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Maliar T, Maliarová M, Blažková M, Kunštek M, Uváčková Ľ, Viskupičová J, Purdešová A, Beňovič P. Simultaneously Determined Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Activity of Randomly Selected Plant Secondary Metabolites and Plant Extracts. Molecules 2023; 28:6890. [PMID: 37836733 PMCID: PMC10574746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon arising from physiological and nonphysiological factors, defined by the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants. While the presence and uptake of antioxidants are crucial, the pro-oxidant effects have not received sufficient research attention. Several methods for assessing pro-oxidant activity, utilizing various mechanisms, have been published. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for the simultaneous determination of antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity on a single microplate in situ, assuming that the FRAP method can measure both antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity due to the generation of pro-oxidant Fe2+ ions in the Fenton reaction. Systematic research using this rapid screening method may help to distinguish between compounds with dominant antioxidant efficacy and those with dominant pro-oxidant effects. Our preliminary study has revealed a dominant pro-oxidant effect for compounds with a higher number of oxygen heteroatoms, especially sp2 hybridized compounds (such as those containing keto groups), such as flavonoids and plant extracts rich in these structural types. Conversely, catechins, carotenoids, and surprisingly, extracts from birch leaves and chestnut leaves have demonstrated dominant antioxidant activity over pro-oxidant. These initial findings have sparked significant interest in the systematic evaluation of a more extensive collection of compounds and plant extracts using the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Maliar
- Department of Chemistry and Environmnetal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Mária Maliarová
- Department of Chemistry and Environmnetal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Marcela Blažková
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (M.B.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Marek Kunštek
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (M.B.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Ľubica Uváčková
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Viskupičová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Andrea Purdešová
- Department of Chemistry and Environmnetal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrik Beňovič
- Department of Chemistry and Environmnetal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
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Bektašević M, Politeo O, Roje M, Jurin M. Polyphenol Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Potential of the Extracts of Clinopodium vulgare L. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202101002. [PMID: 35357745 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinopidium vulgare L. (wild basil, Lamiaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in the traditional medicine in many countries. Medicinal plants present potential sources of bioactive compounds. Many of them are rich in polyphenol compounds that show biological potential in terms of protecting biological molecules from oxidation and in inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes, which may be significant in the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress. In this work, we examined the chemical composition of Clinopodium vulgare L. hot water and methanol extract using spectroscopic and HPLC/DAD techniques. Using DPPH and FRAP methods the antioxidant activity was analyzed. The ability to protect proteins and lipids from oxidation was also determined as well as the ability of extracts to inhibit cholinesterase enzymes using Ellman's method. Analyzed extracts were rich in polyphenol compounds. Among 16 identified and quantified phenolic compounds dominant were: rosmarinic (26.63 and 34.21 mg/g) and ellagic acid (23.11 and 29.31 mg/g) of hot water and methanol extract, respectively. They show good antioxidant activity and good potential in protecting lipids from oxidation. The ability of extracts to inhibit enzyme acetylcholinesterase was weak, while inhibition of the butyrylcholinesterase was missing. Extracts show prooxidant activity in terms of protecting proteins from oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mejra Bektašević
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Bihać, Luke Marjanovića bb, 77000, Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Olivera Politeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Marin Roje
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladenka Jurin
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Toxic activity of Prunus spinosa L. flower extract in hepatocarcinoma cells. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 70:303-309. [PMID: 32623857 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn) is used in traditional medicine as a remedy for various diseases. To establish its anticancer properties, we exposed human liver cancer cells (Hep G2) to a range of blackthorn flower extract concentrations (10-200 µg/mL) and determined cytotoxic activity with the neutral red and kenacid blue methods after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. Statistically significant inhibitory effects on Hep G2 cellular proliferation were observed at concentrations above 50 µg/mL (p<0.001-0.05). Cell viability was lower when determined with neutral red than kenacid blue method. In addition, we evaluated antioxidant/prooxidant effects of the blackthorn flower extract by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the results confirmed its prooxidant behaviour within the applied concentration range. Flow cytometry determined primarily necrotic and apoptotic cell death, which provides additional evidence of its cytotoxic effect on liver carcinoma.
