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Wu Y, Li J, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Wang M, Hua X. A Rapid and Sensitive Gold Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Chlorantraniliprole in Agricultural and Environmental Samples. Foods 2024; 13:205. [PMID: 38254506 PMCID: PMC10814772 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a new type of diamide insecticide that is mainly used to control lepidopteran pests. However, it has been proven to be hazardous to nontarget organisms, and the effects of its residues need to be monitored. In this study, five hybridoma cell lines were developed that produced anti-CAP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), of which the mAb originating from the cell line 5C5B9 showed the highest sensitivity and was used to develop a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (AuNP-LFIA) for CAP. The visible limit of detection of the AuNP-LFIA was 1.25 ng/mL, and the detection results were obtained in less than 10 min. The AuNP-LFIA showed no cross-reactivity for CAP analogs, except for tetraniliprole (50%) and cyclaniliprole (5%). In the detection of spiked and blind samples, the accuracy and reliability of the AuNP-LFIA were confirmed by a comparison with spiked concentrations and verified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, this study provides the core reagents for establishing CAP immunoassays and a AuNP-LFIA for the detection of residual CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Minghua Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiude Hua
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
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Liu X, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Lin Q, Xia P, Kong F, Qiu J, Fang S, Hua X. Rapid and sensitive detection of quizalofop-p-ethyl by gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay in agriproducts and environmental samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159427. [PMID: 36244486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quizalofop-p-ethyl is a widely used herbicide that poses a threat to human health and environmental safety. In this study, anti-quizalofop-p-ethyl monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were prepared and used to develop a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (AuNP-LFIA) for the detection of quizalofop-p-ethyl in agriproducts and environmental samples. Four hybridoma cell lines were obtained, among which 5B6D10E11 secreted mAb with the highest sensitivity, with a 50 % inhibition concentration of 4.57 ng/mL in the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After optimization, the AuNP-LFIA strip based on the mAb (5B6D10E11) showed a visual detection limit of 10 ng/mL, and the results could be directly determined by the naked eye within 8 min. The cross-reactivity of the AuNP-LFIA for analogs of quizalofop-p-ethyl was negligible except for quizalofop-p-acid. The established AuNP-LFIA was proven to be accurate and precise based on the recovery test. Furthermore, the detection results of AuNP-LFIA were consistent with those of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongrong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Nanping Tobacco Company of Fujian Province, Nanping 353000, China
| | - Pengliang Xia
- Hubei Province Tobacco Companies Enshi State Company, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Fanyu Kong
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Song Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xiude Hua
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Manoj D, Shanmugasundaram S, Anandharamakrishnan C. Nanosensing and nanobiosensing: Concepts, methods, and applications for quality evaluation of liquid foods. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Xu Y, Li J, Jiang L, Li Z, Li Y, Ding L. Simultaneous determination of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones from environmental water based on magnetic double-template molecularly imprinting technique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16121-16134. [PMID: 29594906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a fast and selective method based on magnetic extraction is presented for the simultaneous extraction of sulfonamides (SAs) and fluoroquinolones (FQs), followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. In this method, magnetic surface double-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MSdt-MIPs) with superparamagnetic property and high selectivity toward both SAs and FQs were synthesized and directly applied to the simultaneous extraction of SAs and FQs from environmental water as magnetic adsorbents. The extraction and enrichment procedures could be accomplished in one single step by stirring the mixture of MSdt-MIPs and water sample, and the MSdt-MIPs with adsorbed analytes were easily separated from the water sample by a magnet afterwards. The adsorption mechanism of MSdt-MIPs was investigated by employing the adsorption thermodynamic and kinetic studies, and the selectivity of the MSdt-MIPs toward target analytes was evaluated through the selectivity test. For validation of the proposed method, the matrix effect was evaluated and compared to that of the traditional SPE method. Excellent linearity (R > 0.9990) for both SAs and FQs were obtained in the concentration range of 20-2000 ng L-1, and the limits of detection are in the range of 3.0-4.7 ng L-1 for SAs while 4.1-6.1 ng L-1 for FQs. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of SAs and FQs in several environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Jiangnan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lan Ding
