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Fu XS, Li CF, Ji QG, Yu XP, Ye ZH, Zhang MZ, Zhang B, Qiu YL. Establishment of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ic-ELISA) for Copper ion (Cu 2+) in Raw Meat Products. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100262. [PMID: 38484843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Adding an appropriate amount of copper to feed can promote the growth and development of livestock; however, a large amount of heavy metal copper can accumulate in livestock through the enrichment effect, which poses a serious threat to human health. Traditional Cu2+ detection relies heavily on complex and expensive instruments, such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); thus, convenient and simple rapid detection technologies are urgently needed. In this paper, synthesized copper antigens were used to immunize mice and highly specific anticopper monoclonal antibodies were obtained, which were verified to exhibit high affinity and specificity. Based on the above antibodies, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was established for the rapid detection of copper content in pork. The standard inhibition curve of the method was obtained by antigen-antibody working concentration screening, in which the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 11.888 ng/mL, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.841 ng/mL and the correlation coefficient R2 of the curve was 0.998. In the additive recovery experiment, the recovery rate ranged from 90% to 110%, and the coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 10%, indicating that the method achieved high accuracy and precision. Finally, the results of ic-ELISA combined with Bland-Altman analysis showed a high correlation with ICP-MS, and the correlation coefficient (R2) reached 0.990 when the copper concentration was less than 200 ng/mL. Thus, the ic-ELISA method exhibits high reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Shu Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chao-Feng Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing-Ge Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zi-Hong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Ming-Zhou Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu-Lou Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Magqupu S, Katiyatiya CLF, Chikwanha OC, Strydom PE, Mapiye C. Quality and safety of pork sold in the informal urban street markets of the Cape Metropole, South Africa. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109270. [PMID: 37392732 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Pork in the informal market significantly contributes to food, nutrition and income security in low-income countries' urban areas but is a safety concern to value chain actors and public authorities due to potential contamination by pathogens. To evaluate the physicochemical quality, microbial and oxidative profiles of pork sold from the informal urban street market, 50 samples were collected from 40 street vendors and 10 supermarkets in five different low-income, high-density suburbs in the Cape Metropole District, South Africa. Results showed no differences (P > 0.05) in pH, colour, proximate attributes (except for lipid content), antioxidant activity, lipid oxidation, and Escherichia coli counts in pork collected from the formal and informal markets, and open-air and enclosed market stalls. Lipid content, Enterobacteriaceae, and total bacterial counts of pork collected from the informal market were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those from the formal market. Positive cases of Listeria monocytogenes (6-8%) and Salmonella spp. (4%) were reported for pork sampled in the informal market, especially in open-air stalls. It was concluded that higher levels of microbial contamination in the informal market, particularly in open-air stalls compared to the formal market require constant monitoring, provision of appropriate market infrastructure, and hygiene behaviour change of vendors to ensure pork safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siphosethu Magqupu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7606, South Africa
| | - Chenaimoyo L F Katiyatiya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7606, South Africa
| | - Obert C Chikwanha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7606, South Africa
| | - Phillip E Strydom
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7606, South Africa
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7606, South Africa.
