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Dor S, Nudel K, Eagan JL, Cohen R, Hull CM, Keller NP, Prusky D, Afriat-Jurnou L. Bacterial-fungal crosstalk is defined by a fungal lactone mycotoxin and its degradation by a bacterial lactonase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0029924. [PMID: 38786360 PMCID: PMC11218642 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00299-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, fungi, and mammals contain lactonases that can degrade the Gram-negative bacterial quorum sensing (QS) molecules N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). AHLs are critical for bacteria to coordinate gene expression and pathogenicity with population density. However, AHL-degrading lactonases present variable substrate ranges, including degradation of the Pencillium expansum lactone mycotoxin patulin. We selected Erwinia spp. as our model bacteria to further investigate this interaction. We find both native apple microbiome Erwinia spp. and the fruit tree pathogen Erwinia amylovora to be inhibited by patulin. At patulin concentrations that inhibited E. amylovora growth, expression of E. amylovora lactonase encoded by EaaiiA was increased. EaAiiA demonstrated the ability to degrade patulin in vitro, as well, as in vivo where it reduced apple disease and patulin production by P. expansum. Fungal-bacterial co-cultures revealed that the E. amylovora Δeaaiia strain failed to protect apples from P. expansum infections, which contained significant amounts of patulin. Our results suggest that bacterial lactonase production can modulate the pathogenicity of P. expansum in response to the secretion of toxic patulin. IMPORTANCE Chemical signaling in the microbial world facilitates the regulation of gene expression as a function of cell population density. This is especially true for the Gram-negative bacterial signal N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL). Lactonases that deactivate AHLs have attracted a lot of attention because of their antibacterial potential. However, the involvement of these enzymes in inhibiting fungal pathogens and the potential role of these enzymes in bacterial-fungal interactions are unknown. Here, we find that a bacterial enzyme involved in the degradation of AHLs is also induced by and degrades the fungal lactone mycotoxin, patulin. This work supports the potential use of bacterial enzymes and/or the producing bacteria in controlling the post-harvest fruit disease caused by the patulin-producing fungus Penicillium expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Dor
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biosciences and Biotechnology, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Keren Nudel
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biosciences and Biotechnology, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Justin L. Eagan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rami Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biosciences and Biotechnology, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Christina M. Hull
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Livnat Afriat-Jurnou
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biosciences and Biotechnology, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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2
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Golge O, Yenisehirlioglu E, Kabak B. A preliminary study on patulin contamination in spirit drinks. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:152-157. [PMID: 35440278 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2066191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A total of 120 spirit drinks and 40 apple juices were collected between 2018 and 2020 in three regions of Turkey and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) for the incidence of patulin. The analytical method was successfully validated for both matrices. In 26.7% of apple juice samples, patulin was quantified at levels between 5.8 and 66.4 µg L-1. Only one regulatory level exceedance was identified for apple juice. The mean dietary exposure of the adult population to patulin ranged from 0.083 to 0.091 ng kg-1 bw day-1. With the HPLC-PDA method, patulin was measured in quantifiable concentrations in 11 out of 25 cognac, 5 out of 40 liqueur, and 1 out of 10 whisky samples, up to a level of 42.6 µg/l, whereas all vodka samples were free from patulin. In only one liqueur sample, the presence of patulin could be confirmed with LC-MS/MS, at a level of 8.9 µg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Golge
- Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Yenisehirlioglu
- Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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3
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Alternaria mycotoxins in food commodities marketed through e-commerce stores in China: Occurrence and risk assessment. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Li H, Liu C, Luo S, Zhu S, Tang S, Zeng H, Qin Y, Ma M, Zeng D, van Beek TA, Wang H, Chen B. Chromatographic Determination of the Mycotoxin Patulin in 219 Chinese Tea Samples and Implications for Human Health. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092852. [PMID: 35566203 PMCID: PMC9103431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin, with several acute, chronic, and cellular level toxic effects, produced by various fungi. A limit for PAT in food of has been set by authorities to guarantee food safety. Research on PAT in tea has been very limited although tea is the second largest beverage in the world. In this paper, HPLC−DAD and GC−MS methods for analysis of PAT in different tea products, such as non-fermented (green tea), partially fermented (oolong tea, white tea, yellow tea), completely fermented (black tea), and post-fermented (dark tea and Pu-erh tea) teas were developed. The methods showed good selectivity with regard to tea pigments and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and a recovery of 90–102% for PAT at a 10–100 ppb spiking level. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in tea were 1.5 ng/g and 5.0 ng/g for HPLC−UV, and 0.25 ng/g and 0.83 ng/g for GC−MS. HPLC was simpler and more robust, while GC−MS showed higher sensitivity and selectivity. GC−MS was used to validate the HPLC−UV method and prove its accuracy. The PAT content of 219 Chinese tea samples was investigated. Most tea samples contained less than 10 ng/g, ten more than 10 ng/g and two more than 50 ng/g. The results imply that tea products in China are safe with regard to their PAT content. Even an extreme daily consumption of 25 g of the tea with the highest PAT content (124 ng/g), translates to an intake of only 3 μg/person/day, which is still an order of magnitude below the maximum allowed daily intake of 30 µg for an adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Candi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Shurong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Sijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Shan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Huimei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
| | - Dong Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (T.A.v.B.); (B.C.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-88872531 (B.C.)
