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Guo H, Zhang Y, Xiang X, Tang N, Gao W, Cui X. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis provides novel insights into the role of apoptosis-related genes in muscle aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 125:105499. [PMID: 38852373 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study employed a comprehensive single-cell analysis approach to explore the role of cell apoptosis-related genes in muscle aging. METHODS The single-cell RNA sequencing data from the GSE143704 dataset were used to identify distinct cell clusters and assess gene expression patterns related to apoptosis activation. The "limma" package was used to identify hub genes, after which we performed Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis to identify relevant pathways. Additionally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA) and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) were used to uncover relevant biological pathways. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the hub genes. Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) was used to analyze the immune cell infiltration levels. RESULTS Single-cell sequencing data from muscle aging patients allowed the identification of various cell types, including epithelial cells, adipocytes, and tissue-resident macrophages. By conducting a differential expression analysis that intersected active and nonactive apoptosis, as well as comparing elderly and young samples, a total of 22 hub genes were identified (p < 0.05). The 22 hub genes have discriminative ability as potential biomarkers for diagnosing muscle aging. The enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were closely associated with diverse pathways, including "response to UV-B" and "extracellular matrix organization" (p < 0.05). Furthermore, GSEA and GSVA indicated that multiple pathways emerged-for example, the "complement and coagulation cascades", "proteasome", "insulin signaling pathway", and "MAPK signaling pathway". Additionally, the analysis of immune cell infiltration revealed positive correlations between most of the hub genes and immune cells. CONCLUSION Our study identified 22 apoptosis-related genes involved in muscle aging and indicated their potential diagnostic value. These findings offer a novel perspective on the pathogenesis of muscle aging and present potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of General Medicine and Sleep Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Department of General Medicine and Sleep Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Xiang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Tang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaochuan Cui
- Department of General Medicine and Sleep Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Choi KH, Yoon JW, Kim M, Lee HJ, Jeong J, Ryu M, Jo C, Lee CK. Muscle stem cell isolation and in vitro culture for meat production: A methodological review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:429-457. [PMID: 33443788 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cultured muscle tissue-based protein products, also known as cultured meat, are produced through in vitro myogenesis involving muscle stem cell culture and differentiation, and mature muscle cell processing for flavor and texture. This review focuses on the in vitro myogenesis for cultured meat production. The muscle stem cell-based in vitro muscle tissue production consists of a sequential process: (1) muscle sampling for stem cell collection, (2) muscle tissue dissociation and muscle stem cell isolation, (3) primary cell culture, (4) upscaled cell culture, (5) muscle differentiation and maturation, and (6) muscle tissue harvest. Although muscle stem cell research is a well-established field, the majority of these steps remain to be underoptimized to enable the in vitro creation of edible muscle-derived meat products. The profound understanding of the process would help not only cultured meat production but also business sectors that have been seeking new biomaterials for the food industry. In this review, we discuss comprehensively and in detail each step of cutting-edge methods for cultured meat production. This would be meaningful for both academia and industry to prepare for the new era of cellular agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsol Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wei M, Zhang C, Tian Y, Du X, Wang Q, Zhao H. Expression and Function of WNT6: From Development to Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:558155. [PMID: 33425886 PMCID: PMC7794017 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.558155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT family member 6 (WNT6) is a member of the highly conserved WNT protein family. It plays an essential role in the normal development process, not only in embryonic morphogenesis, but also in post-natal homeostasis. WNT6 functions in mice and humans. This review summarizes the current findings on the biological functions of WNT6, describing its involvement in regulating embryogenesis, decidualization, and organ development. Aberrant WNT6 signaling is related to various pathologies, such as promoting cancer development, lung tuberculosis, and kidney fibrosis and improving the symptoms of Rett syndrome (RTT). Thus, due to its various functions, WNT6 has great potential for in-depth research. This work not only describes the signaling mechanism and function of WNT6 under physiological and pathological conditions, but also provides a theoretical basis for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Congmin Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yujia Tian