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Osland AM, Oastler C, Konrat K, Nesse LL, Brook E, Richter AM, Gosling RJ, Arvand M, Vestby LK. Evaluation of Disinfectant Efficacy against Biofilm-Residing Wild-Type Salmonella from the Porcine Industry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1189. [PMID: 37508285 PMCID: PMC10376135 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a causative pathogen of Salmonellosis, a zoonosis causing global disease and financial losses every year. Pigs may be carriers of Salmonella and contribute to the spread to humans and food products. Salmonella may persist as biofilms. Biofilms are bacterial aggregates embedded in a self-produced matrix and are known to withstand disinfectants. We studied the effect of glutaraldehyde and peracetic acid, two active substances frequently used in disinfectant formulations in the pig industry, on representative biofilm-residing wild-type Salmonella collected from pig housings in the United Kingdom (UK). We screened biofilm production of strains using the microtiter plate (MTP) assay and Congo Red Coomassie Blue (CRCB) agar method. Previously published stainless-steel coupon (SSCA), polyvinylchloride coupon (PCA), and glass bead (GBA) assays were used for disinfection studies. The mean reduction in the tested wild-type strains met the criterion of ≥4 log10 CFU at a disinfectant concentration of 0.05% with SSCA and GBA, and 0.005% with PCA for peracetic acid, along with 0.5% for glutaraldehyde with all three assays on the mean. At these concentrations, both tested disinfectants are suitable for disinfection of pig housings against Salmonella. When evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants, biofilms should be included, as higher disinfectant concentrations are necessary compared to planktonic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Mohr Osland
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI),1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Claire Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katharina Konrat
- Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Department Infectious Diseases Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Live L Nesse
- Department of Food Safety and Animal Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Emma Brook
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anja M Richter
- Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Department Infectious Diseases Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
- Health and Safety Executive, The Science and Research Centre, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Mardjan Arvand
- Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Department Infectious Diseases Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lene K Vestby
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI),1433 Ås, Norway
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Evaluation of nutritional value and microbiological safety in commercial dog food. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:111-128. [PMID: 33903989 PMCID: PMC8373756 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In addition to properly balancing nutritional value in accordance with the needs of a dog, estimating the microbiological quality of dog food is crucial in providing healthy and safe foods. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of dry food for adult dogs, with particular reference to: (1) evaluating the nutritional value and compliance with nutritional guidelines for dogs, (2) comparing the nutritional value of dog foods, with particular emphasis on the division into cereal and cereal-free foods, and (3) evaluating their microbiological safety. All thirty-six evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum European Pet Food Industry FEDIAF requirement for total protein and fat content. The total aerobic microbial count in the analyzed dry dog foods ranged from 2.7 × 102 to above 3.0 × 107 cfu/g. In five (14%) dog foods the presence of staphylococci was detected; however, coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) was not found. Mold presence was reported in one cereal-free dog food and in six cereal foods. In none of the analyzed foods Enterobacteriaceae were found, including coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Bacteria of the genus Listeria and Clostridium as well as yeasts were also not detected. In conclusion, the evaluated dry dog foods had varied microbiological quality. The detected number of microorganisms may have some implications for long-term consumption of contaminated food. The lack of European Commission standards regarding the permissible amounts of microorganisms in pet food may result in insufficient quality control of these products.
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Vieira KCDO, Silva HRAD, Rocha IPM, Barboza E, Eller LKW. Foodborne pathogens in the omics era. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6726-6741. [PMID: 33783282 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1905603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks and deaths related to Foodborne Diseases (FBD) occur constantly in the world, as a result of the consumption of contaminated foodstuffs with pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Clostridium spp. and Campylobacter spp. The purpose of this review is to discuss the main omic techniques applied in foodborne pathogen and to demonstrate their functionalities through the food chain and to guarantee the food safety. The main techniques presented are genomic, transcriptomic, secretomic, proteomic, and metabolomic, which together, in the field of food and nutrition, are known as "Foodomics." This review had highlighted the potential of omics to integrate variables that contribute to food safety and to enable us to understand their application on foodborne diseases. The appropriate use of these techniques had driven the definition of critical parameters to achieve successful results in the improvement of consumers health, costs and to obtain safe and high-quality products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Barboza