| | - Teris A. van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (T.A.v.B.); (B.C.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-88872531 (B.C.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Changsha Institute for Food and Drug Control, National Quality Supervision and Inspection Center of Liquor Products (Hunan), Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (H.L.); (C.L.); (S.L.); (S.Z.); (S.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (T.A.v.B.); (B.C.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-88872531 (B.C.)
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Mahato DK, Kamle M, Sharma B, Pandhi S, Devi S, Dhawan K, Selvakumar R, Mishra D, Kumar A, Arora S, Singh NA, Kumar P. Patulin in food: A mycotoxin concern for human health and its management strategies. Toxicon 2021; 198:12-23. [PMID: 33933519 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin patulin is primarily produced as a secondary metabolite by numerous fungal species and predominantly by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species. It is generally associated with fungal infected food materials. Penicillium expansum is considered the only fungal species liable for patulin contamination in pome fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. This toxin in food poses serious health concerns and economic threat, which has aroused the need to adopt effective detection and mitigation strategies. Understanding its origin sources and biosynthetic mechanism stands essential for efficiently designing a management strategy against this fungal contamination. This review aims to present an updated outline of the sources of patulin occurrence in different foods and their biosynthetic mechanisms. It further provides information regarding the detrimental effects of patulin on human and agriculture as well as its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Bharti Sharma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, 131028, India.
| | - Kajal Dhawan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Diwakar Mishra
- Department of Dairy Technology, Birsa Agricultural University, Dumka, 814145, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Namita Ashish Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Song X, Wang D, Kim M. Development of an immuno-electrochemical glass carbon electrode sensor based on graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite and antibody for the detection of patulin. Food Chem 2020; 342:128257. [PMID: 33051098 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of fungal-produced patulin in foods poses a high health risk to people because it can cause neurologic and gastrointestinal illnesses. A glass carbon electrode (GCE) sensor was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of patulin. Anti-patulin-BSA IgG of a rabbit was produced and immobilised on a GCE coated with a graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite. The mycotoxin patulin in the samples could be captured by the anti-patulin-BSA IgG on the surface of the GCE sensor. The spatial hindrance effect of IgG on the GCE sensor was reduced by the reaction between IgG and patulin, resulting in a decrease in the electron transfer resistance. The current changes in the immobilised anti-patulin-BSA IgG GCE sensor exhibited a linear relationship with patulin concentration and facilitated the sensitive detection of patulin. This immuno-electrochemical GCE sensor could rapidly detect patulin in less than 1 min with a detection limit of 5 µg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Song
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Danhua Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Yu L, Qiao N, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tian F, Zhai Q, Chen W. Postharvest control of Penicillium expansum in fruits: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Zhu Y, Wu L, Yan H, Lu Z, Yin W, Han H. Enzyme induced molecularly imprinted polymer on SERS substrate for ultrasensitive detection of patulin. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1101:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Khan R, Sherazi TA, Catanante G, Rasheed S, Marty JL, Hayat A. Switchable fluorescence sensor toward PAT via CA-MWCNTs quenched aptamer-tagged carboxyfluorescein. Food Chem 2019; 312:126048. [PMID: 31918363 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A quenching based apta-sensing platform was developed for the detection of Patulin. Three different aptamer sequences were studied to screen the aptamer with the maximum affinity towards Patulin. Carboxyfluorescein (CFL) was used as a fluorescent dye while -COOH functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were applied as novel nanoquenchers. Aptamer tagged at the 3' end with 40 nucleotide bases exhibited the maximum affinity towards Patulin and caused substantial fluorescence recovery. Interestingly, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 0.13 μg L-1and 0.41 μg L-1 respectively. Commonly occurring mycotoxins in food were also tested to confirm the selectivity of apta-assay. The developed apta-assay was applied to a spiked apple juice sample and toxin recoveries were observed ranging from 96% to 98% (n = 3). These results demonstrated the potential of the developed apta-assay for the selective detection and quantification of Patulin in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khan
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan CEDEX, France; Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Tauqir A Sherazi
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Gaelle Catanante
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan CEDEX, France.
| | - Sidra Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan CEDEX, France; Sensbiotech, 21rue de Nogarede, 66400 Ceret, France.
