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Wang F, Zhao P, Du G, Zhai J, Guo Y, Wang X. Advancements and challenges for brewing aroma-enhancement fruit wines: Microbial metabolizing and brewing techniques. Food Chem 2024; 456:139981. [PMID: 38876061 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Aroma, a principal determinant of consumer preference for fruit wines, has recently garnered much attention. Fruit wines brewing was concomitant with complex biochemical reactions, in which a variety of compounds jointly contribute to the aroma quality. To date, the mechanisms underlying the synthesis of aroma compounds and biological regulation methods in fruit wines have remained ambiguous, hindering the further improvement of fruit wines sensory profiles. This review provides a detailed account of the synthesis and regulatory mechanisms of typical aroma compounds and their contributions to the characteristics of wines. Additionally, Comprehensive involves between microflora and the formation of aroma compounds have been emphasized. The microflora-mediated aroma compounds evolution can be controlled by key fermentation techniques to protect and enhance. Meanwhile, the genes impacting key aroma compounds can be identified, which provide references for the rapid screening of aroma-enhanced strains as well as target formation of aroma by modifying relative genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an 710119, PR China
| | - Pengtao Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an 710119, PR China; Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, PR China; National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Xi'an 710119, PR China.
| | - Guorong Du
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, PR China
| | - Junjun Zhai
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an 710119, PR China
| | - Yurong Guo
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an 710119, PR China; Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an 710119, PR China; Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, PR China; National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Xi'an 710119, PR China
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2
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Calderan A, Falchi R, Braidotti R, Tonidandel L, Larcher R, Sivilotti P. Using In Vitro Cultured Berries to Unravel the Effects of Heat- and ABA-Induced Stress on Thiol Precursor Biosynthesis in Sauvignon Blanc. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14547-14556. [PMID: 38907715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Global warming, heat waves, and seasonal drought pose serious threats to crops, such as grapevine, that are valued for their secondary metabolites, which are of primary importance for the wine industry. Discriminating the effects of distinct environmental factors in the open field is challenging. In the present study, in vitro cultured berries of Sauvignon Blanc were exposed to individual and combined stress factors to investigate the effects on the biosynthesis of the thiol precursors. Our results confirm the complexity and extreme reactivity of the accumulation process in grapes. However, they also indicate that heat stress has a positive effect on the production of the Cys-3SH precursor. Moreover, we identified several candidate genes, such as VvGSTs and VvGGT that are potentially involved in biosynthesis and consistently modulated. Nonetheless, we were unable to conclusively determine the effects of stresses on the biosynthesis of other precursors nor could we formulate hypotheses regarding their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Calderan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Riccardo Braidotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Loris Tonidandel
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38010, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38010, Italy
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Schwartz M, Poirier N, Moreno J, Proskura A, Lelièvre M, Heydel JM, Neiers F. Microbial β C-S Lyases: Enzymes with Multifaceted Roles in Flavor Generation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6412. [PMID: 38928118 PMCID: PMC11203769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
β C-S lyases (β-CSLs; EC 4.4.1.8) are enzymes catalyzing the dissociation of β carbon-sulfur bonds of cysteine S-conjugates to produce odorant metabolites with a free thiol group. These enzymes are increasingly studied for their role in flavor generation in a variety of food products, whether these processes occur directly in plants, by microbial β-CSLs during fermentation, or in the mouth under the action of the oral microbiota. Microbial β-CSLs react with sulfur aroma precursors present in beverages, vegetables, fruits, or aromatic herbs like hop but also potentially with some precursors formed through Maillard reactions in cooked foods such as meat or coffee. β-CSLs from microorganisms like yeasts and lactic acid bacteria have been studied for their role in the release of polyfunctional thiols in wine and beer during fermentation. In addition, β-CSLs from microorganisms of the human oral cavity were shown to metabolize similar precursors and to produce aroma in the mouth with an impact on retro-olfaction. This review summarizes the current knowledge on β-CSLs involved in flavor generation with a focus on enzymes from microbial species present either in the fermentative processes or in the oral cavity. This paper highlights the importance of this enzyme family in the food continuum, from production to consumption, and offers new perspectives concerning the utilization of β-CSLs as a flavor enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Burgundy, F-21000 Dijon, France (F.N.)
| | - Nicolas Poirier
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Burgundy, F-21000 Dijon, France (F.N.)
| | - Jade Moreno
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Burgundy, F-21000 Dijon, France (F.N.)
| | - Alena Proskura
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Burgundy, F-21000 Dijon, France (F.N.)
- International Research Center “Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium”, Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mélanie Lelièvre
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Burgundy, F-21000 Dijon, France (F.N.)
