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Kidane FA, Müller L, Rocha-Hasler M, Tu A, Stanek V, Campion N, Bartosik T, Zghaebi M, Stoshikj S, Gompelmann D, Spittler A, Idzko M, Eckl-Dorna J, Schneider S. Deep immune profiling of chronic rhinosinusitis in allergic and non-allergic cohorts using mass cytometry. Clin Immunol 2024; 262:110174. [PMID: 38462155 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa inflammation comprising two phenotypes, namely CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP). CRSwNP can be associated with asthma and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in a syndrome known as NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD). Furthermore, CRS frequently intertwines with respiratory allergies. This study investigated levels of 33 different nasal and serum cytokines and phenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) within cohorts of CRS patients (n = 24), additionally examining the influence of comorbid respiratory allergies by mass cytometry. N-ERD patients showed heightened type 2 nasal cytokine levels. Mass cytometry revealed increased activated naive B cell levels in CRSwNP and N-ERD, while resting naive B cells were higher in CRSsNP. Th2a cell levels were significantly elevated in allergic subjects, but not in CRS groups. In conclusion, there are distinct immunological features in PBMCs of CRS phenotypes and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fana Alem Kidane
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Müller
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Aldine Tu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Stanek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas Campion
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Bartosik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammed Zghaebi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Slagjana Stoshikj
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Gompelmann
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Surgery, Research Lab, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Idzko
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sven Schneider
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Querol Cano L, Dunlock VME, Schwerdtfeger F, van Spriel AB. Membrane organization by tetraspanins and galectins shapes lymphocyte function. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:193-212. [PMID: 37758850 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors are not randomly distributed at the plasma membrane of lymphocytes but are segregated into specialized domains that function as platforms to initiate signalling, as exemplified by the B cell or T cell receptor complex and the immunological synapse. 'Membrane-organizing proteins' and, in particular, tetraspanins and galectins, are crucial for controlling the spatiotemporal organization of immune receptors and other signalling proteins. Deficiencies in specific tetraspanins and galectins result in impaired immune synapse formation, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production and migration, which can lead to impaired immunity, tumour development and autoimmunity. In contrast to conventional ligand-receptor interactions, membrane organizers interact in cis (on the same cell) and modulate receptor clustering, receptor dynamics and intracellular signalling. New findings have uncovered their complex and dynamic nature, revealing shared binding partners and collaborative activity in determining the composition of membrane domains. Therefore, immune receptors should not be envisaged as independent entities and instead should be studied in the context of their spatial organization in the lymphocyte membrane. We advocate for a novel approach to study lymphocyte function by globally analysing the role of membrane organizers in the assembly of different membrane complexes and discuss opportunities to develop therapeutic approaches that act via the modulation of membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Querol Cano
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera-Marie E Dunlock
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabian Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Quagliano A, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Barwe SP. Tetraspanins set the stage for bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection in hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4403-4413. [PMID: 37561544 PMCID: PMC10432613 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, relapse still remains a consistent issue. One of the primary contributors to relapse is the bone marrow microenvironment providing a sanctuary to malignant cells. These cells interact with bone marrow components such as osteoblasts and stromal cells, extracellular matrix proteins, and soluble factors. These interactions, mediated by the cell surface proteins like cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), induce intracellular signaling that leads to the development of bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection (BMC). Although extensive study has gone into these CAMs, including the development of targeted therapies, very little focus in hematologic malignancies has been put on a family of cell surface proteins that are just as important for mediating bone marrow interactions: the transmembrane 4 superfamily (tetraspanins; TSPANs). TSPANs are known to be important mediators of microenvironmental interactions and metastasis based on numerous studies in solid tumors. Recently, evidence of their possible role in hematologic malignancies, specifically in the regulation of cellular adhesion, bone marrow homing, intracellular signaling, and stem cell dynamics in malignant hematologic cells has come to light. Many of these effects are facilitated by associations with CAMs and other receptors on the cell surface in TSPAN-enriched microdomains. This could suggest that TSPANs play an important role in mediating BMC in hematologic malignancies and could be used as therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss TSPAN structure and function in hematologic cells, their interactions with different cell surface and signaling proteins, and possible ways to target/inhibit their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Quagliano
