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Kumar A, Mahapatra S, Nayak L, Biswal M, Sahoo U, Lal MK, Nayak AK, Pati K. Tuber crops could be a potential food component for lowering starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index in rice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38953558 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice is considered a high estimated glycemic index (eGI) food because of its higher starch digestibility, which leads to type II diabetes and obesity as a result of a sedentary life style. Furthermore, the incresaing diabetes cases in rice-consuming populations worldwide need alternative methods to reduce the glycemic impact of rice, with dietary prescriptions based on the eGI value of food being an attractive and practical concept. Rice is often paired with vegetables, pulses, tubers and roots, a staple food group in Africa, Latin America and Asia, which are rich in fibre and health-promoting compounds. RESULTS Rice from four categories (high protein, scented, general and pigmented) was analyzed for eGI and resistant starch (RS) content. Among the genotypes, Improved Lalat had the lowest eGI (53.12) with a relatively higher RS content (2.17%), whereas Hue showed the lowest RS (0.19%) with the highest eGI (76.3) value. The addition of tuber crops to rice caused a significant lowering of eGI where the maximum beneficial effect was shown by elephant foot yam (49.37) followed by yam bean (53.07) and taro (54.43). CONCLUSION The present study suggests that combining rice with suitable tuber crops can significantly reduce its eGI value, potentially reducing the burden of diet-associated lifestyle diseases particularly diabetics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Upasana Sahoo
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Milan Kumar Lal
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry & Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | | | - Kalidas Pati
- Regional Centre, ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
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Pereira CL, Sousa I, Lourenço VM, Sampaio P, Gárzon R, Rosell CM, Brites C. Relationship between Physicochemical and Cooking Quality Parameters with Estimated Glycaemic Index of Rice Varieties. Foods 2023; 13:135. [PMID: 38201163 PMCID: PMC10778676 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice is a significant staple food in the basic diet of the global population that is considered to have a high glycaemic index. The study of the physical and chemical parameters in rice that are related to the starch digestion process, which allows us to quickly predict the glycaemic index of varieties, is a major challenge, particularly in the classification and selection process. In this context, and with the goal of establishing a relationship between physicochemical properties and starch digestibility rates, thus shedding light on the connections between quality indicators and their glycaemic impact, we evaluated various commercial rice types based on their basic chemical composition, physicochemical properties, cooking parameters, and the correlations with digestibility rates. The resistant starch, the gelatinization temperature and the retrogradation (setback) emerge as potent predictors of rice starch digestibility and estimated glycaemic index, exhibiting robust correlations of r = -0.90, r = -0.90, and r = -0.70 (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Among the rice types, Long B and Basmati stand out with the lowest estimated glycaemic index values (68.44 and 68.10), elevated levels of resistant starch, gelatinization temperature, and setback values. Furthermore, the Long B showcases the highest amylose, while the Basmati with intermediate, revealing intriguingly strong grain integrity during cooking, setting it apart from other rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana L. Pereira
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda M. Lourenço
- Center for Mathematics and Applications (NOVA Math) and Department of Mathematics, NOVA SST, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sampaio
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Computação e Cognição Centrada nas Pessoas, BioRG—Biomedical Research Group, Lusófona University, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Gárzon
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Cristina M. Rosell
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Food and Human Nutritional Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Ngo TV, Kunyanee K, Luangsakul N. Insights into Recent Updates on Factors and Technologies That Modulate the Glycemic Index of Rice and Its Products. Foods 2023; 12:3659. [PMID: 37835312 PMCID: PMC10572933 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is a staple food and energy source for half the world's population. Due to its quick digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, rice is typically regarded as having a high or medium-high glycemic index (GI); however, this can vary depending on the variety, nutrient compositions, processing, and accompanying factors. This report included a table of the glycemic index for rice and rice products in different countries, which could give an overview and fundamental information on the recent GI of different rice varieties. In addition, latest updates about the mechanism effects of rice nutritional profiles and processing techniques on GI were also provided and discussed. The influence of state-of-the-art GI regulation methods was also evaluated. Furthermore, the effectiveness and efficiency of applied technologies were also given. Furthermore, this review offered some aspects about the potential nutraceutical application of rice that food scientists, producers, or consumers might consider. Diverse types of rice are grown under various conditions that could affect the GI of the product. The instinct nutrients in rice could show different effects on the digestion rate of its product. It also revealed that the rice product's digestibility is process-dependent. The postprandial glucose response of the rice products could be changed by modifying processing techniques, which might produce the new less-digestive compound or the inhibition factor in the starch hydrolysis process. Because of the significant importance of rice, this paper also concluded the challenges, as well as some important aspects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naphatrapi Luangsakul
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand; (T.V.N.)