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Burgundy, F-21000 Dijon, France (F.N.)
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Burgundy, F-21000 Dijon, France (F.N.)
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4
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Clérat L, Rémond E, Schneider R, Cavelier F, Vivès E. Exogenous C-S Lyase Enzyme, a Potential Tool To Release Aromas in Wine or Beer? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1878-1884. [PMID: 37293927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Varietal thiols have an impact on the overall aroma of many white, rosé, and red wines and beers. They originate from the metabolism of non-odorant aroma precursors by yeast during the fermentation step, via an intrinsic enzyme, the carbon-sulfur β-lyase (CSL, EC 4.4.1.13). However, this metabolism is directly dependent upon efficient internalization of aroma precursors and intracellular CSL activity. Consequently, the overall CSL activity converts on average only 1% of the total precursors available. To improve the conversion of thiol precursors during winemaking or brewing, we investigated the possibility of using an exogenous CSL enzyme from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus produced in Escherichia coli. We first implemented a reliable spectrophotometric method to monitor its activity on different related aroma precursors and studied its activity in the presence of various competing analogues and at different pH values. This study allowed us to highlight the parameters to define CSL activity and structural insights for the recognition of the substrate, which pave the way for the use of exogenous CSL for the release of aromas in beer and wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Clérat
- PhyMedExp, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve Bâtiment Crastes de Paulet, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Oenobrands SAS, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, Bâtiment 5, 2196 Boulevard de la Lironde, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Pôle Chimie Balard, IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Rémi Schneider
- Oenobrands SAS, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, Bâtiment 5, 2196 Boulevard de la Lironde, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Pôle Chimie Balard, IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Eric Vivès
- PhyMedExp, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve Bâtiment Crastes de Paulet, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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5
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de Almeida LW, Torregrosa L, Dournes G, Pellegrino A, Ojeda H, Roland A. New Fungus-Resistant Grapevine Vitis and V. vinifera L. × M. rotundifolia Derivative Hybrids Display a Drought-Independent Response in Thiol Precursor Levels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1855-1863. [PMID: 36943233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of new disease-resistant grapevine varieties is a long-term but promising solution to reduce chemical inputs in viticulture. However, little is known about water deficit effects on these varieties, notably regarding berry composition. The aim of this study was to characterize the primary metabolites and thiol precursors levels of 6 fungi-resistant varieties and Syrah. Vines were grown under field conditions and under different water supply levels, and harvested at the phloem unloading arrest. A great variability among varieties regarding the levels of thiol precursors was observed, with the highest concentration, of 539 μg/kg, being observed in 3176-N, a hybrid displaying red fruits. Water deficit negatively and equally impacted the accumulation of sugars, organic acids, and thiol precursors per berry and per plant, with minor effects on their concentration. The observed losses of metabolites per cultivation area suggest that water deficits can lead to significant economic losses for the producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Wilhelm de Almeida
- Unité Expérimentale de Pech Rouge (UE 0999), INRAE, 11430 Gruissan, France
- UMR LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro Montpellier, 2, place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- Unité Expérimentale de Pech Rouge (UE 0999), INRAE, 11430 Gruissan, France
- UMR LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro Montpellier, 2, place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Gabriel Dournes
- UMR SPO, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Pellegrino
- UMR LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro Montpellier, 2, place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Hernán Ojeda
- Unité Expérimentale de Pech Rouge (UE 0999), INRAE, 11430 Gruissan, France
| | - Aurelie Roland
- UMR SPO, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
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6
