1
|
Goulart AC, Rodrigues AAZ, Heleno FF, Faria AMD, Goulart SM, Queiroz MELRD. Liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extractions with low-temperature partitioning - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342795. [PMID: 38969398 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The paper represents the first review of solvent extraction techniques utilizing the low-temperature partitioning/purification (LTP) approach. Initially conceived in the 1960s to purify extracts from fatty matrices, it wasn't until the 2000s that this approach received increasing attention for its efficacy in extracting organic compounds from diverse samples, often without additional cleanup steps. This review covers a brief history and proposes a mechanism for LTP-based solvent extraction. Furthermore, the principal practical issues of the technique are spotlighted, elucidating the factors influencing extraction efficiency. The advantages, limitations, and potential combinations with other extraction techniques of the LTP-based solvent extractions are analyzed. The versatility of the LTP approach is demonstrated by its applications in extracting various compounds from food, environmental, and biological samples, emphasizing its potential for rapid sample preparation with minimal steps, few chemicals, and minimal analyst intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernanda Fernandes Heleno
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Anizio Marcio de Faria
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Vinte, 1600, Bairro Tupã, 38304-402, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Della Posta S, Gallo V, Gentili A, Gherardi M, De Gara L, Fanali C. Low transition temperature mixture-based extraction of 14 pesticides from tomato samples and their high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464690. [PMID: 38309188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides to control pest infestations has led to the development of analytical methods to determine pesticide residues in food matrices to prevent food exposure. However, most developed analytical methods do not consider impact on the environment in terms of the toxicity of the chemicals used and the amount of waste produced. An environmentally-friendly method, based on a miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, for the analysis of fourteen pesticides in tomatoes, was exploited. For the recovery of pesticides from tomato samples, a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM), containing choline chloride and sesamol 1:3 molar ratio, was employed. Extraction parameters like sample-to-dispersant ratio, extraction solvent volume and LTTM volume were optimized through a Box-Behnken design. The 1:4 sample-to-dispersant ratio, 900 µL of ethanol as extraction solvent and 50 µL of LTTM ensured the best result considering the pesticides' peak areas. The optimized analytical method was validated obtaining the following results: linearity range was between LOQ and 5 mg kg-1 with a minimum R2 of 0.9944 for tebufenozide, values in the range of 0.001-0.023 and 0.004-0.076 mg kg-1 were obtained for LOD and LOQ respectively, while peak areas intra-day and inter-day repeatability were maximum of 10.19 and 9.15 %, respectively. The analytical method was then applied to real samples studying whole, pulp and peel tomato pool. The analysis of whole and tomato pulp revealed the presence of seven and eight of the fourteen investigated pesticides, respectively. However, their concentration was lower than the limit of quantification. In tomato peel, five pesticides, namely dimethomorph, methoxyfenozide, pyraclostrobin, pyriproxyfen, and spiromesifen were quantified and their concentrations were below maximum residue levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Della Posta
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Valeria Gallo
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Chemical Risk Laboratory, INAIL- DiMEILA, Monte Porzio Catone Research Center, Rome
| | - Laura De Gara
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu W, Liu F, Che A, Chen Y, Cai J, Liu W, Jing G, Li W, Yu J. Investigation of low-temperature partitioning with dispersive solid-phase extraction for quantification of pesticides in apples followed by electrospray-ionization mobility spectrometry: Comparison with conventional procedure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124014. [PMID: 38306956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has a promising application prospect in food surveillance. However, due to the complexity of food matrix and trace levels of pesticide residues, the effective and rapid detection of pesticides by IMS has been a challenge, especially when using electrospray ionization (ESI) as an ion source. In this study, low-temperature partitioning with dispersive solid-phase extraction (LTP-dSPE) was explored and compared with conventional procedures. Both methods were validated for the quantification of eight pesticides in apples, obtaining a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02-0.12 mg/kg for LTP-dSPE and 0.02-0.09 mg/kg for conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE), lower than those usually stipulated by government legislation in food matrices. For LTP-dSPE, the matrx effect (ME) ranged from -16.3 to -68.6 %, lower than that for the SPE method, ranging from -70.0 to -92.9 %. The results showed satisfactory efficiency and precision, with recovery values ranging from 67.9 to 115.4 % for LTP-dSPE and from 62.0 to 114.8 % for conventional SPE, with relative standard deviations below 13.0 %. Notably, the proposed LTP-dSPE/ESI-IMS has been shown to be more cost-effective, easier to use, more environment-friendly, more accessible, and, most importantly, less matrix effect than the conventional method, thereby being suitably applicable to a wide range of food safety applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Anyi Che