- Health Sciences Faculty, University of Western Sao Paulo, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Ye C, Xu D, Chen J, Hou F, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zeng Z, Peng Y, Hu DL, Fang R. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Class 1 Integron in Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Pig Farms in Chongqing, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:712-717. [PMID: 33493405 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is considered one of the leading causes for foodborne diseases in humans. Pork and its products contaminated with Salmonella are increasingly recognized as an important source of human salmonellosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of integrons in Salmonella isolates from pig farms. In total, 92 of 724 (12.7%) samples were Salmonella-positive, including 64 (15.0%) from fecal samples, 27 (12.6%) from floor samples, 1 (4.5%) from water samples, and 0 from feed and air samples. These isolates showed the highest resistance to tetracycline (85.9%), followed by trimethoprim (67.4%), ampicillin (60.9%), and chloramphenicol (51.1%). In addition, 51 isolates carried the complete class 1 integron, most of which (42/51) harbored antibiotic resistance cassettes. A total of six gene cassettes including orfF, est-X, dfrA1+aadA1, aadA1, dfrA12+aadA2, and sat were identified, in which the most prevalent one was orfF (29.4%). Furthermore, all 19 class 1 integron-positive isolates harboring dfr genes showed resistance to trimethoprim (SXT), suggesting that the trimethoprim resistance gene (dfr) may contribute to the emergence of SXT resistance phenotype. Therefore, considering the significance of integrons and related resistance genes for public health, special measures should be taken to control Salmonella spp. on the pig farms and to prevent spread of integrons and associated resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongyi Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengqing Hou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuwei Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Rendong Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Liu Q, Chen W, Elbediwi M, Pan H, Wang L, Zhou C, Zhao B, Xu X, Li D, Yan X, Han X, Li H, Li Y, Yue M. Characterization of Salmonella Resistome and Plasmidome in Pork Production System in Jiangsu, China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:617. [PMID: 33062654 PMCID: PMC7517575 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic Salmonella is a significant ongoing concern over the world. Several reports have investigated the prevalence of Salmonella infections in the farm animals in China; however, there is only limited knowledge about the Salmonella cross-contamination in the slaughterhouses. Moreover, the application of genomic approaches for understanding the cross-contamination in the food-animal slaughterhouses is still in its infancy in China. In the present study, we have isolated 105 Salmonella strains from pig carcasses and environment samples collected from four independent slaughterhouses in Jiangsu, China. All the Salmonella isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis for serovar predictions, multi-locus sequence types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and plasmid types by using the in-house Galaxy platform. The antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates was determined using a minimal inhibitory concentration assay with 14 antimicrobials. We found that the predominant serovar and serogroup was S. Derby and O:4(B), with a prevalence of 41.9 and 55%, respectively. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant and the highest resistance was observed against antimicrobials tetracycline (95.4%) and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (90.9%). Additionally, the colistin-resistant determinant mcr-1 gene was detected in five (4.8%) strains. Our study demonstrated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella strains isolated from pig slaughterhouses in China and suggested that the genomic platform can serve as routine surveillance along with the food-chain investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Chuang Zhou
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Xinguo Xu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Dingguo Li
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Hanyuan Li
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Didkowska A, Żmuda P, Kwiecień E, Rzewuska M, Klich D, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Witkowski L, Żychska M, Kaczmarkowska A, Orłowska B, Anusz K. Microbiological assessment of sheep lymph nodes with lymphadenitis found during post-mortem examination of slaughtered sheep: implications for veterinary-sanitary meat control. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:48. [PMID: 32887621 PMCID: PMC7472580 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbiological examination of lesions found in slaughtered animals during meat inspection is an important part of public health protection as such lesions may be due to zoonotic agents that can be transmitted by meat. Examination of inflamed lymph nodes also plays a particular important role, as lymphadenitis may reflect a more widespread infection. Such lesions in sheep are mainly caused by pyogenic bacteria but also mycobacteria are occasionally found. Meat inspection data from 2017 to 2018 from southern Poland, especially from the Małopolska region, indicate that purulent or caseous lymphadenitis involving the mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (MTLNs) is a common finding. The primary aim of the current study was to determine the aetiology of these lesions. Furthermore, it was investigated how presence of lesions was correlated with age and grazing strategy of affected sheep. Results Post-mortem examination revealed purulent or caseous lymphadenitis in the MTLNs of 49 out of 284 animals (17.3%). Subsequent microbiological examination revealed the presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (34.7%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (34.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.2%), Enterococcus spp. (2.0%), Trueperella pyogenes (2.0%), and β-haemolytic strains of Escherichia coli (2.0%). Mycobacterium spp. and Rhodococcus equi were not detected. In older sheep, the probability of the presence of purulent or caseous lymphadenitis was higher than in younger, and the risk was increasing by 1.5% with each month of life. Sheep grazing locally had 4.5-times greater risk of having purulent or caseous lymphadenitis than individuals summer grazing in the mountains. Conclusion The most common aetiological agents of purulent or caseous lymphadenitis in the MTLNs of sheep in the Małopolska region were C. pseudotuberculosis and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Particular attention during post-mortem examination should be paid to the carcasses of older sheep and sheep grazing on permanent pastures, as they seem more prone to develop purulent or caseous lymphadenitis.