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan.
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Adsorption properties of magnetic carbon nanotubes for patulin removal from aqueous solution systems. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Vidal A, Ouhibi S, Ghali R, Hedhili A, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. The mycotoxin patulin: An updated short review on occurrence, toxicity and analytical challenges. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:249-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Saleh I, Goktepe I. The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of patulin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:301-311. [PMID: 31029720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the secondary metabolites secreted by different types of fungi to which humans can get exposed mainly via ingestion. Patulin (C7H6O4) is a polyketide lactone produced by various fungal specifies, including Penicillium expansum as the main producer. P. expansum can infect different fruits and vegetables yet it has preference to apples in which they cause blue rot. Therefore, apples and apple-based food products are the main source of Patulin exposure for humans. Patulin was first identified in 1943 under the name of tercinin as a possible antimicrobial agent. Although it is categorized as a non-carcinogen, Patulin has been linked, in the last decades, to neurological, gastrointestinal, and immunological adverse effects, mainly causing liver and kidney damages. In this review, the characteristics of and possible human exposure pathways to Patulin are discussed. Various surveillance and toxicity studies on the levels of Patulin in various food products and effects of Patulin on cells and animal models have been documented as well. Importance of epidemiological studies and a summary of the possible toxicity mechanisms are highlighted with a case study. The commonly used control methods as described in the literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ipek Goktepe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Przybylska A, Bazylak G, Kosicki R, Altyn I, Twaruzek M, Grajewski J, Soltys-Lelek A. Advantageous Extraction, Cleanup, and UHPLC-MS/MS Detection of Patulin Mycotoxin in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Blends Containing Hawberry from Crataegus spp. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:2159097. [PMID: 30881725 PMCID: PMC6381574 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2159097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a highly genotoxic mycotoxin still found as the common contaminant of various kinds of spoiled fruits and related commodities which are often endorsed as the health-enhancing products. Thus, a fast and convenient liquid-solid extraction followed by a solid-phase cleanup with the MycoSep®228 AflaPat multifunctional column was used for the highly efficient isolation of PAT with an average recovery of 112.7% from commercial dietary supplements and herbal blends formulated with dried hawberry. Analysis of the PAT content was carried out using gradient elution with a Synergi Polar C18 column (150 × 2 mm, 4 μm) and UHPLC system equipped with a mass spectrometer. PAT was detected in all (n=14) commercial single-component dietary supplements formulated with dried hawberry belonging to Crataegus monogyna and/or Crataegus laevigata. Similarly, PAT was detected in 67% of the studied multicomponent commercial herbal blends (n=6) that contained-in addition to hawberry-different amounts of apple, chokeberry, elderberry, hibiscus, or mallow. Moreover, the PAT content was determined in the hawberry collected from the mature wild hawthorn trees belonging to three botanical species, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC, and Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand, growing in the recreational forest areas and in the law-protected state national forest park in Poland. In conclusion, to prevent PAT accumulation and reduce the health risk of consumers in globalizing markets, the implementation of improved cultivation/processing practices of hawthorn trees and hawberry as well as increased analytical control related to the presence of PAT in dietary supplements and herbal blends formulated with fresh, dried, or frozen hawberry should be urgently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Przybylska
- Department of Pharmaco-Bromatology and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jagiellonska 13, PL-85067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bazylak
- Department of Pharmaco-Bromatology and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jagiellonska 13, PL-85067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Iwona Altyn
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Twaruzek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Grajewski
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Eshelli M, Qader MM, Jambi EJ, Hursthouse AS, Rateb ME. Current Status and Future Opportunities of Omics Tools in Mycotoxin Research. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E433. [PMID: 30373184 PMCID: PMC6267353 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. Dangerous mycotoxins cause a variety of health problems not only for humans, but also for animals. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food composition. The potential of combined omics approaches such as metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics would contribute to our understanding about pathogen fungal crosstalk as well as strengthen our ability to identify, isolate, and characterise mycotoxins pre and post-harvest. Multi-omics approaches along with advanced analytical tools and chemometrics provide a complete annotation of such metabolites produced before/during the contamination of crops. We have assessed the merits of these individual and combined omics approaches and their promising applications to mitigate the issue of mycotoxin contamination. The data included in this review focus on aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and patulin and would be useful as benchmark information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Eshelli
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13538, Libya.