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Dournes G, Sachot S, Suc L, Le-Guerneve C, Mouret JR, Roland A. New Light on the Varietal Thiols Pathway during Alcoholic Fermentation: Role of 3- S-( N-Acetyl-cysteinyl)-hexan-1-ol (NAC3SH). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4123-4131. [PMID: 36847277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For many years, knowledge on thiol precursors has been limited to S-conjugates of glutathione (G3SH), cysteine (Cys3SH), and later on the dipeptides γ-GluCys and CysGly. In this work, we took the parallel between precursor degradation and the glutathione-mediated detoxification pathway a step further by considering a new type of derivative, 3-S-(N-acetyl-l-cysteinyl)hexanol (NAC3SH). This compound was synthesized and then added to the existing liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method of thiol precursors. This intermediate was only identified during alcoholic fermentation in synthetic must spiked with G3SH (1 mg/L or 2.45 μmol/L) in the presence of copper with concentration above 1.25 mg/L, which demonstrates for the first time the existence of this new derivative (until 126 μg/L or 0.48 μmol/L) and the capacity of the yeast to produce such a compound. Its status as a precursor was also studied during fermentation, in which a release of 3-sulfanylhexanol was noted corresponding to a conversion yield close to 0.6%. This work completed the thiol precursor's degradation pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in synthetic conditions with a new intermediate, confirming its connection with the xenobiotic detoxification pathway and giving new insights on the precursor's fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dournes
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Somaya Sachot
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Lucas Suc
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Christine Le-Guerneve
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analytical Facility, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Jean-Roch Mouret
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Aurélie Roland
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
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7
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Berthou M, Clarot I, Gouyon J, Steyer D, Monat MA, Boudier A, Pallotta A. Thiol sensing: From current methods to nanoscale contribution. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Unraveling the Mystery of 3-Sulfanylhexan-1-ol: The Evolution of Methodology for the Analysis of Precursors to 3-Sulfanylhexan-1-ol in Wine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142050. [PMID: 35885295 PMCID: PMC9318415 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile polyfunctional thiol compounds, particularly 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH) and 3-sulfanylhexyl acetate (3SHA), are key odorants contributing to the aroma profile of many wine styles, generally imparting tropical grapefruit and passionfruit aromas. 3SH and 3SHA are present in negligible concentrations in the grape berry, juice, and must, suggesting that they are released from non-volatile precursors present in the grape. The exploration of the nature and biogenesis of these precursors to 3SH and 3SHA has proven important for the elucidation of polyfunctional thiol biogenesis during alcoholic fermentation. The development and validation of appropriate analytical techniques for the analysis of 3SH precursors in enological matrices have been extensive, and this review explores the analysis and discovery of these precursor compounds. The development of analytical methods to analyze 3SH precursors, from the selection of the analytical instrument, sample preparation, and methods for standardization, will first be discussed, before highlighting how these techniques have been used in the elucidation of the biogenesis of 3SH and 3SHA in grape wines. Lastly, the future of thiol precursor analysis will be considered, with the development of new methods that greatly reduce the sample preparation time and enable multiple precursors, and the thiols themselves, to be quantitated using a single method.
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Chenot C, Haest S, Robiette R, Collin S. Thiol S-Conjugate Profiles: A Comparative Investigation on Dual Hop and Grape Must with Focus on Sulfanylalkyl Aldehydes and Acetates Adducts. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.2015560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Chenot
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Haest
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sonia Collin
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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10
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Kiene F, Pretorius IS, Rauhut D, von Wallbrunn C, van Wyk N. Construction and Analysis of a Yeast for the Simultaneous Release and Esterification of the Varietal Thiol 3-Sulfanylhexan-1-ol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11919-11925. [PMID: 34609136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyfunctional thiols like 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH) and its ester 3-sulfanylhexyl acetate (3SHA) are important aroma determinants in wine with exceptionally low odor thresholds. 3SH is largely found in grape must bound to glutathione and cysteine and requires enzymatic action to be perceived sensorially. The wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is ineffective in releasing volatile thiols from their precursor configuration. For this purpose, a yeast strain was constructed that expresses the carbon-sulfur lyase encoding the tnaA gene from Escherichia coli and overexpresses its native alcohol acetyltransferase encoding genes, ATF1 and ATF2. The resulting yeast strain, which co-expresses tnaA and ATF1, showed elevated 3SH-releasing capabilities and the esterification of 3SH to its acetate ester 3SHA. Levels of over 7000 ng/L of 3SHA in Sauvignon blanc wines were achieved. Enhanced release and esterification of 3SH were also shown in the fermentation of guava and passionfruit pulp and three hop varieties. This study offers prospects for the development of flavor-enhancing yeast strains with optimized thiol-releasing and esterification capabilities in a diverse set of beverage matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kiene
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim 65366, Germany
| | - Isak S Pretorius
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Doris Rauhut