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de Azevedo EC, Martins BTF, Tiba Casas MR, Possebon FS, Araújo Junior JP, Nero LA, Yamatogi RS. Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Swine Lymph Nodes. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:562-570. [PMID: 32865485 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a foodborne pathogen present in the pork production chain, leading to potential contamination of end products and causing salmonellosis cases and outbreaks worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp., especially isolates obtained from animal origin food, is a global concern. This study aimed to isolate Salmonella from swine mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and to characterize the virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles. MLN samples were obtained from a swine slaughterhouse and subjected to Salmonella spp. isolation. Ten MLN samples were positive and 29 isolates were identified based on PCR (invA and ompC) and serotyping: Derby, Cerro, and Give. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis allowed to group the isolates based on their serotypes, resulting in three major clusters. All isolates presented the virulence-related genes pefA, sipA, sopB, spaN, and pagC. Relatively high numbers of Salmonella spp. were resistant to neomycin, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Furthermore, 25 isolates presented simultaneous resistance to three or more antibiotic classes, being characterized as MDR. The obtained results confirmed the relevance of swine as reservoirs of Salmonella spp. in the pork production chain and demonstrated the MDR profiles of isolates. Proper control and surveillance are required to avoid the contamination of end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Cruz de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Bruna Torres Furtado Martins
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Sossai Possebon
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Augusto Nero
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Sachadyn-Król M, Varzakas T. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antibacterial Agents to Extend the Shelf Life of Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables: Quality and Safety Aspects. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E952. [PMID: 32599824 PMCID: PMC7356186 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating fresh fruits and vegetables is, undoubtedly, a healthy habit that should be adopted by everyone (particularly due to the nutrients and functional properties of fruits and vegetables). However, at the same time, due to their production in the external environment, there is an increased risk of their being infected with various pathogenic microorganisms, some of which cause serious foodborne illnesses. In order to preserve and distribute safe, raw, and minimally processed fruits and vegetables, many strategies have been proposed, including bioprotection. The use of lactic acid bacteria in raw and minimally processed fruits and vegetables helps to better maintain their quality by extending their shelf life, causing a significant reduction and inhibition of the action of important foodborne pathogens. The antibacterial effect of lactic acid bacteria is attributed to its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds, including bacteriocins, with strong competitive action against many microorganisms. The use of bacteriocins, both separately and in combination with edible coatings, is considered a very promising approach for microbiological quality, and safety for postharvest storage of raw and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to discuss the biopreservation of fresh fruits and vegetables through the use of lactic acid bacteria as a green and safe technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Eygenia Stamatelopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (S.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Monika Sachadyn-Król
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (S.A.); (E.S.)