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yanjing Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jiayi Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Guoxing Jing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Wenshan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jianna Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu W, Chen Y, Liu F, Yin X, Cai J, Xia Y, Yu J, Jing G, Li W, Liu W. Effect of resolution enhancement using metal ion assisted strategy based on electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry: A case study of carbendazim and thiabendazole in fruits. Talanta 2024; 267:125151. [PMID: 37672988 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of carbendazim and thiabendazole residues by electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS) combined with a metal ion-assisted technique was developed and validated in different fruit matrices. The metal ion assisted strategy was performed instead of tedious pre-separation procedures to overcome the limitation of low resolution of IMS. Four transition metal cations, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), were screened and their interactions with carbendazim and thiabendazole were investigated. The injection flow rate and metal ion concentration were optimized. The Cu(II) assisted approach helped to achieve well-separated peaks with a peak-to-peak resolution of 3.61. This method was then applied to detect carbendazim and thiabendazole simultaneously in apples, pears, bananas, and mangoes. The limit of detection (LOD) were 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.13 mg kg-1 for carbendazim and thiabendazole, respectively, while spiked recoveries were 61.5-122.0% and 83.5-119.8%, respectively, with RSDs less than 13.9%. These satisfactory evaluation parameters indicated that the approach was capable of performing quantitative analysis of multi-pesticide residues. In addition, the feasibility of using metal ion assisted-ESI-IMS for the simultaneous detection also was theoretically demonstrated through molecular electrostatic potential analysis and binding energy calculation based on density functional theory (DFT). Both experimental and theoretical results revealed the effectiveness of the metal ion assisted strategy in improving the resolution of ESI-IMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
| | - Yanjing Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Xurong Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Jiayi Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Yong Xia
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Jianna Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Guoxing Jing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Wenshan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva SASD, Lourencetti C. Assessing the feasibility of sugarcane bagasse as an alternative solid support for chlorpyrifos determination in tomato. Food Chem 2020; 343:128520. [PMID: 33191010 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of sugarcane bagasse to be employed as an alternative solid support for clean-up is presented during the development and validation of an analytical method to determine chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) (CP) in tomato by HPLC-DAD. The efficiency of the method consisting of ultrasonic assisted extraction with acetonitrile and dispersion with salts, followed by dispersive phase extraction with powdered sugarcane bagasse is presented for three spiking levels relating to the established CP maximum residue limit (MRL) for industrial tomato in Brazil, 0.5 mg kg-1 (½ MRL, MRL and 2 MRL). Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of trueness (recovery range: 76.5-120.1%), intermediate precision (1.0-5.2%) and repeatability (4.7-12.8%), expressed as relative standard deviation. The proposed method has a limit of quantification of 0.25 mg kg-1 and could be deployed as cost effective routine analysis to monitor CP in tomato samples in processed food industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéfane Anecris Soares da Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Stéfano D'avassi, 625, 15991-502 Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lourencetti
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Stéfano D'avassi, 625, 15991-502 Matão, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petrarca MH, Braga PADC, Reyes FGR, Bragotto APA. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a potential combination for the determination of sulfonamide residues in complex infant formula matrices. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1633:461606. [PMID: 33128969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An accurate, sensitive and selective analytical method is proposed for sulfonamide residues analysis in infant formulas based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in full scan mode. The sample preparation approach involves low-temperature lipid precipitation followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction with PSA and C18 sorbents, which was successfully optimized using Plackett-Burman design. In order to achieve high analytical sensitivity, the influence of HILIC conditions on sulfonamide ionization was investigated, such as the mobile phase composition, buffer concentration, and sample diluent for injection. The method performance characteristics, including linearity (range 5-120 µg kg-1), reliable limits of quantification (between 5 and 20 µg kg-1), recovery (72.9-109.2%) and precision (coefficient of variation values ≤ 19.8%) under repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, were in accordance with the Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC/GL 71-2009 for quantitative analytical methods for veterinary drug residues in foods. Moreover, adequate identification of the compounds was provided with accurate mass measurement of both precursor and fragment ions in one single run. Finally, the developed method was applied to thirty-five powdered milk-based infant formula samples available in the Brazilian market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Henrique Petrarca
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Aparecida de Campos Braga
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pavesi Arisseto Bragotto
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Azam SMR, Ma H, Xu B, Devi S, Siddique MAB, Stanley SL, Bhandari B, Zhu J. Efficacy of ultrasound treatment in the removal of pesticide residues from fresh vegetables: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
8
|
Bezerra MA, Lemos VA, Novaes CG, de Jesus RM, Filho HRS, Araújo SA, Alves JPS. Application of mixture design in analytical chemistry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Rapid quantitative determination of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in tomatoes by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
10
|
Ranjitha Gracy TK, Gupta V, Mahendran R. Influence of low‐pressure nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma on chlorpyrifos reduction in tomatoes. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidhi Gupta
- Department of Food Packaging and System DevelopmentIndian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT) Tamilnadu India
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahendran
- Department of Food Packaging and System DevelopmentIndian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT) Tamilnadu India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Use of ozone and detergent for removal of pesticides and improving storage quality of tomato. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108626. [PMID: 31554076 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficiencies of two conventional domestic procedures (immersion in pure water and detergent solution at 0.25 and 1%) and two treatments using ozone (immersion in water with bubbling O3 and immersion in ozonated water, both at 1 and 3 mg L-1) were evaluated for the removal of residues of the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil and difenoconazole in tomatoes. The fungicides were sprayed on the fruits at the recommended concentration for the crop. The residues in the tomatoes and in the washing solutions were determined by extraction with low-temperature partition techniques and analysis by gas chromatography. More concentrated solutions were more effective in removing pesticide residues. The water bubbled with ozone at 3 mg L-1 was the most efficient treatment for the removal of fungicides, reaching a reduction of 70-90% of the residues. However, the treatments with the lowest concentration of ozone had lower loss of fruit mass during storage.
Collapse
|
12
|
Heleno FF, Rodrigues AA, Queiroz ME, Neves AA, Oliveira AF, Libardi VM. Determination of fungicides in bell pepper using solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Zhang R, Wu W, Zhang Z, Lv S, Xing B, McClements DJ. Impact of Food Emulsions on the Bioaccessibility of Hydrophobic Pesticide Residues in Co-Ingested Natural Products: Influence of Emulsifier and Dietary Fiber Type. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6032-6040. [PMID: 31083996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the typical Western diet, fruits and vegetables are often consumed with food products that exist as oil-in-water emulsions, such as creams, dressings, and sauces. Studies have shown that coingestion of fruits and vegetables with emulsions can increase the bioavailability of beneficial lipophilic bioactive agents, such as nutraceuticals or vitamins. Agricultural produce, however, may also be contaminated with low levels of detrimental lipophilic agents, such as hydrophobic pesticides. We therefore examined the impact of coingesting a common agricultural product (tomatoes) with model food emulsions on the bioaccessibility of a hydrophobic pesticide (chlorpyrifos). The impact of emulsifier types (phospholipids, whey protein, Tween 80) and dietary fiber types (xanthan, chitosan, β-glucan) on the bioaccessibility of the pesticide was measured using a simulated gastrointestinal model. Chlorpyrifos bioaccessibility depended on the type of emulsifier used to formulate the emulsions: phospholipids > Tween 80 > whey protein. Dietary fiber type also influenced pesticide bioaccessibility by an amount that depended on the nature of the emulsifier used. Overall, our results suggest that the bioaccessibility of undesirable pesticides on fruits and vegetables will depend on the nature of the emulsions they are consumed with.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruojie Zhang
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Zipei Zhang