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Xu Y, Zhao Q, Jiang L, Li Z, Chen Y, Ding L. Selective determination of sulfonamides from environmental water based on magnetic surface molecularly imprinting technology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9174-9186. [PMID: 28214939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the study, a simple and selective method based on magnetic separation technology is presented for the extraction of sulfonamides (SAs) from environmental water, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In this method, magnetic surface molecularly imprinted polymers (Fe3O4@SiO2@MIPs) with super-paramagnetic property and high selectivity toward SAs were developed as magnetic adsorbents. The Fe3O4@SiO2@MIPs were then applied to the selective extraction of SAs from environmental water. The extraction and enrichment were accomplished simultaneously in a single step by simply stirring the mixture of adsorbents and water samples. The Fe3O4@SiO2@MIPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics were employed to study the adsorption mechanism of the Fe3O4@SiO2@MIPs. And the matrix effect of the method was evaluated. Calibration curves obtained by analyzing matrix-matched standards show excellent linear relationship (R = 0.9994-0.9999) in the concentration range of 10-1000 ng L-1, and the limits of detection are in the range of 1.4-2.8 ng L-1. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day obtained are in the range of 2.8 to 7.8 and 3.1 to 7.9%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine SAs in six environmental water samples, and SAs were detectable in four of them with the concentration from 10.5 to 120.2 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Lan Ding
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China.
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6
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Simultaneous Determination of Nine Sulphonamides by LC-MS for Routine Control of Raw Honey Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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8
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Liang J, Liu H, Lan C, Fu Q, Huang C, Luo Z, Jiang T, Tang Y. Silver nanoparticle enhanced Raman scattering-based lateral flow immunoassays for ultra-sensitive detection of the heavy metal chromium. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:495501. [PMID: 25410010 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/49/495501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and ultra-sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) strip sensor based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs). LFIAs are inexpensive, simple, portable and robust, thus making them commonplace in medicine, agriculture and food safety. However, their applications are limited due to the low signal intensity of the color-formation reaction based on the label accumulation. SERS is a powerful molecular spectroscopy technique for ultra-detection, which is based on the enhancement of the inelastic scattering from molecules located near nanostructured metallic surfaces when the molecules are illuminated and the surface plasmons are excited. Because of the rapidity and robustness of LFIAs and the high sensitivity of SERS, we introduce SERS into LFIAs (SERS-LFIA). Our SERS-LFIA demonstrates fast, excellent performance and is suitable for the semiquantitative examination of ultratrace analytes (Cr(3+)), with the limit of the detection (LOD) as low as 10(-5) ng mL(-1), which is 10(5)-fold more highly sensitive than those previously used to detect Cr(3+) within 15 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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Dmitrienko SG, Kochuk EV, Apyari VV, Tolmacheva VV, Zolotov YA. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques and methods of sulfonamides detection - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:6-25. [PMID: 25441155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides (SAs) have been the most widely used antimicrobial drugs for more than 70 years, and their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples pose serious health hazards. For this reason, sensitive and specific methods for the quantification of these compounds in numerous matrices have been developed. This review intends to provide an updated overview of the recent trends over the past five years in sample preparation techniques and methods for detecting SAs. Examples of the sample preparation techniques, including liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, are given. Different methods of detecting the SAs present in food and feed and in environmental, pharmaceutical and biological samples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava G Dmitrienko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena V Kochuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Apyari