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11
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Minh DK, Hounmanou YMG, Mai HBT, Olsen JE, Dalsgaard A. Prevalence and genomic characterization of Salmonella Weltevreden in commercial pig feed. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108725. [PMID: 32605745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viet Nam is the world's fifth largest producer of pork meat. Salmonella is frequently found at farm level; however, risk factors for Salmonella infection in pigs have not been thoroughly investigated in the production system. In the current study, 123 commercial feed samples were obtained from 103 small, medium and large-scale pig farms in Viet Nam and investigated for the presence of Salmonella in 25 g of feed using the ISO 6579:2002/Cor 1:2004 method. Salmonella was detected in five samples (4.1%; 95% CI 1.75-9.16%). All five samples were found to contain S. Weltevreden as the only serovar. The isolates were subjected to phenotypic and whole genome sequencing analysis for further characterization. They all belonged to ST365 and were sensitive to the 14 antimicrobials tested. Four strains were found to belong to the continental lineage of S. Weltevreden, while one isolate was of the island type. This isolate, contrary to the remaining four isolates contained a prophage homolog to the Vibrio prophage X-29. The findings of only S. Weltevreden, which is often isolated from fish and aquatic samples, suggests that fishmeal used in the feed preparation was a likely source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Kieu Minh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Food Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam
| | - Yaovi M Gildas Hounmanou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huong Bui Thi Mai
- Department of Food Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam
| | - John E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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12
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Bi Y, Shu M, Zhong C, Li SY, Li YK, Yang HH, Wu GP. A Novel SDS Rinse and Immunomagnetic Beads Separation Combined with Real-Time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Duck Meat. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Pei F, Wang Y, Fang Y, Li P, Yang W, Ma N, Ma G, Hu Q. Concentrations of heavy metals in muscle and edible offal of pork in Nanjing city of China and related health risks. J Food Sci 2020; 85:493-499. [PMID: 31985835 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of heavy metals, such as chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), in different muscles and edible offal of consumed pork from the city of Nanjing and related health risks were evaluated. The results showed that the detected Hg concentrations from 6 of 80 samples exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (GB 2762-2017). Moreover, most of the edible offal, especially the kidneys, contained more heavy metals than the other parts, although the concentrations among the samples were significantly different (P < 0.05). In addition, the health risk evaluation revealed that the estimated daily intake of all the samples was far below the recommended limit, and all the target hazard quotients and total target hazard quotients were less than 1, which is considered safe for human health. Nevertheless, the Hg concentrations over the acceptable limit should receive sufficient attention, considering the long-term consumption of pork. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Currently, no reports have been available on the heavy metal assessment of pork, though pork is widely consumed in many non-Muslim communities. In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals in different muscles and edible offal of consumed pork were determined and their related health risks were evaluated. This study will provide a significant reference to understand the quality and safety of pork in China or other similar developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pei
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Gaoxing Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing Univ. of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
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14
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Boskovic M, Djordjevic J, Glisic M, Ciric J, Janjic J, Zdravkovic N, Krnjaic D, Baltic MZ. The effect of oregano (
Origanum vulgare
) essential oil on four
Salmonella
serovars and shelf life of refrigerated pork meat packaged under vacuum and modified atmosphere. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Boskovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jasna Djordjevic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milica Glisic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jelena Ciric
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jelena Janjic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Nemanja Zdravkovic
- Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology Scientific Veterinary Institute Belgrade Serbia
| | - Dejan Krnjaic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milan Z. Baltic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
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15
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Trinetta V, Magossi G, Allard MW, Tallent SM, Brown EW, Lomonaco S. Characterization of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Selected U.S. Swine Feed Mills by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:126-136. [PMID: 31702400 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year salmonellosis is responsible for $2.3 billion in costs to the U.S. food industry, with nearly 6% of the reported cases associated with pork and/or pork products. Several studies have demonstrated the role of pigs as Salmonella reservoirs. Furthermore, this pathogen has been identified as a potential biological hazard in many livestock feeds. The overall objective of this research was to characterize Salmonella enterica isolates in selected U.S. swine feed mills by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and evaluate isolates in association with the season and feed production stages. Salmonella isolates were collected from 11 facilities