| | - M Mallique Qader
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ebtihaj J Jambi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Girls Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andrew S Hursthouse
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
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Torović L, Dimitrov N, Lopes A, Martins C, Alvito P, Assunção R. Patulin in fruit juices: occurrence, bioaccessibility, and risk assessment for Serbian population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:985-995. [PMID: 29279001 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1419580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the first study of patulin occurrence in fruit juices and risk assessment related to patulin intake by children, adolescents and adults in Serbia. During 3 consecutive years (2013-2015), 142 fruit (apple or multi-fruit) juices were collected from the market and analysed using HPLC-UV. Patulin was found in 51.4% of juices with 0.7% of the samples in excess of the legal limit of 50 μg kg-1 (mean 4.3 μg kg-1). Apple juices showed significantly higher percentage of contaminated samples (74.0% vs 27.5%), as well as higher mean patulin content (6.4 vs 2.1 μg kg-1) when compared with the multi-fruit ones. Bioaccessibility of patulin in fruit juices was studied using the standardised in vitro digestion method. A mean of 21.6% of the initial patulin amount reached the end of the intestinal phase showing a significant reduction of this toxin during the human digestion process. Risk assessment of patulin intake by Serbian children, adolescents and adults, conducted by deterministic and probabilistic approaches and including the bioaccessibility results, revealed no health concern. Although patulin alone does not represent risk, further research should consider its co-occurrence with other toxic substances in food and potential adverse effects of their mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljilja Torović
- a University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Pharmacy , Novi Sad , Serbia.,b Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Nina Dimitrov
- a University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Pharmacy , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - André Lopes
- c Food and Nutrition Department , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa , Portugal.,d Faculty of Sciences , University of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- c Food and Nutrition Department , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa , Portugal.,e CESAM , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal.,f National School of Public Health , NOVA University of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- c Food and Nutrition Department , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa , Portugal.,e CESAM , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- c Food and Nutrition Department , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa , Portugal.,e CESAM , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
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A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor modified with carbon dots, chitosan, gold nanoparticles for the determination of patulin. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Surface molecularly imprinted polymer capped Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots as a phosphorescent nanosensor for detecting patulin in apple juice. Food Chem 2017; 232:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Occurrence of patulin in various fruit products and dietary exposure assessment for consumers in China. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Tannous J, Keller NP, Atoui A, El Khoury A, Lteif R, Oswald IP, Puel O. Secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum: Emphasis on recent advances in patulin research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2082-2098. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1305945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tannous
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Food Irradiation, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roger Lteif
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Li X, Li H, Li X, Zhang Q. Determination of trace patulin in apple-based food matrices. Food Chem 2017; 233:290-301. [PMID: 28530578 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a toxic metabolite of a number of fungi; its toxicity is serious and its contamination in food is a worldwide problem, especially in apple-based food. Effective control of patulin contamination strongly depends on reliable analytical methods. In this review, various analytical methods, especially those that have appeared in the last ten years, are summarized, including the highly reproducible chromatography and mass-spectrometry-based methods, highly selective sensor-based methods and indirect quantitative PCR methods. This review also summarizes the promising features of novel materials in sample preparation for patulin determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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21
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Marsol-Vall A, Balcells M, Eras J, Canela-Garayoa R. A rapid gas chromatographic injection-port derivatization method for the tandem mass spectrometric determination of patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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An optimized method for the accurate determination of patulin in apple products by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5433-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Qian M, Zhang H, Wu L, Jin N, Wang J, Jiang K. Simultaneous determination of zearalenone and its derivatives in edible vegetable oil by gel permeation chromatography and gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2015; 166:23-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Patulin assessment and fungi identification in organic and conventional fruits and derived products. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Abrunhosa L, Morales H, Soares C, Calado T, Vila-Chã AS, Pereira M, Venâncio A. A Review of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed Products in Portugal and Estimation of Probable Daily Intakes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:249-65. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.720619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Han Z, Feng Z, Shi W, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Wu A. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample pretreatment and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 33 mycotoxins inLentinula edodes. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1957-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - Zhihong Feng
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wen Shi
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Aibo Wu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