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Shanshan Lv
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin , 150040 , People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - David Julian McClements
- Laboratory for Environmental Health NanoScience, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University 665 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Development of a Methodology for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Cajá-Manga Pulp (Spondias dulcisL.) Using Solid-Liquid Extraction with Low-Temperature Partitioning. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6012503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergent fruits with functional properties and sui generis flavours are increasingly gaining international market, mainly due to the pleasant taste and its nutritional properties. However, methodologies for determination of pesticide residues in these fruits are still incipient or nonexistent. In this work, a simple, rapid, and accessible methodology to small laboratories was developed, optimized, and validated for the determination of four pesticide residues in the cajá-manga pulp: chlorpyrifos, thiabendazole, carboxin, and difenoconazole. The extraction of pesticides from the cajá-manga pulp was performed by the liquid-solid extraction with low-temperature partitioning, achieving efficiency in the range of 75.3–129.3% with limits of quantification between 170 and 430 ng·g−1for all compounds. The methodology was validated according to the SANTE/11813/2017 document, demonstrating good detectability, selectivity, precision, and accuracy with limits of quantification within the range of the maximum residual limits preconized for the compounds. The quantification was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection which, although it does not present the best detectability for the compounds, is a lower cost instrumentation and is available in several analysis laboratories in Brazil, making the method more accessible to evaluate the pesticide residues in fruit pulp. Thus, in this work, a methodology for the determination of pesticides in the cajá-manga pulp is available for the monitoring of pesticide residues in fruit pulp, in an efficient and accessible way.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rahimi Moghadam M, Zargar B, Rastegarzadeh S. Novel magnetic hollow zein nanoparticles for preconcentration of chlorpyrifos from water and soil samples prior to analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analyst 2018; 143:2174-2182. [PMID: 29667655 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01526g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, magnetically hollow zein nanoparticles were synthesized and used as a magnetic sorbent for the preconcentration of chlorpyrifos and its analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Morphology of the sorbent was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this study, the effects of important parameters such as pH of the solution, adsorption and desorption time, type and volume of desorption solvent, and salt addition were investigated. Under optimized experimental conditions, the linear range was from 50 to 2000 μg mL-1, and an LOD of 25 μg L-1 was calculated. The relative standard deviations (RSD) varied from 3.8 to 5.1% (n = 5). The enrichment factors for 50 and 100 μg L-1 samples were calculated as 187 and 210, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied in soil and water samples and showed good extraction recoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Rahimi Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Paula C, Jurisch M, Piccin E, Augusti R. Recognizing drug-facilitated crimes: Detection and quantification of benzodiazepines in beverages using fast liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning and paper spray mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1348-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Paula
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rodrigues AAZ, De Queiroz MELR, De Oliveira AF, Neves AA, Heleno FF, Zambolim L, Freitas JF, Morais EHC. Pesticide residue removal in classic domestic processing of tomato and its effects on product quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:850-857. [PMID: 28956709 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1359049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of several household practices (washing with water or acidic, alkaline, and oxidizing solutions, and peeling) in minimizing pesticide residue contamination of tomatoes, as well as the impact on the quality of the treated fruit. Tests were performed using two systemic fungicides (azoxystrobin and difenoconazole) and one contact fungicide (chlorothalonil). Solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partition (SLE/LTP) and liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partition (LLE/LTP) were used to prepare the samples for pesticides determination by gas chromatography. Washing the tomatoes with water removed approximately 44% of chlorothalonil, 26% of difenoconazole, and 17% of azoxystrobin. Sodium bicarbonate (5%) and acetic acid (5%) solutions were more efficient, removing between 32 and 83% of the residues, while peeling removed from 68 to 88% of the pesticides. The washing solutions altered some fruit quality parameters, including acidity and chroma, and also caused weight loss. Acetic acid (0.15 and 5%) and hypochlorite (1%) solutions had the greatest effect on these parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda F Heleno