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Sonali P. Barwe
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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4
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Milburn JV, Hoog AM, Winkler S, van Dongen KA, Leitner J, Patzl M, Saalmüller A, de Luca K, Steinberger P, Mair KH, Gerner W. Expression of CD9 on porcine lymphocytes and its relation to T cell differentiation and cytokine production. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104080. [PMID: 33781781 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on two novel monoclonal antibodies, specific for porcine CD9. CD9 is a tetraspanin that is expressed on a wide variety of cells. We phenotyped porcine immune cell subsets and found that CD9 was expressed on all monocytes as well as a subset of B cells. CD9 was variably expressed on T cells, with CD4 T cells containing the highest frequency of CD9+ cells. CD9 expression positively correlated with the frequency of central memory CD4 T cells in ex vivo PBMC. Therefore, we proceeded to explore CD9 as a marker of T cell function. Here we observed that CD9 was expressed on the vast majority of long-lived influenza A virus-specific effector cells that retained the capacity for cytokine production in response to in vitro recall antigen. Therefore, the new antibodies enable the detection of a cell surface molecule with functional relevance to T cells. Considering the importance of CD9 in membrane remodelling across many cell types, they will also benefit the wider field of swine biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma V Milburn
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna M Hoog
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simona Winkler
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katinka A van Dongen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karelle de Luca
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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In Vitro Characterization of Human CD24 hiCD38 hi Regulatory B Cells Shows CD9 Is Not a Stable Breg Cell Marker. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094583. [PMID: 33925530 PMCID: PMC8123770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells are endowed with immune suppressive functions. Various human and murine Breg subtypes have been reported. While interleukin (IL)-10 intracellular staining remains the most reliable way to identify Breg cells, this technique hinders further essential functional studies. Recent findings suggest that CD9 is an effective surface marker of murine IL-10 competent Breg cells. However, the stability of CD9 and its relevance as a unique marker for human Breg cells, which have been widely characterized as CD24hiCD38hi, have not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate that CD9 expression is sensitive to in vitro B cell stimulations. CD9 expression could either be re-expressed or downregulated in purified CD9-negative B cells and CD9-positive B cells, respectively. We found no significant differences in the Breg differentiation capacity of the CD9-negative and CD9-positive B cells. Furthermore, CD9-positive B cells co-express CD40 and CD86, suggesting their nature as B cell activation or co-stimulatory molecules, rather than regulatory ones. Therefore, we report the relatively unstable CD9 as a distinct surface molecule, indicating the need for further research for a more reliable marker to purify human Breg cells.
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Brosseau C, Colas L, Magnan A, Brouard S. CD9 Tetraspanin: A New Pathway for the Regulation of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2316. [PMID: 30356731 PMCID: PMC6189363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD9 belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily. Depending on the cell type and associated molecules, CD9 has a wide variety of biological activities such as cell adhesion, motility, metastasis, growth, signal transduction, differentiation, and sperm-egg fusion. This review focuses on CD9 expression by hematopoietic cells and its role in modulating cellular processes involved in the regulation of inflammation. CD9 is functionally very important in many diseases and is involved either in the regulation or in the mediation of the disease. The role of CD9 in various diseases, such as viral and bacterial infections, cancer and chronic lung allograft dysfunction, is discussed. This review focuses also on its interest as a biomarker in diseases. Indeed CD9 is primarily known as a specific exosome marker however, its expression is now recognized as an anti-inflammatory marker of monocytes and macrophages. It was also described as a marker of murine IL-10-competent Breg cells and IL-10-secreting CD9+ B cells were associated with better allograft outcome in lung transplant patients, and identified as a new predictive biomarker of long-term survival. In the field of cancer, CD9 was both identified as a favorable prognostic marker or as a predictor of metastatic potential depending on cancer types. Finally, this review discusses strategies to target CD9 as a therapeutic tool. Because CD9 can have opposite effects depending on the situation, the environment and the pathology, modulating CD9 expression or blocking its effects seem to be a new promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Brosseau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Luc Colas
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut du Thorax, Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Institut du Thorax, Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut du thorax, Inserm UMR 1087, CNRS UMR 6291, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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7