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- The Health Check Up Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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4
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Huang J, Wang K, Shiflett LA, Brotto L, Bonewald LF, Wacker MJ, Dallas SL, Brotto M. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) inhibits myogenic differentiation of C2C12 and human muscle cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3562-3580. [PMID: 31735119 PMCID: PMC6927711 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1691796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia (osteosarcopenia (OS)) are twin-aging diseases. The biochemical crosstalk between muscle and bone seems to play a role in OS. We have previously shown that osteocytes produce soluble factors with beneficial effects on muscle and vice versa. Recently, enhanced FGF9 production was observed in the OmGFP66 osteogenic cell line. To test its role in myogenic differentiation, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with recombinant FGF9. FGF9 as low as 10 ng/mL inhibited myogenic differentiation, suggesting that FGF9 might be a potential inhibitory factor produced from bone cells with effects on muscle cells. FGF9 (10–50 ng/mL) significantly decreased mRNA expression of MyoG and Mhc while increasing the expression of Myostatin. Consistent with the phenotype, RT-qPCR array revealed that FGF9 (10 ng/mL) increased the expression of Icam1 while decreased the expression of Wnt1 and Wnt6 decreased, respectively. FGF9 decreased caffeine-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of C2C12 myotubes and reduced the expression of genes (i.e. Cacna1s, RyR2, Naftc3) directly associated with intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Myogenic differentiation in human skeletal muscle cells was similarly inhibited by FGF9 but required higher doses of 200 ng/mL FGF9. FGF9 was also shown to stimulate C2C12 myoblast proliferation. FGF2 and the FGF9 subfamily members FGF16 and FGF20 also inhibited C2C12 myoblast differentiation and enhanced proliferation. Intriguingly, the differentiation inhibition was independent of proliferation enhancement. These findings suggest that FGF9 may modulate myogenesis via a complex signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lora A Shiflett
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Leticia Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Michael J Wacker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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5
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Patel K, Simbi B, Ritvos O, Vaiyapuri S, Dhoot GK. Dysregulated cell signalling and reduced satellite cell potential in ageing muscle. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111685. [PMID: 31647919 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of signalling pathways has been postulated to promote age related changes in skeletal muscle. Cell signalling activation requires not only the expression of ligands and receptors but also an appropriate environment that facilitates their interaction. Here we first examined the expression of SULF1/SULF2 and members of RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) and the Wnt family in skeletal muscle of normal and a mouse model of accelerated ageing. We show that SULF1/SULF2 and these signalling components, a feature of early muscle development are barely detectable in early postnatal muscle. Real time qPCR and immunocytochemical analysis showed gradual but progressive up-regulation of SULF1/SULF2 and RTK/Wnt proteins not only in the activated satellite cells but also on muscle fibres that gradually increased with age. Satellite cells on isolated muscle fibres showed spontaneous in vivo satellite cell activation and progressive reduction in proliferative potential and responsiveness to HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) and dysregulated myogenic differentiation with age. Finally, we show that SULF1/SULF2 and RTK/Wnt signalling components are expressed in progeric mouse muscles at earlier stage but their expression is attenuated by an intervention that promotes muscle repair and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Biggy Simbi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Gurtej K Dhoot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK.