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim 65366, Germany
| | - Christian von Wallbrunn
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim 65366, Germany
| | - Niël van Wyk
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim 65366, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2113, Australia
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Schwartz M, Canon F, Feron G, Neiers F, Gamero A. Impact of Oral Microbiota on Flavor Perception: From Food Processing to In-Mouth Metabolization. Foods 2021; 10:2006. [PMID: 34574116 PMCID: PMC8467474 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor perception during food intake is one of the main drivers of food acceptability and consumption. Recent studies have pointed to the oral microbiota as an important factor modulating flavor perception. This review introduces general characteristics of the oral microbiota, factors potentially influencing its composition, as well as known relationships between oral microbiota and chemosensory perception. We also review diverse evidenced mechanisms enabling the modulation of chemosensory perception by the microbiota. They include modulation of the chemosensory receptors activation by microbial metabolites but also modification of receptors expression. Specific enzymatic reactions catalyzed by oral microorganisms generate fragrant molecules from aroma precursors in the mouth. Interestingly, these reactions also occur during the processing of fermented beverages, such as wine and beer. In this context, two groups of aroma precursors are presented and discussed, namely, glycoside conjugates and cysteine conjugates, which can generate aroma compounds both in fermented beverages and in the mouth. The two entailed families of enzymes, i.e., glycosidases and carbon-sulfur lyases, appear to be promising targets to understand the complexity of flavor perception in the mouth as well as potential biotechnological tools for flavor enhancement or production of specific flavor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l’Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (F.C.); (G.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Francis Canon
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l’Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (F.C.); (G.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Gilles Feron
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l’Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (F.C.); (G.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l’Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (F.C.); (G.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Amparo Gamero
- Department Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Spotlight on release mechanisms of volatile thiols in beverages. Food Chem 2020; 339:127628. [PMID: 32866707 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Volatile thiols are very strong-smelling molecules that can impact the aroma of numerous beverages. Several thiols and thiol precursors have been reported previously in different plants used as raw material for beverages, some of which are fermented. We focused on thiols in beverages and their release mechanisms from precursors during processing. Volatile thiols in beverages can be classified aslow molecular weight volatile thiols (e.g. H2S, methanethiol) which impact the smell negatively, and volatile thiols with higher boiling points that contribute positively to the aroma profile. The first part of this review is devoted to volatile thiols, without considering small malodorous molecules. The second part deals with thiol precursors and the different release mechanisms induced by processing (e.g. extraction, roasting or fermentation) and by the growing methods (e.g. viticulture), which can impact on amounts of thiols and their precursors.
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13
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Identification and characterisation of thiolated polysulfides in must and wine using online SPE UHPLC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5229-5245. [PMID: 32588110 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
3-Mercaptohexanol and 4-methyl-4-mercaptopentanone are volatile thiols with a low perception threshold and are found in relatively low concentrations in several types of wines, e.g. Sauvignon blanc. They contribute positively to the flavour of a wine when in their free form, but they can oxidise, especially in the presence of Cu2+ and sulfur residues originating from pesticide treatments on the grapes. This condensation reaction results in the formation of polysulfides, which during storage can cause the release of H2S: a compound known to give rise to off-flavour in wine. The formation of these polysulfides has been proposed to originate from cysteinyl and glutathionyl S-conjugate precursors, but they have not yet been characterised. In this work, a method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry and online solid-phase extraction was designed and optimised for detection of these S-conjugates. The method allowed the detection of 21 suspected symmetrical and asymmetrical S-conjugates in thiol-supplemented aqueous solutions, of which 17 were also recovered in supplemented synthetic musts and wines. Moreover, the proposed method was used to investigate polysulfide formation upon addition of two different types of sulfur. Differences in formation of S-conjugates were evident in the synthetic samples: a higher relative abundance was observed upon addition of wettable sulfur compared to washed sulfur. For the commercial wines, differences in polysulfide formation were minor and merely related to the differences between the wines and not to the type of sulfur added.