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Zou F, Wang X, Han X, Rothschild G, Zheng SG, Basu U, Sun J. Expression and Function of Tetraspanins and Their Interacting Partners in B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1606. [PMID: 30072987 PMCID: PMC6058033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins that modulate multiple diverse biological processes, including signal transduction, cell–cell communication, immunoregulation, tumorigenesis, cell adhesion, migration, and growth and differentiation. Here, we provide a systematic review of the involvement of tetraspanins and their partners in the regulation and function of B cells, including mechanisms associated with antigen presentation, antibody production, cytokine secretion, co-stimulator expression, and immunosuppression. Finally, we direct our focus to the signaling mechanisms, evolutionary conservation aspects, expression, and potential therapeutic strategies that could be based on tetraspanins and their interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fagui Zou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Han
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gerson Rothschild
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States.,Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Dong T, Liu Z, Zhao S, Hu C, Liu Y, Ma W, Zhang Q. The Expression of CD9 and PIK3CD is Associated with Prognosis of Follicular Lymphoma. J Cancer 2015; 6:1222-9. [PMID: 26535063 PMCID: PMC4622852 DOI: 10.7150/jca.11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follicular lymphoma (FL) frequently develops drug-resistance and transforms into more aggressive subtypes over time. It is urgent to find prognostic biomarkers and disclose signaling pathways that have potential to be drug targets. In this study, we investigated the association of FL prognosis with the expression of 2 proteins: PIK3CD, a PI3K pathway component, and CD9, a tetraspanin family member. METHOD The expression of PIK3CD and CD9 were examined on 76 FL tumor tissues and 15 normal tissues with Immunohistochemistry. Chi-square test, Cox proportional hazards model, and Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to analyze the relationships of CD9 and PIK3CD expression and major clinicopathological features. RESULT PIK3CD expression was significantly higher, whereas CD9 expression was significantly lower in the 76 FL specimens than normal tissues. Concomitantly, low CD9 or high PIK3CD expression is associated with high degrees of Ann Arbor stages. In agreement with this, PIK3CD is an unfavorable and CD9 is a favorable factor for progression-free survival (PFS). Interestingly, PIK3CD expression is negatively correlated with CD9 expression, and the PIK3CD-high/CD9-low was significantly associated with short PFS when the 2 factors were combined together. Lastly, CD9 expression was significant higher in patients with bone marrow infiltration (BMI) than those without BMI. CONCLUSION Both CD9 and PIK3CD are prognostic markers of FL. The negative correlation between CD9 and PIK3CD expression suggests that there may be crosstalks of the 2 proteins in FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieying Dong
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China ; 2. Cancer Research Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Chengyi Hu
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - WenJie Ma
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Haping Road 150 of Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
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9
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Castro R, Abós B, González L, Aquilino C, Pignatelli J, Tafalla C. Molecular characterization of CD9 and CD63, two tetraspanin family members expressed in trout B lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:116-125. [PMID: 25769915 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a family of membrane-organizing proteins, characterized by the presence of four highly conserved transmembrane regions that mediate diverse physiological functions. In the current study, we have identified two novel tetraspanin members in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), homologs to mammalian CD9 and CD63. Both genes were expressed in muscle, skin, gills, hindgut, gonad, liver, spleen, head kidney, thymus and peripheral blood leukocytes. Throughout the early life cycle stages, CD9 mRNA levels significantly increased after first feeding, whereas CD63 transcription remained constant during all the developmental stages analyzed. In response to an experimental bath infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), CD9 transcription was down-regulated in the gills, while CD63 mRNA levels were down-regulated in the head kidney. Instead, when the virus was intraperitoneally injected, the transcription of both genes was significantly up-regulated in peritoneal cells at several days post-infection. Additionally, both genes were transcriptionally up-regulated in the muscle of trout injected with a VHSV DNA vaccine. To gain insight on the relation of these tetraspanins with B cell activity we determined their constitutive expression in naive IgM(+) populations from different sources and observed that both molecules were being transcribed by IgM(+) cells in different tissues. Furthermore, CD9 transcription was significantly down-regulated in splenic IgM(+) cells in response to in vitro VHSV exposure. Our results provide insights on the potential role of these tetraspanins on teleost B cell and antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia González
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Aquilino
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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Recent publications by ochsner authors. Ochsner J 2014; 14:724-30. [PMID: 25598740 PMCID: PMC4294413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
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