Park J, Lee C. Detection of Emetic Toxin Genes inBacillus cereusIsolated from Food and their Production of Cereulide in Liquid Culture. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanvorleak Phat
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Suhwan Kim
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Park
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Lee
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Identification and Pathogenic Potential of Clinical Bacillus and Paenibacillus Isolates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152831. [PMID: 27031639 PMCID: PMC4816569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-related Bacillus and Paenibacillus species have increasingly been implicated in various human diseases. Nevertheless, their identification still poses problems in the clinical microbiology laboratory and, with the exception of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus, little is known on their pathogenicity for humans. In this study, we evaluated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption—ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the identification of clinical isolates of these genera and conducted genotypic and phenotypic analyses to highlight specific virulence properties. Seventy-five clinical isolates were subjected to biochemical and MALDI-TOF MS identification. 16S rDNA sequencing and supplemental tests were used to solve any discrepancies or failures in the identification results. MALDI-TOF MS significantly outperformed classical biochemical testing for correct species identification and no misidentification was obtained. One third of the collected strains belonged to the B. cereus species, but also Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis were isolated at high rate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. simplex, B. mycoides, Paenibacillus glucanolyticus and Paenibacillus lautus isolates are resistant to penicillin. The evaluation of toxin/enzyme secretion, toxin-encoding genes, motility, and biofilm formation revealed that B. cereus displays the highest virulence potential. However, although generally considered nonpathogenic, most of the other species were shown to swim, swarm, produce biofilms, and secrete proteases that can have a role in bacterial virulence. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS appears useful for fast and accurate identification of Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains whose virulence properties make them of increasing clinical relevance.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gopal N, Hill C, Ross PR, Beresford TP, Fenelon MA, Cotter PD. The Prevalence and Control of Bacillus and Related Spore-Forming Bacteria in the Dairy Industry. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1418. [PMID: 26733963 PMCID: PMC4685140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk produced in udder cells is sterile but due to its high nutrient content, it can be a good growth substrate for contaminating bacteria. The quality of milk is monitored via somatic cell counts and total bacterial counts, with prescribed regulatory limits to ensure quality and safety. Bacterial contaminants can cause disease, or spoilage of milk and its secondary products. Aerobic spore-forming bacteria, such as those from the genera Sporosarcina, Paenisporosarcina, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, Geobacillus and Bacillus, are a particular concern in this regard as they are able to survive industrial pasteurization and form biofilms within pipes and stainless steel equipment. These single or multiple-species biofilms become a reservoir of spoilage microorganisms and a cycle of contamination can be initiated. Indeed, previous studies have highlighted that these microorganisms are highly prevalent in dead ends, corners, cracks, crevices, gaskets, valves and the joints of stainless steel equipment used in the dairy manufacturing plants. Hence, adequate monitoring and control measures are essential to prevent spoilage and ensure consumer safety. Common controlling approaches include specific cleaning-in-place processes, chemical and biological biocides and other novel methods. In this review, we highlight the problems caused by these microorganisms, and discuss issues relating to their prevalence, monitoring thereof and control with respect to the dairy industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gopal
- Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
| | - Paul R. Ross
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|