- b Department of Agricultural Engineering , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa ( MG ), Brazil
| | - Laércio Zambolim
- c Department of Phytopathology , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa ( MG ), Brazil
| | - Jéssika F Freitas
- a Department of Chemistry , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa ( MG ), Brazil
| | - Elisa H Costa Morais
- a Department of Chemistry , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa ( MG ), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang R, Wu W, Zhang Z, Park Y, He L, Xing B, McClements DJ. Effect of the Composition and Structure of Excipient Emulsion on the Bioaccessibility of Pesticide Residue in Agricultural Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9128-9138. [PMID: 28914056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of co-ingestion of food emulsions with tomatoes on the bioaccessibility of a model pesticide (chlorpyrifos) was studied. Emulsions were fabricated with different oil contents (0-8%), lipid compositions (medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and corn oil), and particle diameters (d32 = 0.17 and 10 μm). The emulsions were then mixed with chlorpyrifos-contaminated tomato puree, and the mixtures were subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consisting of mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The particle size, surface charge, and microstructure of the emulsions was measured as they passed through the GIT, and chlorpyrifos bioaccessibility was determined after digestion. The composition and structure of the emulsions had a significant impact on chlorpyrifos bioaccessibility. Bioaccessibility increased with increasing oil content and was higher for corn oil than MCT, but did not strongly depend on oil droplet size. These results suggest that co-ingestion of emulsions with fruits or vegetables could increase pesticide bioaccessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruojie Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zipei Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Laboratory for Environmental Health NanoScience, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dispersive-Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup Integrated to Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet for Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Vegetables. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Martins ML, Kemmerich M, Prestes OD, Maldaner L, Jardim IC, Zanella R. Evaluation of an alternative fluorinated sorbent for dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for pesticide residues analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1514:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Andrade VF, Durães AFS, Cassimiro DL, de Pinho GP, Silvério FO. Fast extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran in sewage sludge and soil samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:267-273. [PMID: 28095187 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1273003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current environmental legislations recommend monitoring chemical contaminants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans before the use of sewage sludge on the agricultural land. In this study, a solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (SLE-LTP) was optimized and validated to determine 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in sewage sludge and soil samples. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in the selective ion mode (GC-MS-SIM). Acetonitrile:ethyl acetate 6.5:1.5 (v/v) was the best extraction phase, and the recoveries percentages were close to 100%. The linearity was demonstrated in the range of 1.25-25 µg L-1 of 1.25-20 µg L-1 for sewage sludge and soil, respectively. Matrix effect was proved for the two compounds and in the two matrices studied. Extraction percentages were between 78 and 109% and relative standard deviations ≤ 19%. The proposed method is faster than methods described in the literature because showed a few steps. The quantification limits (LOQ) in sewage sludge were 6.4 and 32 ng TEQ kg-1 for 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, respectively. In soil, LOQs were 0.8 and 8.0 ng TEQ kg-1 for 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, respectively. These values are lower than the maximum residue limits established by European Legislation. The method was applied to 22 agricultural soil samples from different Brazilian cities and 2,3,7,8-TCDF was detected in one of these samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria F Andrade
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Alisson F S Durães
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Douglas L Cassimiro
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Gevany P de Pinho
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Flaviano O Silvério
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rudakov OB, Khorokhordina EA, Preobrazhenskii MA, Rudakova LV. Low-temperature liquid–liquid extraction of phenols from aqueous solutions with hydrophilic mixtures of extractants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024416080264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