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6
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Teiken K, Kuehnel M, Rehkaemper J, Kreipe H, Laenger F, Hussein K, Jonigk D. Non-canonical WNT6/WNT10A signal factor expression in EBV+ post-transplant smooth muscle tumors. Clin Sarcoma Res 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29881541 PMCID: PMC5985559 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-018-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant smooth muscle tumors (PTSMTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms which occur after solid organ or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PTSMT typically consist of Epstein–Barr-virus (EBV)+ smooth muscle-like cells and show an intermediate malignancy. Their main occurrences are visceral organs, especially the liver, but intracranial appearances are described and associated with a poor prognosis. EBV drives the growth of PTSMT; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Gene expression analysis of a set of morphologically similar tumors (leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, angioleiomyomas and endothelial haemangiomas) from patients without immunosuppression or EBV-association was performed. Our findings indicate that PTSMT’s growth is driven by two factors of the wingless-type protein family: WNT6 and WNT10A. We are first to report that in PTSMTs, a non-canonical activation of WNT, independent of beta-catenin, drives tumor cell proliferation via MTOR/AKT1, MYC and Cyclin D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Teiken
- 1Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Kuehnel
- 1Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Rehkaemper
- 2Institute of Pathology, University of Muenster, Domagkstraße 17, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans Kreipe
- 1Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Laenger
- 1Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kais Hussein
- 1Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- 1Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Perkins TN, Peeters PM, Albrecht C, Schins RPF, Dentener MA, Mossman BT, Wouters EFM, Reynaert NL. Crystalline silica alters Sulfatase-1 expression in rat lungs which influences hyper-proliferative and fibrogenic effects in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 348:43-53. [PMID: 29673857 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells are the first cell-type to come in contact with hazardous dust materials. Upon deposition, they invoke complex reactions in attempt to eradicate particles from the airways, and repair damage. The cell surface is composed of a heterogeneous network of matrix proteins and proteoglycans, which act as scaffold and control cell-signaling networks. These functions are controlled, in part, by the sulfation patterns of heparin-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are enzymatically regulated. Although there is evidence of altered HSPG-sulfation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), this is not investigated in silicosis. Our previous studies revealed down-regulation of Sulfatase-1 (SULF1) in human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) by crystalline silica (CS). In this study, CS-induced down-regulation of SULF1, and increases in Sulfated-HSPGs, were determined in human BECs, and in rat lungs. By siRNA and plasmid transfection techniques the effects of SULF1 expression on silica-induced fibrogenic and proliferative gene expression were determined. These studies confirmed down-regulation of SULF1 and subsequent increases in sulfated-HSPGs in vitro. Moreover, short-term exposure of rats to CS resulted in similar changes in vivo. Conversely, effects were reversed after long term CS exposure of rats. SULF1 knockdown, and overexpression alleviated and exacerbated silica-induced decrease in cell viability, respectively. Furthermore, overexpression of SULF1 promoted silica-induced proliferative and fibrogenic gene expression, and collagen production. These findings demonstrate that the HSPG modification enzyme SULF1 and HSPG sulfation are altered by CS in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these changes may contribute to CS-induced lung pathogenicity by affecting injury tolerance, hyperproliferation, and fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Paul M Peeters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mieke A Dentener
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Brooke T Mossman
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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8
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Jiang Z, Pan L, Chen X, Chen Z, Xu D. Wnt6 influences the viability of mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells via the β-catenin pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5339-5344. [PMID: 29285061 PMCID: PMC5740794 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryological stages of palatal shelf elongation and elevation, mainly induced by the proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion of embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells, are essential for normal palatal development. Wingless-related MMTV integration site gene family (Wnt) signaling pathways serve key roles in craniofacial development and palate formation. Recent studies have indicated that Wnt6 participates in embryonic development of the palate, though its exact role in palate development remains unclear. In the present study, to investigate the role of Wnt6 during the stages of palatal shelves elongation and elevation, mouse MEPM cells were cultured from dissected palatal shelves at embryonic day 13.5. Results of an MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that treatment with recombinant Wnt6 increased the viability of MEPM cells (P<0.01) and the proportion of cells in the S and G2/M phases (P<0.01). Meanwhile, Wnt6 activated the β-catenin signaling pathway as indicated by the dual luciferase assay result, and blockade of the WNT/β-catenin pathway reduced the cytoactivity of Wnt6 in MEPM cells (P<0.01). Collectively, these findings indicate that Wnt6 promotes the vitality of MEPM cells by increasing the S + G2/M-phase cell population, potentially through activation of the β-catenin pathway during palatal shelf elongation and elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Pan