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Nicolini G, Roman T, Flamini R, Tonidandel L, Gardiman M, Larcher R. Thiol precursors in Vitis mould-tolerant hybrid varieties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3262-3268. [PMID: 32086798 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent years, a new wave of disease-tolerant to mildew varieties has flooded the viticulture sector, for reasons of human safety and economic expediency. These hybrid grape cultivars are selected mainly on the basis of their intrinsic capability to counter the attack of the main fungal diseases that affect grape production, such as downy mildew and powdery mildew. However, their organoleptic and oenological characteristics have not yet been studied in depth for purposes of both juice and wine production, due to the high number of newly proposed germplasms and the lack of information about their adaptability to different environments. This work examines the thiol aroma precursors concentration in 64 red and white disease-tolerant hybrid varieties in the vine germplasm collections of Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria-Viticulture and Enology Research Center and Fondazione Edmund Mach, both from the north-east of Italy. RESULTS All cultivars showed the presence of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) precursors, ranging from 4.4 to 1141 μg kg-1 for 3-S-glutathionyl hexan-1-ol (GSH-3MH), and from 0.3 to 136 μg kg-1 for 3-S-cysteinyl 3-hexan-1-ol. The concentration of GSH-3MH exceeded 600 μg kg-1 in eight varieties, with values comparable to those of the richest Vitis vinifera reported so far. On average, red grapes showed higher concentrations of 3MH precursors than white ones did. Only two hybrids had 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) precursors over the limit of quantification, albeit with a much higher concentration than those normally reported in Sauvignon Blanc. CONCLUSION This is the first detailed survey of 3MH and 4MMP precursors carried out taking into account a considerable number of hybrid grape varieties. The results show that some of these varieties could be interesting for the production of tropical juices or tropical-aromatic wines and soft drinks, through the enzymatic liberation of thiol aromas, as well as for the production of aromatizing tannins to be used in the food industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Nicolini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Tomas Roman
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Riccardo Flamini
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria-Viticulture and Enology Research Center (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Loris Tonidandel
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Gardiman
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria-Viticulture and Enology Research Center (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Tofalo R, Perpetuini G, Battistelli N, Tittarelli F, Suzzi G. Correlation between IRC7 gene expression and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Yeast 2020; 37:487-495. [PMID: 32329917 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile thiols are not present in must but are synthesized and released by wine yeasts during alcoholic fermentation. In this study, autochthonous and commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were characterized for the expression of the main genes involved in thiols metabolism and their production in wine. New primer sets were developed on the basis of the S288c genome to evaluate the expression of Cys3, Cys4, MET17 and IRC7 genes. Obtained data revealed the occurrence of some thiols, for example, 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4-MMP) and 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3-MH) in Pecorino white wine. All genes were upregulated, but only for IRC7 was found a correlation with 4-MMP release: strains with the highest production showed the highest transcription level. IRC7 gene could be proposed as target for the selection of S. cerevisiae strains to increase thiols content in wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Tofalo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Perpetuini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Noemi Battistelli
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Tittarelli
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Suzzi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Ferreira V, Lopez R. The Actual and Potential Aroma of Winemaking Grapes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E818. [PMID: 31816941 PMCID: PMC6995537 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review intends to rationalize the knowledge related to the aroma of grapes and to the aroma of wine with specific origin in molecules formed in grapes. The actual flavor of grapes is formed by the few free aroma molecules already found in the pulp and in the skin, plus by those aroma molecules quickly formed by enzymatic/catalytic reactions. The review covers key aroma components of aromatic grapes, raisins and raisinized grapes, and the aroma components responsible from green and vegetal notes. This knowledge is used to explain the flavor properties of neutral grapes. The aroma potential of grape is the consequence of five different systems/pools of specific aroma precursors that during fermentation and/or aging, release wine varietal aroma. In total, 27 relevant wine aroma compounds can be considered that proceed from grape specific precursors. Some of them are immediately formed during fermentation, while some others require long aging time to accumulate. Precursors are glycosides, glutathionyl and cysteinyl conjugates, and other non-volatile molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Ferreira
- Laboratory for Aroma Analysis and Enology (LAAE), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (UNIZAR-CITA), c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Philips JG, Dumin W, Winefield C. Functional Characterization of the Grapevine γ-Glutamyl Transferase/Transpeptidase (E.C. 2.3.2.2) Gene Family Reveals a Single Functional Gene Whose Encoded Protein Product Is Not Located in Either the Vacuole or Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1402. [PMID: 31749820 PMCID: PMC6843540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-glutamyl transferases/transpeptidases (E.C. 2.3.2.2, GGTs) are involved in the catabolism of many compounds that are conjugated to glutathione (GSH), which have a variety of roles. GSH can act as storage and transport vehicle for reduced sulfur; it is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and also acts as a redox buffer by utilizing its thiol residue to protect against reactive oxygen species, which accumulate in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Furthermore, many