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van Vorstenbosch R, van Munster K, Pachen D, Mommers A, Stavropoulos G, van Schooten FJ, Ponsioen C, Smolinska A. The Detection of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Using Volatile Metabolites in Fecal Headspace and Exhaled Breath. Metabolites 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38248826 PMCID: PMC10819709 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Up to 5% of inflammatory bowel disease patients may at some point develop primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). PSC is a rare liver disease that ultimately results in liver damage, cirrhosis and liver failure. It typically remains subclinical until irreversible damage has been inflicted. Hence, it is crucial to screen IBD patients for PSC, but its early detection is challenging, and the disease's etiology is not well understood. This current study aimed at the early detection of PSC in an IBD population using Volatile Organic Compounds in fecal headspace and exhaled breath. To this aim, fecal material and exhaled breath were collected from 73 patients (n = 16 PSC/IBD; n = 8 PSC; n = 49 IBD), and their volatile profile were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Using the most discriminatory features, PSC detection resulted in areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.83 and 0.84 based on fecal headspace and exhaled breath, respectively. Upon data fusion, the predictive performance increased to AUC 0.92. The observed features in the fecal headspace relate to detrimental microbial dysbiosis and exogenous exposure. Future research should aim for the early detection of PSC in a prospective study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Vorstenbosch
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Kim van Munster
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.v.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Danielle Pachen
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Alex Mommers
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Georgios Stavropoulos
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Cyriel Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.v.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
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Murata Y, Natsume M, Iso T, Shigeta Y, Hirose N, Umano T, Horibata K, Sugiyama KI, Masumura K, Hirose A, Matsumoto M. In vivo mutagenicity assessment of styrene in MutaMouse liver and lung. Genes Environ 2023; 45:12. [PMID: 37041654 PMCID: PMC10088199 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-023-00270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Styrene (CAS 100-42-5) is widely used as polystyrene and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin such as plastic, rubber, and paint. One of the primary uses of styrene is food utensils and containers, but a small amount of styrene transferred into food can be ingested by eating. Styrene is metabolized into styrene 7,8-oxide (SO). SO is mutagenic in bacteria and mouse lymphoma assays. It is clastogenic in cultured mammalian cells. However, styrene and SO are not clastogenic/aneugenic in rodents, and no rodent in vivo gene mutation studies were identified. METHODS To investigate the mutagenicity of orally administered styrene, we used the transgenic rodent gene mutation assay to perform an in vivo mutagenicity test (OECD TG488). The transgenic MutaMouse was given styrene orally at doses of 0 (corn oil; negative control), 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day for 28 days, and mutant frequencies (MFs) were determined using the lacZ assay in the liver and lung (five male mice/group). RESULTS There were no significant differences in the MFs of the liver and lung up to 300 mg/kg/day (close to maximum tolerable dose (MTD)), when one animal with extremely high MFs that were attributed to an incidental clonal mutation was omitted. Positive and negative controls produced the expected results. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that styrene is not mutagenic in the liver and lung of MutaMouse under this experimental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Murata
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Natsume
- Genotoxicology Laboratory, BioSafety Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takako Iso
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shigeta
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nozomu Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaaki Umano
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Horibata
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Matsumoto
- Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Zimmermann L, Scheringer M, Geueke B, Boucher JM, Parkinson LV, Groh KJ, Muncke J. Implementing the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability: The case of food contact chemicals of concern. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129167. [PMID: 35897167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS) aims at removing the most harmful chemicals from consumer products, including from food contact materials (FCMs). If implemented as intended, the CSS has the potential to significantly improve the protection of public health by banning the use of chemicals of concern that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction (CMRs), or persistent and bioaccumulative, or endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in FCMs. However, until now an overview of such food contact chemicals of concern (FCCoCs) has not been available, because the CSS is fairly recent. Therefore, we here systematically analyze the food contact chemicals listed for intentional use in FCMs and identify known FCCoCs. We present a list of 388 FCCoCs that should be phased-out from use. Of these, 352 are CMRs, four are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and 127 have empirical evidence for presence in FCMs. Importantly, 30 FCCoCs with evidence for presence are monomers of which 22 have evidence for migration into foodstuff showing that monomers in FCMs indeed become relevant for human exposure. Our findings justify moving away from a risk- towards a hazard-based approach to regulation of chemicals in FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
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Migration of Styrene in Yogurt and Dairy Products Packaged in Polystyrene: Results from Market Samples. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142120. [PMID: 35885363 PMCID: PMC9323499 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority is re-evaluating styrene for assessing the safety of food contact materials (FCM) such as polystyrene (PS) and started a systematic review of the data on migration levels in food. A restriction for styrene is expected in the near future. The main food contact application of PS is dairy packaging, mainly at refrigerated storage. In this study, seventeen dairy products packed in PS taken from the Italian and German markets were investigated. Styrene concentrations in the refrigerated dairy products (yogurt, cream) ranged from 5 to 30 µg/kg at the best before date, while in single serving portions of coffee creamer, which were stored at room temperature until the best before date of approx. 190 days, 401 µg/kg were measured. Among several parameters, the ratio between the surface contact area of the package and the quantity of the food packed, the time/temperature conditions of production/filling and storage of the products were identified as the main factors influencing styrene migration into food under realistic conditions. Yogurts fermented in the pots for approximately 8 h at 40–50 °C showed higher styrene levels than those fermented in an incubator and filled at 20 °C. The fat content might influence the styrene level but the effect, if any, was too small in relation to the variability of other parameters. Levels of styrene migrating into 50% ethanol food simulant under standardized condition (10 days/40 °C) were found to be much higher than levels in refrigerated foods. This raises the question as to whether compliance testing for PS plastics should be adapted taking into consideration the correlation between migration testing by laboratory simulations and migration into real food.
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Sadighara P, Abedini A, Zirak MR, Salehi A, Darbandi Azar S, Mirzaei G, Vakili Saatloo N. Relationship between styrene exposure and prolactin secretion in human and animal studies: A systematic review. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221133538. [PMID: 36321261 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221133538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Styrene is widely used in industrial applications. Inhalation exposure occurs in the industry. Some studies indicated that serum prolactin concentrations increased after exposure to styrene, while other studies found no change. In this systematic review, the search was done with the keywords styrene and prolactin in the PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus databases, regardless of the publication period. 118 studies were obtained and only seven articles were finally selected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. The effect of styrene on prolactin secretion was selected in both human and animal studies. The increased response was seen in inhalation exposures. Subcutaneous exposure has no significant effect on prolactin levels. The observed responses were both dose-dependent and gender-dependent. Changes in serum prolactin were more frequent in women compared to exposed men. Dopamine depletion was not observed in all studies, so more tests on laboratory animals are necessary to clarify the possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sadighara
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Abedini
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M-R Zirak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Salehi
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Darbandi Azar
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, 556492Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Mirzaei
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Vakili Saatloo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, 117045Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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