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27
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Oroian M, Amariei S, Gutt G. Patulin in apple juices from the Romanian market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 7:147-50. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.861518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Enzyme-assisted extraction and ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of patulin in apple juice and method optimization using central composite design. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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A novel method for determination of patulin in apple juices by GC–MS. Food Chem 2013; 141:1619-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Li P, Zhang Z, Hu X, Zhang Q. Advanced hyphenated chromatographic-mass spectrometry in mycotoxin determination: current status and prospects. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:420-452. [PMID: 23804155 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric techniques are essential for advanced research in food safety and environmental monitoring. These fields are important for securing the health of humans and animals, and for ensuring environmental security. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi, are major contaminants of agricultural products, food and feed, biological samples, and the environment as a whole. Mycotoxins can cause cancers, nephritic and hepatic diseases, various hemorrhagic syndromes, and immune and neurological disorders. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can provoke trade conflicts, resulting in massive economic losses. Risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals generally depends on clear identification and reliable quantitation in diversified matrices. Pioneering work on mycotoxin quantitation using mass spectrometry (MS) was performed in the early 1970s. Now, unambiguous confirmation and quantitation of mycotoxins can be readily achieved with a variety hyphenated techniques that combine chromatographic separation with MS, including liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC). With the advent of atmospheric pressure ionization, LC-MS has become a routine technique. Recently, the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in the same sample has drawn an increasing amount of attention. Thus, modern analyses must be able to detect and quantitate multiple mycotoxins in a single run. Improvements in tandem MS techniques have been made to achieve this purpose. This review describes the advanced research that has been done regarding mycotoxin determination using hyphenated chromatographic-MS techniques, but is not a full-circle survey of all the literature published on this topic. The present work provides an overview of the various hyphenated chromatographic-MS-based strategies that have been applied to mycotoxin analysis, with a focus on recent developments. The use of chromatographic-MS to measure levels of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins, is discussed in detail. Both free and masked mycotoxins are included in this review due to different methods of sample preparation. Techniques are described in terms of sample preparation, internal standards, LC/ultra performance LC (UPLC) optimization, and applications and survey. Several future hyphenated MS techniques are discussed as well, including multidimensional chromatography-MS, capillary electrophoresis-MS, and surface plasmon resonance array-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
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32
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Beltrán E, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Determination of patulin in apple and derived products by UHPLC-MS/MS. Study of matrix effects with atmospheric pressure ionisation sources. Food Chem 2013; 142:400-7. [PMID: 24001858 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable analytical methodology has been developed for the measurement of patulin in regulated foodstuffs by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with triple quadrupole analyser. Solid samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, while liquid samples were directly injected into the chromatographic system after dilution and filtration without any clean-up step. Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 4min. Electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) sources were evaluated, in order to assess matrix effects. The use of ESI source caused strong signal suppression in samples; however, matrix effect was negligible using APCI, allowing quantification with calibration standards prepared in solvent. The method was validated in four different apple matrices (juice, fruit, puree and compote) at two concentrations at the low μgkg(-1) level. Average recoveries (n=5) ranged from 71% to 108%, with RSDs lower than 14%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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33
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Damián Chanique G, Heraldo Arévalo A, Alicia Zon M, Fernández H. Eletrochemical reduction of patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in both neutral and acid non-aqueous media. Their electroanalytical determination in apple juices. Talanta 2013; 111:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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A Fast and Reliable UHPLC-PDA Method for Determination of Patulin in Apple Food Products Using QuEChERS Extraction. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Víctor-Ortega MD, Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, del Olmo-Iruela M. Evaluation of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of patulin in apple juices using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Silici S, Karaman K. Inhibitory Effect of Propolis on Patulin Production of Penicillium expansum
in Apple Juice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Silici
- Agricultural Biotechnology; Agricultural Faculty; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
| | - Kevser Karaman
- Agricultural Biotechnology; Agricultural Faculty; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
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37
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Amelin VG, Karaseva NM, Tret’yakov AV. Chromatographic methods for the determination of mycotoxins in food products. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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YANG XH, KONG WJ, YANG MH, ZHAO M, OUYANG Z. Application of Aptamer Identification Technology in Rapid Analysis of Mycotoxins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Malysheva SV, Diana Di Mavungu J, Boonen J, De Spiegeleer B, Goryacheva IY, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S. Improved positive electrospray ionization of patulin by adduct formation: Usefulness in liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry multi-mycotoxin analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Zhou Y, Kong W, Li Y, Logrieco AF, Xu J, Yang M. A new solid-phase extraction and HPLC method for determination of patulin in apple products and hawthorn juice in China. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:641-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing; P. R. China