Xie J, Peng T, Zhu A, He J, Chang Q, Hu X, Chen H, Fan C, Jiang W, Chen M, Li J, Ding S, Jiang H. Multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs, pesticides and mycotoxins in dairy products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using low-temperature cleanup and solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Costa AIG, Queiroz MELR, Neves AA, de Sousa FA, Zambolim L. Determination of pesticides in lettuce using solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning. Food Chem 2015; 181:64-71. [PMID: 25794722 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the optimization and validation of a method employing solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP) together with analysis by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) for the determination of nine pesticides (chlorothalonil, methyl parathion, procymidone, endosulfan, iprodione, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin) in lettuce. The method was found to be selective, accurate, and precise, with means recovery values in the range of 72.3-103.2%, coefficients of variation ⩽ 12%, and detection limits in the range 0.4-37 μg kg(-1). The matrix components significantly influence the chromatographic response of the analytes (above 10%). The optimized and validated method was applied to determine the residual concentrations of the fungicides iprodione and procymidone that had been applied to field crops of lettuce. The maximum residual concentrations of the pesticides in the lettuce samples were 13.6 ± 0.4 mg kg(-1) (iprodione) and 1.00 ± 0.01 mg kg(-1) (procymidone), on the day after application of the products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna I G Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria E L R Queiroz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antônio A Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviane A de Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Laércio Zambolim
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
de Aguiar França J, Brandão M, Sodré FF, Caldas ED. Simultaneous determination of prescription drugs, cocaine, aldicarb and metabolites in larvae from decomposed corpses by LC–MS–MS after solid–liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
26
|
Morais EHDC, Rodrigues AAZ, Queiroz MELRD, Neves AA, Morais PHD. Determination of thiamethoxam, triadimenol and deltamethrin in pineapple using SLE-LTP extraction and gas chromatography. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Gao L, Li X, Zhang Q, Dai J, Wei X, Song Z, Yan Y, Li C. Molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres for optical measurement of ultra trace nonfluorescent cyhalothrin in honey. Food Chem 2014; 156:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Sousa DA, Gonçalves RM, Heleno FF, de Queiroz MEL, de Marchi MRR. Chemometric optimization of solid–liquid extraction with low-temperature partition (SLE-LTP) for determination of persistent organic pollutants in Caiman yacare eggs. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
Huang JX, Lu DH, Wan K, Wang FH. Low temperature purification method for the determination of abamectin and ivermectin in edible oils by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Heleno FF, de Queiroz MELR, Neves AA, Freitas RS, Faroni LRA, De Oliveira AF. Effects of ozone fumigation treatment on the removal of residual difenoconazole from strawberries and on their quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:94-101. [PMID: 24328541 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.846736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ozone fumigation on the reduction of difenoconazole residue on strawberries was studied. Strawberries were immersed in 1.0 L of aqueous solution containing 400 μL of the commercial product (250 g L(-1) of difenoconazole) for 1 min. Then, they were dried and exposed to ozone gas (O3) at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L(-1) for 1 h. The ozone fumigation treatments reduced the difenoconazole residue on strawberries to concentrations below 0.5 mg kg(-1), which corresponds to a 95% reduction. The strawberries treated with ozone and the control group, which was not treated with ozone, were stored at 4°C for 10 days. Some characteristics of the fruit were monitored throughout this period. Among these, pH, weight loss and total color difference did not change significantly (P > 0.05). The fumigation with ozone significantly affected the soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) of the strawberries preventing a sharp reduction of these parameters during storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F Heleno
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tiwari MK, Guha S. Simultaneous analysis of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and their metabolites in natural soil and water samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8451-8463. [PMID: 23595690 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and their nonpolar metabolites in extracts from environmental aqueous and soil samples was performed using a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) technique. Full-scan GC-MS analysis showed poor sensitivity for some of the metabolites (endodiol and endosulfan ether). A multisegment MS/MS method was developed and MS/MS parameter isolation time, excitation time, excitation voltage, and maximum excitation energy were optimized for chosen precursor ions to enhance selectivity and sensitivity of the analysis. The use of MS/MS with optimized parameters quantified analytes with significantly higher accuracy, and detection limits were lowered to ~1/6th compared with the full-scan method. Co-eluting compounds, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon, were also analyzed successfully in the MS/MS mode by choosing exclusive precursor ions. Analysis of soil and water phase samples from contaminated soil slurry bioreactors showed that the MS/MS method could provide more reliable estimates of these pesticide and metabolites (especially those present in low concentrations) by annulling interferences from soil organic matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Tiwari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Determination of cocaine in postmortem human liver exposed to overdose. Application of an innovative and efficient extraction/clean up procedure and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1309:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