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Kumar N, Biswas S, Mathew AE, Varghese S, Mathew JE, Nandakumar K, Aranjani JM, Lobo R. Pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic effects of enriched fraction of Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser against HepG2 Hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:420. [PMID: 27782823 PMCID: PMC5080845 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer accounts for more than one million deaths worldwide. Current treatment modality for HCC is marginally effective. Plants belonging to Mistletoe family (Loranthaceae) have been used in chemotherapy for many years. The present study was aimed at exploring the anti-proliferative, pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic potential of stem of Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser (EP), a parasitic shrub belonging to Loranthaceae. Methods Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser, a climbing parasitic shrub was investigated for its cytotoxic activity against HepG2, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Further, pro-oxidant activity of EP extract/fractions was studied using copper phenanthroline assay. To understand the mechanism of cell death, the pro-apoptotic effects of Hep-G2 cells treated with EP extract/fractions were visualized by dual staining using acridine orange and ethidium bromide, a morphological marker of apoptosis. Phytochemical profiling of EP was explored by estimating the phenol, flavonoid and tannin content in its various fractions and extract. The occurrence of gallic acid, a principal polyphenol in EP extract and fractions was detected and further quantified using HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprinting. Result Active fraction of Elytranthe parasitica, EP.DEE exhibited potent cytotoxic activity in a dose dependent manner against HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line with an IC50 of 56.7 ± 7.8 μg/mL. Dual staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide revealed that HepG2 cells treated with EP active fractions underwent cell death chiefly by apoptosis. Highest phenol, flavonoid and tannin content were observed in active fractions, EP.EA (Ethyl acetate fraction) and EP.DEE (Diethyl ether fraction). Gallic acid was identified and quantified in EP extract and active fractions, EP.DEE and EP.EA. Conclusion Our findings indicate EP active fraction could be a promising contender in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Cellular Stress and p53-Associated Apoptosis by Juniperus communis L. Berry Extract Treatment in the Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071113. [PMID: 27420050 PMCID: PMC4964488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant phenolics have shown to activate apoptotic cell death in different tumourigenic cell lines. In this study, we evaluated the effects of juniper berry extract (Juniperus communis L.) on p53 protein, gene expression and DNA fragmentation in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, we analyzed the phenolic composition of the extract. We found that juniper berry extract activated cellular relocalization of p53 and DNA fragmentation-dependent cell death. Differentially expressed genes between treated and non-treated cells were evaluated with the cDNA-RDA (representational difference analysis) method at the early time point of apoptotic process when p53 started to be activated and no caspase activity was detected. Twenty one overexpressed genes related to cellular stress, protein synthesis, cell survival and death were detected. Interestingly, they included endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer and sensor HSPA5 and other ER stress-related genes CALM2 and YKT6 indicating that ER stress response was involved in juniper berry extract mediated cell death. In composition analysis, we identified and quantified low concentrations of fifteen phenolic compounds. The main groups of them were flavones, flavonols, phenolic acids, flavanol and biflavonoid including glycosides of quercetin, apigenin, isoscutellarein and hypolaetin. It is suggested that juniper berry extract induced the p53-associated apoptosis through the potentiation and synergism by several phenolic compounds.
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Šamec D, Gruz J, Durgo K, Kremer D, Kosalec I, Valek Žulj L, Martinez S, Salopek-Sondi B, Piljac-Žegarac J. Molecular and cellular approach in the study of antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties ofMicromeria croatica(Pers.) Schott. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1770-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.999334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hydroxyl radical reactions and the radical scavenging activity of β-carboline alkaloids. Food Chem 2014; 172:640-9. [PMID: 25442601 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
β-Carbolines are bioactive pyridoindole alkaloids occurring in foods, plants and the human body. Their activity as hydroxyl radical (OH) scavengers is reported here by using three different methods: deoxyribose degradation, hydroxylation of benzoate and hydroxylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine to give 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as assessed by RP-HPLC (MS). Fenton reactions (Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) plus H2O2) were used for OH generation, and the radical increased in the presence of ascorbic acid or 6-hydroxydopamine as pro-oxidants. β-Carbolines were scavengers of OH in the three assays and in the presence of pro-oxidants. Tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acids were active against the hydroxylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine. β-Carbolines reacted with hydroxyl radicals (OH) affording hydroxy-β-carbolines, whereas tetrahydro-β-carbolines gave oxidative and degradation products. On the basis of IC50 and reaction rates (k), β-carbolines (norharman and harman), and tetrahydro-β-carbolines (tetrahydro-β-carboline, 1-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline and pinoline) were good OH radical scavengers and their activity was comparable to that of the indole, melatonin, which is an effective hydroxyl radical scavenger and antioxidant.
