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Cardinali F, Belleggia L, Reale A, Cirlini M, Boscaino F, Di Renzo T, Del Vecchio L, Cavalca N, Milanović V, Garofalo C, Cesaro C, Rampanti G, Osimani A, Aquilanti L. Exploitation of Black Olive ( Olea europaea L. cv. Piantone di Mogliano) Pomace for the Production of High-Value Bread. Foods 2024; 13:460. [PMID: 38338595 PMCID: PMC10855532 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the morpho-textural features, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (AOC) of bread fortified with olive (Olea europaea L.) pomace were evaluated. Fresh olive pomace was subjected to microbiological and chemical (TPC, AOC, and fiber) analyses; then, the same olive pomace was analyzed during 1 to 6 months of storage at 4 °C or -20 °C. All olive pomace samples were used in 10%, 15%, or 20% amounts to produce type 0 soft wheat (Triticum aestivum) and whole wheat bread samples. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the bread samples were also analyzed to assess the effect of the addition of the olive pomace on the flavor profile of the baked products. The TPC and AOC evaluation of olive pomace showed no differences among the analyzed samples (fresh, refrigerated, or frozen). Regarding the bread containing olive pomace, the specific volume was not affected by the amount or the storage methods of the added pomace. Bread samples produced with soft wheat flour showed the lowest hardness values relative to those produced with whole wheat flour, irrespective of the amount or storage method of the olive pomace. Regarding color, the crust and crumb of the bread samples containing 20% olive pomace were significantly darker. The bread samples containing 20% olive pomace had the highest TPC. The bread samples with fresh olive pomace were characterized by terpenoids, ketones, and aldehydes, whereas the bread samples containing refrigerated olive pomace were characterized by alcohols (mainly ethanol), acids, esters, and acetate. Finally, the bread samples with frozen olive pomace showed a volatile profile similar to that of bread produced with fresh olive pomace. Olive pomace was shown to be a suitable ingredient for producing bread with high nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Luca Belleggia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Anna Reale
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.V.); (N.C.)
| | - Floriana Boscaino
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Tiziana Di Renzo
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (A.R.); (F.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Del Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.V.); (N.C.)
| | - Natascia Cavalca
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.V.); (N.C.)
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Cristiana Cesaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Giorgia Rampanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.); (V.M.); (C.G.); (C.C.); (G.R.); (L.A.)
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