33
|
Rübensam G, Barreto F, Hoff RB, Pizzolato TM. Determination of avermectin and milbemycin residues in bovine muscle by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection using solvent extraction and low temperature cleanup. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
34
|
Sungur S, Tunur C. Investigation of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits grown in various regions of Hatay, Turkey. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2012; 5:265-7. [PMID: 24786407 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2012.704597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 175 pesticide residues in various vegetable and fruit samples grown in different regions of Hatay, Turkey, were investigated. Residue analyses were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with the QuEChERS method. In tomato, plum and apricot samples, pesticide residues were below the limits of detection. In other samples, at least one pesticide residue was detected. Twelve pesticides (acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, fenarimol, fludioxonil, hexythiazox, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, pyridaben, pyriproxyfen, thiabendozole, triadimenol) were found at levels between 0.003 and 0.759 mg kg(-1). Only in cucumber samples, acetamiprid residues were found at levels greater than the maximum acceptable limit in Turkish Food Codex and European Union maximum residue limits (EU MRLs). In other samples, the detected residue amounts are less than the MRLs declared in the Turkish Food Codex and EU MRLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sungur
- a Science and Letters Faculty, Department of Chemistry , Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay , Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
AbstractThe pesticide residues in foods have received increasing attention as one of the most important food safety issues. Therefore, more strict regulations on the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods have been established in many countries and health organizations, based on the sensitive and reliable analysis methods of pesticide residues. However, the analysis of pesticide residues is a continuing challenge mainly because of the small quantities of analytes as well as the large amounts of interfering substances which can be co-extracted with them, often leading to experimental errors and damage to the analytical instruments. Thus, extensive sample preparation is often required for the pesticide residue analysis for the effective extraction of the analytes and removal of the interferences. This paper focuses on reviewing the recent development in the sample preparation methods for the pesticide residue analysis in foods since 2006. The methods include: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-phase extraction (SPE), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), QuEChERS, cloud point extraction (CPE) and liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME), etc. Particularly their advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives will be discussed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Osman KA, Al-Humaid AM, Al-Rehiayani SM, Al-Redhaiman KN. Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables marketed in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1433-9. [PMID: 20627311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A total of 23 pesticides from different chemical groups in 160 different domestic vegetables collected from four major big supermarkets located in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Residues were found in 89 of the 160 samples and 53 samples were above the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The most frequently found pesticides were carbaryl followed by biphenyl and then carbofuran. Cabbage was the most positive and violated MLRs (16 and 11 samples), followed by carrot and green pepper (12 and 7 samples), cucumber (12 and 6 samples), egg-plant (12 and 5 samples), squash (11 and 7 samples), lettuce (11 and 6 samples) and tomato (11 and 4 samples). The highest concentrations were found in lettuce (ethiofencarb, 7.648), followed by tomato (tolclofos-methyl, 7.312 mg/kg), cabbage (chlropyrifos, 6.207 mg/kg), carrot (heptanophos, 3.267 mg/kg), green pepper (carbaryl, 2.228 mg/kg) and egg-plant (carbaryl, 1.917 mg/kg). These findings pointed to the following recommendation: the need for a monitoring program for pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated under greenhouse conditions at the national level to protect consumers' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry & Toxicology, College of Agriculture, El-Chatby, P.O. Box 21545, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|