distinctive flavor and aroma compounds in Sauvignon blanc wines originate from odorless C5- and C6-GSH conjugates or their GGT catabolized derivatives. These precursors are then processed into their volatile forms by yeast during fermentation. In many plant species, two or more isoforms of GGTs exist that target GSH-conjugates to either the apoplast or the vacuole. A bioinformatics approach identified multiple GGT candidates in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). However, only a single candidate, VvGGT3, has all the conserved residues needed for GGT activity. This is intriguing given the variety of roles of GSH and GGTs in plant cells. Characterization of VvGGT3 from cv. Sauvignon blanc was then undertaken. The VvGGT3 transcript is present in roots, leaves, inflorescences, and tendril and at equal abundance in the skin, pulp, and seed of mature berries and shows steady accumulation over the course of whole berry development. In addition, the VvGGT3 transcript in whole berries is upregulated upon Botrytis cinerea infection as well as mechanical damage to leaf tissue. VvGGT3-GFP fusion proteins transiently over-expressed in onion cells were used to study subcellular localization. To confirm VvGGT3 activity and localization in vivo, the fluorescent γ-glutamyl-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin substrate was added to Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently over-expressing VvGGT3. In combination, these results suggest that the functional VvGGT3 is associated with membrane-like structures. This is not consistent with its closely related functionally characterized GGTs from Arabidopsis, radish and garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher Winefield
- Department of Wine Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Effect of Sequential Inoculation with Non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces Yeasts on Riesling Wine Chemical Composition. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, studies have reported the positive influence of non-Saccharomyces yeast on wine quality. Many grape varieties under mixed or sequential inoculation show an overall positive effect on aroma enhancement. A potential impact by non-Saccharomyces yeast on volatile and non-volatile compounds should benefit the flavor of Riesling wines. Following this trend, four separate sequential fermentations (using the non-Saccharomyces yeasts Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia kluyveri, and Lachancea thermotolerans with Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were carried out on Riesling must and compared to a pure culture of S. cerevisiae. Sequential fermentations influenced the final wine aroma. Significant differences were found in esters, acetates, higher alcohols, fatty acids, and low volatile sulfur compounds between the different trials. Other parameters, including the production of non-volatile compounds, showed significant differences. This fermentation process not only allows the modulation of wine aroma but also chemical parameters such as glycerol, ethanol, alcohol, acidity, or fermentation by-products. These potential benefits of wine diversity should be beneficial to the wine industry.
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Effects on varietal aromas during wine making: a review of the impact of varietal aromas on the flavor of wine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7425-7450. [PMID: 31377872 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although there are many chemical compounds present in wines, only a few of these compounds contribute to the sensory perception of wine flavor. This review focuses on the knowledge regarding varietal aroma compounds, which are among the compounds that are the greatest contributors to the overall aroma. These aroma compounds are found in grapes in the form of nonodorant precursors that, due to the metabolic activity of yeasts during fermentation, are transformed to aromas that are of great relevance in the sensory perception of wines. Due to the multiple interactions of varietal aromas with other types of aromas and other nonodorant components of the complex wine matrix, knowledge regarding the varietal aroma composition alone cannot adequately explain the contribution of these compounds to the overall wine flavor. These interactions and the associated effects on aroma volatility are currently being investigated. This review also provides an overview of recent developments in analytical techniques for varietal aroma identification, including methods used to identify the precursor compounds of varietal aromas, which are the greatest contributors to the overall aroma after the aforementioned yeast-mediated odor release.
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20
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Pérez-Ràfols C, Subirats X, Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz JM. New discrimination tools for harvest year and varieties of white wines based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. Talanta 2019; 201:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Lin J, Massonnet M, Cantu D. The genetic basis of grape and wine aroma. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:81. [PMID: 31645942 PMCID: PMC6804543 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The grape is one of the oldest and most important horticultural crops. Grape and wine aroma has long been of cultural and scientific interest. The diverse compound classes comprising aroma result from multiple biosynthetic pathways. Only fairly recently have researchers begun to elucidate the genetic mechanisms behind the biosynthesis and metabolism of grape volatile compounds. This review summarizes current findings regarding the genetic bases of grape and wine aroma with an aim towards highlighting areas in need of further study. From the literature, we compiled a list of functionally characterized genes involved in berry aroma biosynthesis and present them with their corresponding annotation in the grape reference genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Lin
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mélanie Massonnet