- Department of Implantology, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
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9
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Takada S, Fujimori S, Shinozuka T, Takada R, Mii Y. Differences in the secretion and transport of Wnt proteins. J Biochem 2017; 161:1-7. [PMID: 28053142 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last three decades, our understanding about Wnt signaling has progressed greatly, especially with regards to the molecular mechanism of intracellular transmission of this signaling, as well as its physiological roles. In parallel, the molecular nature of Wnt proteins has gradually but surely been clarified. Wnt proteins are post-translationaly modified with fatty acid and glycosaminoglycans, resulting in constraint of the 3D structure and behavior of the proteins. Specific binding proteins or extracellular vesicles, which appear to shield the lipid moiety from the aquatic environment, enable Wnt proteins to be transported in the extracellular space. Equally, Wnt-interacting proteins in the extracellular space, including heparan sulfate proteoglycan, are also involved in its spreading. Recent studies also show that intercellular transmission of Wnt proteins occurs by cell migration and extension of cell protrusions. Here, we will show the molecular and cellular bases of the trafficking of Wnt proteins and discuss questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takada
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience .,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Sayumi Fujimori
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Takada
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Yusuke Mii
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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10
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Graham K, Murphy JI, Dhoot GK. SULF1/SULF2 reactivation during liver damage and tumour growth. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:85-97. [PMID: 27013228 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both SULF1 and SULF2 enzymes are undetectable in normal adult liver tissue despite their high level expression during foetal development. Most hepatocellular carcinomas unlike the normal adult liver, however, express variable levels of these enzymes with a small proportion not expressing either SULF1 or SULF2. SULF1 expression, however, is not restricted to only foetal and tumour tissues but is also abundant in liver tissues undergoing injury-induced tissue regeneration as we observed during fatty liver degeneration, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Unlike SULF1, the level of SULF2 activation during injury-induced regeneration, however, is much lower when compared to foetal or tumour growth. Although a small fraction of liver tumours and some liver tumour cell lines can grow in the absence of Sulf1 and/or Sulf2, the in vitro overexpression of these genes further confirms their growth-promoting effect while transient reduction in their levels by neutralisation antibodies reduces growth. Hedgehog signalling appeared to regulate the growth of both Hep3B and PRF5 cell lines since cyclopamine demonstrated a marked inhibitory effect while sonic hedgehog (SHH) overexpression promoted growth. All Sulf isoforms promoted SHH-induced growth although the level of increase in PRF5 cell line was higher with both Sulf2 variants than Sulf1. In addition to promoting growth, the Sulf variants, particularly the shorter Sulf2 variant, markedly promoted PRF5 cell migration in a scratch assay. The SULF1/SULF2 activation thus does not only promote regulated foetal growth and injury-induced liver regeneration but also dysregulated tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Graham
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Joshua I Murphy
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gurtej K Dhoot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
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11
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Expression of Sulf1 and Sulf2 in cartilage, bone and endochondral fracture healing. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:67-79. [PMID: 26464246 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SULF1/SULF2 enzymes regulate cell signalling that impacts the growth and differentiation of many tissues. To determine their possible role in cartilage and bone growth or repair, their expression was examined during development and bone fracture healing using RT-PCR and immunochemical analyses. Examination of epiphyseal growth plates revealed differential, inverse patterns of SULF1 and SULF2 expressions, with the former enriched in quiescent and the latter in hypertrophic chondrocyte zones. Markedly higher levels of both SULFs, however, were expressed in osteoblasts actively forming bone when compared with proliferating pre-osteoblasts in the periosteum or the entombed osteocytes which express the lowest levels. The increased expression of Sulf1 and Sulf2 in differentiating osteoblasts was further confirmed by RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels in rat calvarial osteoblast cultures. SULF1 and SULF2 were expressed in most foetal articular chondrocytes but down-regulated in a larger subset of cells in the post-natal articular cartilage. Unlike adult articular chondrocytes, SULF1/SULF2 expression varied markedly in post-natal hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate, with very high SULF2 expression compared with SULF1 apparent during neonatal growth in both primary and secondary centres of ossification. Similarly, hypertrophic chondrocytes expressed greatly higher levels of SULF2 but not SULF1 during bone fracture healing. SULF2 expression unlike SULF1 also spread to the calcifying matrix around the hypertrophic chondrocytes indicating its possible ligand inhibiting role through HSPG desulphation. Higher levels of SULF2 in both developing and healing bone closely correlated with parallel increases in hedgehog signalling analysed by ptc1 receptor expression.