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika V Tolmacheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A Zolotov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Zhao YG, Zhou LX, Pan SD, Zhan PP, Chen XH, Jin MC. Fast determination of 22 sulfonamides from chicken breast muscle using core–shell nanoring amino-functionalized superparamagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gondim CDS, Coelho OAM, Alvarenga RL, Junqueira RG, de Souza SVC. An appropriate and systematized procedure for validating qualitative methods: its application in the detection of sulfonamide residues in raw milk. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 830:11-22. [PMID: 24856507 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lack of well-established references for the validation of qualitative analyses and the increasing demand for reliable binary responses were the main motivating factors for this study. A detailed procedure for single-laboratory validation of qualitative methods is proposed. The experimental design and the tools for data analysis were based on the theoretical background, as well as the aspects of efficiency, convenience and simplicity. Four experimental steps were defined, as follows: (i) preliminary tests for the determination of the concentration range, (ii) a study of the rates, unreliability region, detection limit, and the accordance and concordance values, (iii) a study of the selectivity in the presence of known interferences, and (iv) a study of robustness. The applicability of the procedure was demonstrated by the validation of a qualitative commercial kit for detecting sulfonamide residues in raw milk using both the visual and instrumental reading techniques. Reliability rates of 100% were obtained for the blank samples. For the samples spiked with sulfamethazine at 10.8 and 108 μg L(-1) and with sulfadimethoxine or sulfathiazole at 10 and 100 μg L(-1), the reliability rates ranged from 93.3 to 100%. Selectivity was demonstrated using trimethoprim as a potential interferent. The method was considered robust for the factors of the temperature (54 and 58°C) and time (6 and 10 min) for incubating the test strips. The estimated detection limits and unreliability regions confirmed the suitability of the kit for this purpose, based on the legislated residue limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina de Souza Gondim
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Otávio Augusto Mazzoni Coelho
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Ronália Leite Alvarenga
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gonçalves Junqueira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Scheilla Vitorino Carvalho de Souza
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
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Xu Y, Ding J, Chen H, Zhao Q, Hou J, Yan J, Wang H, Ding L, Ren N. Fast determination of sulfonamides from egg samples using magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes as adsorbents followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 140:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Navarro P, Morais S, Gabaldón JA, Pérez AJ, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Arrays on disc for screening and quantification of pollutants. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 784:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu N, Nie D, Han Z, Yang X, Zhao Z, Shen J, Liu G, Wu A, Zheng X. Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay Platform for Sensitive Quantitation of Four Sulfonamide Residues in Milk and Swine Urine. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.718827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Valera E, Muriano A, Pividori I, Sánchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. Development of a Coulombimetric immunosensor based on specific antibodies labeled with CdS nanoparticles for sulfonamide antibiotic residues analysis and its application to honey samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 43:211-7. [PMID: 23313703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new electrochemical immunosensor has been developed to detect sulfonamide antibiotic residues in food samples. The immunosensor presented uses immunoreagents specifically developed for the broad recognition of the sulfonamide antibiotic family, a graphite composite electrode (GEC), biofunctionalized magnetic μ-particles and electrochemical nanoprobes prepared by labeling the specific antibodies with CdS nanoparticles (CdSNP). After the immunochemical reaction, the CdSNP are dissolved and the metal ions released are reduced at the electrode and read as in the form of current or charge signal, by the well-known anodic stripping technique. Due to the amplification effect on the amperometric/coulombimetric signal produced by the CdSNP, a high detectability can be reached. Thus, sulfapyridine (SPY), one of the most widely used sulfonamide congeners, can be detected in buffer with an IC50current of 0.20±0.25μgL(-1). The immunosensor has been applied to the analysis of residues of this antibiotic in honey samples. Due to the reported formation of sulfonamide-sugar conjugates in this type of matrix, honey samples are first hydrolyzed in acidic media. The use of magnetic particles minimizes the matrix effect allowing to reach a detectability (LOD, limit of detection) of 0.11μgkg(-1) (current measurements), far below the limits established in some countries for these types of residues in honey samples. Due to the use of magnetic racks, multiple samples can be run simultaneously. The whole analysis process can be performed in around 22min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Valera
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
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