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Chakraborty I, Govindaraju I, Kunnel S, Managuli V, Mazumder N. Effect of Storage Time and Temperature on Digestibility, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Retrograded Rice. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020142. [PMID: 36826312 PMCID: PMC9957499 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrogradation is defined as the recrystallization or realignment of amylose and amylopectin chains upon cooling of gelatinization starch gels. The storage conditions such as the storage time and temperature are crucial factors that influence and govern the degree of retrogradation and in turn, affect the formation of resistant starch and alteration of thermal and rheological properties. This article investigates the effect of storage time and temperature on the properties of retrograded rice starch. Rice kernels of five different indigenous varieties, namely Diasang lahi, Khaju lahi, Dhusuri bao, Omkar, and Bili rajamudi were cooked by boiling in water and stored at 4 °C and -20 °C for 6 and 12 h, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed in raw form that Bili rajamudi exhibited the highest peak gelatinization temperature (Tp, °C) at 79.05 °C whereas Diasang lahi showed the least Tp at 56.12 °C. Further, it was indicated that the Tp and degree of retrogradation (DR%) also increase with increasing time and decreasing temperature of storage. All samples stored at -20 °C for 12 h exhibited the highest degree of retrogradation DR%. Amongst all five varieties stored at -20 °C for 12 h, Omkar exhibited the highest %DR, followed by Bili rajamudi, Khaju lahi, Dhusuri bao, and Diasang lahi. A negative correlation was also established between Tp and resistant starch content (RS%). It was also observed that the resistant starch (RS%) content increased with the increasing time and decreasing temperature of storage. A strong negative correlation was observed between RS% and non-resistant starch (NRS%). Further, rheological studies indicated that retrogradation also affects the viscosity and dynamic rheological properties of starch. In this study, it was evident that extending storage duration from 6 to 12 h and lowering temperature from 4 to -20 °C impact retrogradation of rice starch, which in turn affects the starch's gelatinization, digestibility, and rheology. Rice starch retrograded at lower temperatures for a longer period could prove to be extremely beneficial for development of food products with better textural properties and high RS content or low glycemic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Chakraborty
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Indira Govindaraju
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Steffi Kunnel
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishwanath Managuli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence:
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Cao S, Li C. Influence of Resistant Starch in Whole Rice on Human Gut Microbiota─From Correlation Implications to Possible Causal Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12760-12771. [PMID: 36190451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the main staple food for a large population around the world, while it generally has a high glycemic index and low resistant starch (RS) content. Although many strategies have been applied to develop healthier rice products with increased RS contents, their actual effects on gut microbiota and human health remain elusive. In this review, currently available production methods of rice RS are briefly summarized, followed by a critical discussion on their interactions with gut microbiota and subsequent effects on human health, from correlation implications to causal mechanisms. Different contents, types, and structures of RS have been produced by strategies such as genetic manipulation and controlling cooking conditions. The difference can largely determine effects of rice RS on gut microbiota composition and metabolites by specific RS-gut microbiota interactions. This review can thus help the rice industry develop rice products with desirable RS contents and structures to generally improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senbin Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China
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The Effect of Soybean Peptides on Improving Quality and the ACE Inhibitory Bioactivity of Extruded Rice. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to address the dietary problems of hypertensive patients. The effect and mechanism of different contents of soybean protein on cooking quality and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory action in the extruded rice were firstly investigated. The results showed that the extruded rice with soybean protein possessed the higher taste value (90.32 ± 2.31), hardness (2.65 ± 0.01 g), and good pasting quality (p ≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, the soybean protein notably retarded the starch digestibility; the sample with 6% soybean protein showed the fewest rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content (78.82 ± 0.01 mg g−1) and the most slowly digestible starch (SDS) content (8.97 ± 0.45 mg g−1). Importantly, the ACE inhibition rate improved from 17.09 ± 0.01% to 74.02 ± 0.65% in the 6% soybean protein sample because of the production of peptides. The peptide composition of samples were compared, which showed that the effective ACE-inhibitory peptides usually contain 2~20 amino acids, and Pro, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, and Ala were the main components. Overall, moderate soybean protein would give a good quality and lower ACE activity in extruded food.
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Qadir N, Wani IA. Cooking, Sensory Properties, Curcumin Retention, and In vitro Digestibility of Rice as Affected by Polishing and Turmeric Concentration. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiya Qadir
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Idrees Ahmed Wani
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar 190006 India
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Chen J, Yang S, Zhang M, Shan C, Chen Z. Effects of potato starch on the characteristics, microstructures, and quality attributes of
indica
rice flour and instant rice noodles. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center College of Food Science &Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Sha Yang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center College of Food Science &Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center College of Food Science &Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Changsong Shan
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center College of Food Science &Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center College of Food Science &Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
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Naseer B, Naik HR, Hussain SZ, Shikari AB, Noor N. Variability in waxy (Wx) allele, in-vitro starch digestibility, glycemic response and textural behaviour of popular Northern Himalayan rice varieties. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12047. [PMID: 34103609 PMCID: PMC8187641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight commonly cultivated and consumed rice varieties of Northern Himalayan regions and a popular high amylose rice variety were characterized at Wx locus and evaluated for resistant starch (RS), in-vitro starch digestibility, predicted glycemic index (pGI), glycemic load (GL) and textural parameters. Cytosine and thymine repeats (CT)n at waxy locus (Wx) showed high association with apparent amylose content (AAC). Both pGI and GL varied substantially within the selected varieties. The pGI was relatively lower in high and intermediate amylose Indica varieties compared to low amylose Japonica ones. However, Koshikari despite being a low amylose variety showed relatively lower pGI and GL, due to its higher RS, dietary fiber, protein and fat content. It was thus presumed that in addition to AAC, RS and other grain components also affect the glycemic response. Inherent resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis was also found to be higher in firm textured and less sticky rice varieties. The genotypes-Lalat, Basmati-1509 and Koshikari, in view of their low to moderate pGI and relatively higher RS content, can be explored in future breeding programmes to develop rice varieties whose consumption will help to prevent hyper/hypo glycemic responses in Northern Himalayan regions, where daily staple diet is rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bazila Naseer
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India
| | - H R Naik
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, 192122, India
| | - Syed Zameer Hussain
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India.
| | - Asif Bashir Shikari
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, 192122, India
| | - Nowsheen Noor
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, 192122, India
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