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Key Words
- 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline (PubChem CID: 107838)
- 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (PubChem CID: 98285)
- 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (PubChem CID: 91522)
- 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (PubChem CID: 73530)
- 6-Hydroxydopamine (PubChem CID: 4624)
- 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- Antioxidants
- Ascorbic acid (PubChem CID: 54678501)
- Benzoate
- Deoxyribose
- Harman (PubChem CID: 5281404)
- Hydroxyl radical scavengers
- Indoles
- Melatonin
- Melatonin (PubChem CID: 896)
- Norharman (PubChem CID: 64961)
- Pinoline (PubChem CID: 1868)
- Pyridoindoles
- Tetrahydro-β-carbolines
- β-Carboline alkaloids
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Effect of the addition of spices on reducing the sodium content and increasing the antioxidant activity of margarine. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Šamec D, Durgo K, Grúz J, Kremer D, Kosalec I, Piljac-Žegarac J, Salopek-Sondi B. Genetic and phytochemical variability of six Teucrium arduini L. populations and their antioxidant/prooxidant behaviour examined by biochemical, macromolecule- and cell-based approaches. Food Chem 2014; 186:298-305. [PMID: 25976825 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Teucrium arduini L., an Ilyric-Balcanic endemic species, has been reported for decades as a valuable plant used in traditional medicine for treating digestive disorders. The present study evaluated genetic and phytochemical variability of six T. arduini populations in order to determine factors that influence an accumulation of polyphenolic compounds. Results strongly suggest that a phytochemical variation was caused by environmental rather than genetic factors. T. arduini leaf extract from the locality Učka, which accumulated significantly more polyphenolic phytochemicals in comparison to others, showed antioxidant activity in DNA and lipid bioassays. Furthermore, the same extract exhibited prooxidant behaviour at protein level and induce formation of reactive oxygen species in human laryngeal carcinoma cells causing cytotoxic activity, in a dose dependent manner. All the results of the present study suggested that T. arduini extract could be responsible for antioxidative/prooxidative mechanisms and would help in determination of optimal conditions for their ethnopharmacological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Šamec
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute 'Ruđer Bošković', Bijenička c. 54, P.O. Box 180, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jiři Grúz
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelu 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dario Kremer
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kosalec
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Piljac-Žegarac
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute 'Ruđer Bošković', Bijenička c. 54, P.O. Box 180, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Salopek-Sondi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute 'Ruđer Bošković', Bijenička c. 54, P.O. Box 180, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Hughes RH, Silva VA, Ahmed I, Shreiber DI, Morrison B. Neuroprotection by genipin against reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species-mediated injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Brain Res 2013; 1543:308-14. [PMID: 24275198 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Genipin, the multipotent ingredient in Gardenia jasmenoides fruit extract (GFE), may be an effective candidate for treatment following stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Secondary injury includes damage mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can alter the biological function of key cellular structures and eventually lead to cell death. In this work, we studied the neuroprotective potential of genipin against damage stemming from ROS and RNS production in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), as well as its potential as a direct free radical scavenger. A 50 µM dose of genipin provided significant protection against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), a damaging organic peroxide. This dosage of genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 h compared to vehicle control (0.1% DMSO) when administered 0, 1, 6, and 24 h after addition of tBHP. Similarly, genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 h when administered 0, 1, 2, and 6h after addition of rotenone, which generates reactive oxygen species via a more physiologically relevant mechanism. Furthermore, genipin significantly reduced both cell death and nitrite levels at 24 h caused by S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a direct nitric oxide (NO) donor, and successfully quenched 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), a stable free radical, suggesting that genipin may act as a direct free radical scavenger. Our encouraging findings suggest that genipin should be tested in animal models of CNS injury with a significant component of ROS- and RNS-mediated damage, such as TBI and stroke, to assess its in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Hughes
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Victoria A Silva
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ijaz Ahmed
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David I Shreiber
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Barclay Morrison
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Relevance of the Mention of Antioxidant Properties in Yogurt Labels: In Vitro Evaluation and Chromatographic Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2013; 2:62-76. [PMID: 26787624 PMCID: PMC4665404 DOI: 10.3390/antiox2020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the inclusion of fruit (natural additives) in yogurt aims to increase its antioxidant activity and functionality. Herein, a comparative study of the antioxidant potential of yogurts with pieces of various fruits was performed, including yogurts with mention of antioxidant properties in the label. Free radicals scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation were evaluated by in vitro assays, as were the contents in antioxidants such as phenolics, flavonoids, sugars and tocopherols. After analyzing thirteen yogurts containing fruit pieces and a natural one (control), the most interesting were yogurts with pieces of berries (for phenolics, flavonoids and 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity), pineapple (for reducing power), blackberry (for β-carotene bleaching inhibition), blackberry “antioxidant” (for tocopherols) and cherry (for sugars). The mention of “antioxidant” in the label was relevant for tocopherols, sugars, DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power. No synergisms were observed in yogurts prepared with pieces of different fruits. Nevertheless, the addition of fruit pieces to yogurt was favorable for antioxidant content, increasing the protection of the consumer against diseases related to oxidative stress.
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