during a previous study. Samples were analyzed for Salmonella prevalence following the U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines and confirmed by PCR. WGS was carried out on either the MiSeq or NextSeq sequencer. De novo genome assemblies were obtained with the Shovill pipeline, version 0.9. ResFinder and SPIFinder were used to identify antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenicity islands. Finally, their phylogenetic relationship and diversity were determined by core genome multilocus sequence typing. Overall, our analysis showed the presence of S. enterica in the feed mill environment. Isolates belonged to 16 different serotypes. Salmonella Agona, Salmonella Mbandaka, Salmonella Senfenberg, and Salmonella Scharzengrund were the most frequently found, and 18 single-nucleotide polymorphism clusters were identified. In silico analysis showed that 40% of the strains carried at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. All isolates in this study could be considered of public health concern and pathogenic potential. Our findings underscore the potential role of the feed mill environment as the pathogen entry route into the human food value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Magossi
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Marc W Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Sandra M Tallent
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Sara Lomonaco
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
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16
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Bridier A, Le Grandois P, Moreau MH, Prénom C, Le Roux A, Feurer C, Soumet C. Impact of cleaning and disinfection procedures on microbial ecology and Salmonella antimicrobial resistance in a pig slaughterhouse. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12947. [PMID: 31506516 PMCID: PMC6736965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To guarantee food safety, a better deciphering of ecology and adaptation strategies of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella in food environments is crucial. The role of food processing conditions such as cleaning and disinfection procedures on antimicrobial resistance emergence should especially be investigated. In this work, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and the microbial ecology of associated surfaces communities were investigated in a pig slaughterhouse before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures. Salmonella were detected in 67% of samples and isolates characterization revealed the presence of 15 PFGE-patterns belonging to five serotypes: S.4,5,12:i:-, Rissen, Typhimurium, Infantis and Derby. Resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and/or chloramphenicol was detected depending on serotypes. 16S rRNA-based bacterial diversity analyses showed that Salmonella surface associated communities were highly dominated by the Moraxellaceae family with a clear site-specific composition suggesting a persistent colonization of the pig slaughterhouse. Cleaning and disinfection procedures did not lead to a modification of Salmonella susceptibility to antimicrobials in this short-term study but they tended to significantly reduce bacterial diversity and favored some genera such as Rothia and Psychrobacter. Such data participate to the construction of a comprehensive view of Salmonella ecology and antimicrobial resistance emergence in food environments in relation with cleaning and disinfection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bridier
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, Fougères, France.
- Chlean Pass Joint Technological Network, Hygienic Design of Production Lines and Equipment, France.
| | - Patricia Le Grandois
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Moreau
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Charleyne Prénom
- Department of Fresh and Processed Meat, IFIP-Institut du Porc, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alain Le Roux
- Department of Fresh and Processed Meat, IFIP-Institut du Porc, Le Rheu, France
| | - Carole Feurer
- Department of Fresh and Processed Meat, IFIP-Institut du Porc, Le Rheu, France
| | - Christophe Soumet
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, Fougères, France
- Chlean Pass Joint Technological Network, Hygienic Design of Production Lines and Equipment, France
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17
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Niemi JK, Heinola K, Simola M, Tuominen P. Salmonella Control Programme of Pig Feeds Is Financially Beneficial in Finland. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:200. [PMID: 31338369 PMCID: PMC6629760 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To promote public health, Finland has adopted a stringent Salmonella control policy. However, the rationale of Salmonella control in pig feeds has been debated after a European Union (EU)-wide cost-benefit analysis, which provided mixed, country-specific results on whether control measures are economically beneficial. The aim of this study was to analyze the costs and benefits of current pig feed Salmonella control in Finland compared to a reduced control scenario. In addition, this study contributes to the literature by looking at the costs across stakeholder groups. The costs of preventive and monitoring measures were assessed, and a Monte Carlo model was developed to simulate costs caused by Salmonella contaminations along the pork supply chain (including feed importation, commercial feed manufacturing, feed transportation, mobile feed mixers, pig farms, slaughterhouses) and because of human salmonellosis originating from contaminated feed. The data were collected from official records and feed sector operators by surveys and interviews. The prevalence of Salmonella was obtained from a previously conducted risk assessment study. The total costs of pig feed Salmonella control were estimated on average to be €4.2-5.4 million per year (95% of simulated years between €2.1 and €9.1 million) for the current control scenario, and €33.8-34.8 million per year (95% €2.2 to €26.0 million) for the reduced control scenario. In the reduced control scenario, the monitoring and prevention costs were decreased down to €1.1-2.1 million, and the costs of Salmonella contaminations and human salmonellosis were up by €32.7 million when compared to the current control scenario. The results suggest that the current pig feed Salmonella control policy of Finland is economically profitable. It can reduce the costs caused by feed-related Salmonella contaminations on average by €29.4 million per year and provides public health benefits. Pig feed Salmonella control can support the effectiveness of the Finnish Salmonella Control Programme. The current pig feed Salmonella control policy benefits the consumers, while a substantial part of the costs are covered by feed operators. In order to increase the acceptability of current policy, greater attention to the allocation of financial responsibilities regarding the control measures may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko K. Niemi