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12
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Kephart JJG, Tiller RGJ, Crose LES, Slemmons KK, Chen PH, Hinson AR, Bentley RC, Chi JTA, Linardic CM. Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 3 (SFRP3) Is Required for Tumorigenesis of PAX3-FOXO1-Positive Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4868-80. [PMID: 26071485 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue sarcoma associated with the skeletal muscle lineage. Of the two predominant subtypes, known as embryonal (eRMS) and alveolar (aRMS), aRMS has the poorer prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of <50%. The majority of aRMS tumors express the fusion protein PAX3-FOXO1. As PAX3-FOXO1 has proven chemically intractable, this study aims to identify targetable proteins that are downstream from or cooperate with PAX3-FOXO1 to support tumorigenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Microarray analysis of the transcriptomes of human skeletal muscle myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 revealed alteration of several Wnt pathway gene members, including secreted frizzled related protein 3 (SFRP3), a secreted Wnt pathway inhibitor. Loss-of-function using shRNAs against SFRP3 was used to interrogate the role of SFRP3 in human aRMS cell lines in vitro and conditional murine xenograft systems in vivo. The combination of SFRP3 genetic suppression and the chemotherapeutic agent vincristine was also examined. RESULTS In vitro, suppression of SFRP3 inhibited aRMS cell growth, reduced proliferation accompanied by a G1 arrest and induction of p21, and induced apoptosis. In vivo, doxycycline-inducible suppression of SFRP3 reduced aRMS tumor growth and weight by more than three-fold, in addition to increasing myogenic differentiation and β-catenin signaling. The combination of SFRP3 suppression and vincristine was more effective at reducing aRMS cell growth in vitro than either treatment alone, and ablated tumorigenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS SFRP3 is necessary for the growth of human aRMS cells both in vitro and in vivo and is a promising new target for investigation in aRMS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Mice
- Myoblasts/drug effects
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/mortality
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Vincristine/pharmacology
- Wnt Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J G Kephart
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosanne G J Tiller
- School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lisa E S Crose
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine K Slemmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ashley R Hinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rex C Bentley
- School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jen-Tsan Ashley Chi
- School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Fellgett SW, Maguire RJ, Pownall ME. Sulf1 has ligand-dependent effects on canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1408-21. [PMID: 25681501 PMCID: PMC4379729 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling plays essential roles during embryonic development and is known to be mis-regulated in human disease. There are many molecular mechanisms that ensure tight regulation of Wnt activity. One such regulator is the heparan-sulfate-specific 6-O-endosulfatase Sulf1. Sulf1 acts extracellularly to modify the structure of heparan sulfate chains to affect the bio-availability of Wnt ligands. Sulf1 could, therefore, influence the formation of Wnt signalling complexes to modulate the activation of both canonical and non-canonical pathways. In this study, we use well-established assays in Xenopus to investigate the ability of Sulf1 to modify canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling. In addition, we model the ability of Sulf1 to influence morphogen gradients using fluorescently tagged Wnt ligands in ectodermal explants. We show that Sulf1 overexpression has ligand-specific effects on Wnt signalling: it affects membrane accumulation and extracellular levels of tagged Wnt8a and Wnt11b ligands differently, and inhibits the activity of canonical Wnt8a but enhances the activity of non-canonical Wnt11b.
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