| | | | | | - Jun Xu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang; P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing; P. R. China
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41
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Xiang L, Gao Y, Liu D, Yang M. Rapid determination of patulin in medicinal hawthorn fruits by HPLC-MS/MS. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of patulin (PAT) in dried medicinal hawthorn fruit, a well-known traditional medicine in China. Liquid-liquid extraction was applied in the sample preparation. Multiple reaction monitoring was performed at m/z 153/109 for PAT and m/z 317/273 for internal standard zearalenone in the negative ion mode with electrospray ionisation source. Good linearity was achieved when spiked PAT concentrations were in the range of 10-500 μg/kg, with coefficient being 0.9993. The limit of quantitation was 10 μg/kg. The extraction recoveries for the spiked PAT at concentrations of 20, 100 and 400 μg/kg were 64.5%, 64.6% and 63.9%, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 1.25%, 2.82% and 2.61%. The intra-day and inter-day precision were in the range of 2.2-9.6% and 5.9-6.4%. This rapid, sensitive and reliable method was applied in 25 batches of medicinal hawthorn fruit, in which PAT was detected in 8 batches, including those that were baked or charred.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China P.R
| | - Y. Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China P.R
| | - D. Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, No.44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China P.R
| | - M. Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China P.R
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2010-2011. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to analytical method development, this has been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Ctra. Pozuelo a Majadahonda km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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Desmarchelier A, Mujahid C, Racault L, Perring L, Lancova K. Analysis of patulin in pear- and apple-based foodstuffs by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7659-7665. [PMID: 21699174 DOI: 10.1021/jf201461r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of patulin in apple- and pear-based foodstuffs was developed. The sample preparation is based on the QuEChERS procedure involving an initial extraction step with water and acetonitrile, followed by a partitioning step after the addition of magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride. The cleanup was performed by using dispersive solid-phase extraction with a mixture of magnesium sulfate, primary secondary amine sorbent, and n-octadecylsiloxane sorbent added together to the extract. The cleaned extract was finally evaporated and reconstituted in water prior to injection. Quantitation was performed by isotope dilution using ((13)C(7))-patulin as internal standard. The method was first fully validated in three different baby food products including apple-pear juice, apple-pear puree, and infant cereals. Then the scope of application of the method was extended to pear concentrate, raw apples, apple flakes (naturally contaminated), dried apples, and yogurt. The sensitivity achieved by the method in all matrices gave limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of ≤0.5 and ≤10 μg/kg, respectively, which was compliant with maximum levels settled in Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006. Method performances for all matrices also fulfilled the criteria established in the CEN/TR 16059:2010 document. Indeed, recoveries were within the 94-104% range; relative standard deviations of repeatability (RSD(r)) and intermediate reproducibility (RSD(IR)) were ≤7.5 and ≤13.0%, respectively, and trueness in an infant apple drink (FAPAS 1642) was measured at 99%.
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44
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Genotypic identification of Penicillium expansum and the role of processing on patulin presence in juice. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:941-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic filamentous fungi. With regard to the widespread distribution of fungi in the environment, mycotoxins are considered to be one of the most important natural contaminants in foods and feeds. To protect consumers' health and reduce economic losses, surveillance and control of mycotoxins in food and feed has become a major objective for producers, regulatory authorities, and researchers worldwide. In this context, availability of reliable analytical methods applicable for this purpose is essential. Since the variety of chemical structures of mycotoxins makes impossible to use one single technique for their analysis, a vast number of analytical methods has been developed and validated. Both a large variability of food matrices and growing demands for a fast, cost-saving and accurate determination of multiple mycotoxins by a single method outline new challenges for analytical research. This strong effort is facilitated by technical developments in mass spectrometry allowing decreasing the influence of matrix effects in spite of omitting sample clean-up step. The current state-of-the-art together with future trends is presented in this chapter. Attention is focused mainly on instrumental method; advances in biosensors and other screening bioanalytical approaches enabling analysis of multiple mycotoxins are not discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Jin P, Han Z, Cai Z, Wu Y, Ren Y. Simultaneous determination of 10 mycotoxins in grain by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using13C15-deoxynivalenol as internal standard. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1701-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.517222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products: Analysis, occurrence and health implications. J Adv Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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48
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Determination of mycotoxins in foods: current state of analytical methods and limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1595-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim A. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:57-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Cunha S, Fernandes J, Oliveira M. Fast analysis of multiple pesticide residues in apple juice using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8835-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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