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Katriina Heinola
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Seinäjoki, Finland
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Simola
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Tuominen
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Jajere SM. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet World 2019; 12:504-521. [PMID: 31190705 PMCID: PMC6515828 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes > 2600 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as "host-restricted" whereas others have broad host spectrum known as "host-adapted" serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Mohammed Jajere
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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19
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Prathan R, Bitrus AA, Sinwat N, Angkititrakul S, Chuanchuen R. Phylogenetic characterization of Salmonella enterica from pig production and humans in Thailand and Laos border provinces. Vet World 2019; 12:79-84. [PMID: 30936658 PMCID: PMC6431808 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.79-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The genetic relationship among serotypes of Salmonellaenterica from food animals, food of animal origin, and human is of interest as the data could provide an important clue for the source of human infection. This study aimed to determine the genetic relatedness of S. enterica from pig production and human in Thailand–Laos border provinces. Materials and Methods: A total of 195 S. enterica serotypes isolated from pig and pork (n=178) and human (n=17) including four serotypes (Typhimurium, Rissen, Derby, and Stanley) were randomly selected to examine their genetic relatedness using highly conserved sequence of three genes (fim A, man B, and mdh). Results: The results showed that 195 Salmonella isolates of four different serotypes were grouped into five different clusters, and members of the same Salmonella serotypes were found in the same cluster. Salmonella isolated from pig production and human in Thailand–Laos border provinces represented overlapping population and revealed a high degree of similarity, indicating close genetic relationship among the isolates. Conclusion: The results support that the determination of Salmonella serotyping combined with analysis of phylogenetic tree can be used track the clonal evolution and genetic diversity of Salmonella serotypes in different host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangsiya Prathan
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuananong Sinwat
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsean campus, Nakhonpathom, 73140 Thailand
| | - Sunpetch Angkititrakul
- Research Group for Prevention Technology in Livestock, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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20
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Magossi G, Cernicchiaro N, Dritz S, Houser T, Woodworth J, Jones C, Trinetta V. Evaluation of Salmonella presence in selected United States feed mills. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00711. [PMID: 30156384 PMCID: PMC6528605 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a pathogen of public health concern. Each year, Salmonella infections cost to the food industry approximately $2.3 billion and 33% of the reported cases are associated with beef, poultry, or pork. Pathogen presence in feed mills can represent one of the many potential routes for entry and transmission into the food production chain. Nevertheless, little is known about Salmonella incidence and association with these types of environments. The objective of this study was to investigate Salmonella presence in different feed mills across the United States. Eleven facilities were selected in eight states and 12 sites were sampled within each feed mill. Samples were analyzed following the FSIS guidelines for isolation and identification of Salmonella. Positive isolates were further investigated by a PCR analysis targeting the invA gene to differentiate for Salmonella enterica. The total number of environmental samples collected was 237: 66% resulted culture positive and 13.1% were PCR positive. All sampled feed mills had at least one culture positive site and following production flow the number of positive samples decreased from ingredient receiving to final product. These preliminary results demonstrate the presence of Salmonella in selected United States feed mills and suggest their potential role as vehicle for pathogen transmission and spread into the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Magossi
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Steve Dritz
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Terry Houser
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jason Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Cassandra Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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21
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Chlebicz A, Śliżewska K. Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, and Listeriosis as Zoonotic Foodborne Diseases: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E863. [PMID: 29701663 PMCID: PMC5981902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chlebicz
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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