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Alem H, Rigou P, Schneider R, Ojeda H, Torregrosa L. Impact of agronomic practices on grape aroma composition: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:975-985. [PMID: 30142253 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aroma compounds are secondary metabolites that play a key role in grape quality for enological purposes. Terpenes, C13 -norisoprenoids, phenols, and non-terpenic alcohols are the most important aroma compounds in grapes and they can be found as free volatiles or glycoconjugated (bound) molecules. The non-volatile glycosylated group is the largest, and it is present in all varieties of Vitis vinifera (L.), the most widely used species for wine production. These aroma precursors represent the reserve of aroma molecules that can be released during winemaking. Their relative and absolute concentrations at fruit ripening determine the organoleptic value of the final product. A large range of biotic and abiotic factors can influence their biosynthesis in several ways. Agronomic practices such as irrigation, training systems, leaf removal, and bunch thinning can have an effect at plant level. The spraying of stimulatory compounds on fruit at different developmental stages has also been shown to modify metabolic pathways at fruit level with some impact on the aroma composition of the grapevine fruit. Viticulturists could act to promote aroma precursors to improve the aromatic profile of grapes and the wine ultimately produced. However, agronomic practices do not always have uniform results. The metabolic and physiological changes resulting from agronomic practices are unknown because there has not been sufficient research to date. This review presents the state of the art regarding the influences of vineyard agronomic management on the biosynthesis of grape aroma compounds. Although literature regarding the topic is abundant there are still many unknown biological mechanisms involved and/or that have been insufficiently studied. The aim of this work is therefore to find the gaps in scientific literature so that future investigations can focus on them. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Alem
- UE 999 Pech-Rouge, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Gruissan, France
- AGAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier Cedex 02, France
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fruticultura, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peggy Rigou
- SPO, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier Cedex 02, France
| | - Rémi Schneider
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, Gruissan, France
| | - Hernán Ojeda
- UE 999 Pech-Rouge, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Gruissan, France
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- UE 999 Pech-Rouge, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Gruissan, France
- AGAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier Cedex 02, France
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Noba S, Yako N, Sakai H, Kobayashi M, Watanabe T. Identification of a precursor of 2-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol in beer. Food Chem 2018; 255:282-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bonnaffoux H, Delpech S, Rémond E, Schneider R, Roland A, Cavelier F. Revisiting the evaluation strategy of varietal thiol biogenesis. Food Chem 2018; 268:126-133. [PMID: 30064739 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The varietal thiols 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH), 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA), and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) are key aroma compounds in wine due to the tropical notes they impart. They are released by yeast during alcoholic fermentation from different precursors. However, a large part of 3MH origin remains unknown. In this study, we focused on dipeptide forms arising from glutathione S-conjugates to 3MH and 4MMP. Using labelled tracers, we showed in spiked must the release of varietal thiols from 4 different compounds. We highlighted the interconversion between different forms of precursors under defined enological conditions. Cysteinyl-glycine S-conjugates are partially degraded into cysteine S-conjugates, contrary to γ-glutamyl-cysteine S-conjugates. Glutathione S-conjugate to 3MH can be partially degraded to γ-glutamyl-cysteine S-conjugate to 3MH. For the first time, all these labeled forms of precursors were found to release 3MH or 4MMP between 0.17 and 1% molar conversion yield. Two different yeasts were compared without any significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bonnaffoux
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, INRA-UMR-SPO, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Stéphane Delpech
- NYSEOS, 53 rue Claude François, ZA Parc 2000, 34080 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rémi Schneider
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, INRA-UMR-SPO, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Aurélie Roland
- NYSEOS, 53 rue Claude François, ZA Parc 2000, 34080 Montpellier, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Geffroy O, Lopez R, Feilhes C, Violleau F, Kleiber D, Favarel JL, Ferreira V. Modulating analytical characteristics of thermovinified Carignan musts and the volatile composition of the resulting wines through the heating temperature. Food Chem 2018; 257:7-14. [PMID: 29622232 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of two temperature levels (50 °C and 75 °C) and heating times (30 min and 3 h) on the composition of thermovinified musts and wines from Carignan was investigated at the laboratory scale in 2014 and 2015. The heating temperature had a significant impact on the extraction of amino acids and a probable thermal degradation of anthocyanins was noted at 75 °C. In 2014, musts from grapes that underwent a heat treatment at 50 °C for 3 h had a similar level of phenolic compounds as those treated at 75 °C for 30 min. This indicates that the reduction of the heating temperature in some vintages can be compensated for through an extension of the heating period. Several grape-derived molecules were impacted by the rise in temperature and wines made from grapes treated at 50 °C in most cases contained larger concentrations of geraniol, β-citronellol, β-damascenone and 3-mercaptohexanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Geffroy
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin Pôle Sud-Ouest, V'innopôle, BP22, F-81310 Lisle Sur Tarn, France; Université de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire d'Agro-Physiologie, 75 voie du TOEC, BP57611, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | - Ricardo Lopez
- Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carole Feilhes
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin Pôle Sud-Ouest, V'innopôle, BP22, F-81310 Lisle Sur Tarn, France
| | - Frédéric Violleau
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire d'Agro-Physiologie, 75 voie du TOEC, BP57611, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Didier Kleiber
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire d'Agro-Physiologie, 75 voie du TOEC, BP57611, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Vicente Ferreira
- Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Vanzo A, Janeš L, Požgan F, Velikonja Bolta Š, Sivilotti P, Lisjak K. UHPLC-MS/MS determination of varietal thiol precursors in Sauvignon Blanc grapes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13122. [PMID: 29030638 PMCID: PMC5640626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Varietal thiol precursors in grapes are subject to metabolic changes during post-harvest treatments. Metabolic activity should therefore be limited after sampling to understand their biosynthesis in the berry and genetic regulation. In this study, berries were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after harvesting, transported in dry ice, stored briefly at -80 °C, cryo-milled and extracted without being thawed in cold methanol in a ratio of 1:4 (w/v). A UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of the thiol precursors 3-S-glutathionylhexan-1-ol (G3MH), 3-S-cysteinylhexan-1-ol (Cys3MH), 4-S-glutathionyl-4-methylpentan-2-one (G4MMP) and 4-S-cysteinyl-4-methylpentan-2-one (Cys4MMP), glutathione, oxidized glutathione and L-methionine in grapes was developed. Reference material was provided through synthesis of precursors and their deuterium labelled analogues. The average thiol precursor content in grapes in 2013-15 was in the range 8-16 μg kg-1 for G3MH, 1-6 μg kg-1 for Cys3MH, 1-4 μg kg-1 for Cys4MMP and 0.3 μg kg-1 for G4MMP. In 2013 and 2014, the highest precursor content in mature Sauvignon Blanc grapes from vineyards located in Italy regarded G3MH, followed by Cys3MH, Cys4MMP and G4MMP. In 2015, G3MH was again the most abundant precursor, but followed by Cys4MMP, Cys3MH and G4MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Vanzo
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Department of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Oenology and Central Laboratory, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Janeš
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Department of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Oenology and Central Laboratory, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Požgan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Velikonja Bolta
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Department of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Oenology and Central Laboratory, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- University of Nova Gorica, Wine Research Centre, Glavni Trg 8, SI-5271, Vipava, Slovenia
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Klemen Lisjak
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Department of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Oenology and Central Laboratory, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Indications of the prominent role of elemental sulfur in the formation of the varietal thiol 3-mercaptohexanol in Sauvignon blanc wine. Food Res Int 2017; 98:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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First identification and quantification of glutathionylated and cysteinylated precursors of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 4-methyl-4-mercaptopentan-2-one in hops (Humulus lupulus). FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Jung K, Fastowski O, Engel KH. Occurrence of 4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-butanethiol in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrumL.) berries. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Jung
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie; Technische Universität München; Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Oxana Fastowski
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie; Technische Universität München; Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie; Technische Universität München; Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
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30
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Parr WV, Valentin D, Breitmeyer J, Peyron D, Darriet P, Sherlock R, Robinson B, Grose C, Ballester J. Perceived minerality in sauvignon blanc wine: Chemical reality or cultural construct? Food Res Int 2016; 87:168-179. [PMID: 29606238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived mineral character in wine and wine chemical composition. We investigated the sensory properties and chemical composition of sauvignon blanc wines from two major sauvignon-producing countries, New Zealand and France. Sensory experiments employing 16 wines (8 French, 8 New Zealand) were conducted in Marlborough, New Zealand and in three regions of France, namely Bordeaux, Burgundy, and the Sancerre/Loire region. Wine professionals (31 New Zealanders and 32 French professionals) sensorially characterised the 16 wines under three conditions, bouquet only (ortho-nasal olfaction), palate only (nose clip condition), and full tasting (global condition: ortho-nasal olfaction, retronasal olfaction, taste, trigeminal stimulation). Sensory data from the global condition only are reported in this article. Physical and chemical analyses conducted on all wines included wine standard parameters, elemental composition, volatile aroma composition, and measures of organic acids. Major results demonstrate that (i) on average French and New Zealand wines were perceived similarly in intensity of mineral character, although judgments to individual wines differed as a function of participant culture; (ii) French and NZ participants drew on different information to make their sensory judgments; and (iii) several aspects of wine composition associated positively with perception of mineral character while others associated negatively, the significant associations differing as a function of participant culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dominique Peyron
- CSGA UMR5170 CNRS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, INRA, France
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577 ŒNOLOGIE, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; INRA, ISVV, USC1366 ŒNOLOGIE, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Claire Grose
- Plant and Food Research, Marlborough, New Zealand
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31
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Pavez C, Agosin E, Steinhaus M. Odorant Screening and Quantitation of Thiols in Carmenere Red Wine by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry and Stable Isotope Dilution Assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3417-3421. [PMID: 27070203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sensory impact of thiols in Vitis vinifera 'Carmenere' red wines was evaluated. For this purpose, aroma extract dilution analysis was applied to the thiols isolated from a Carmenere red wine by affinity chromatography with a mercurated agarose gel. Results revealed the presence of four odorants, identified as 2-furanylmethanethiol, 3-sulfanylhexyl acetate, 3-sulfanyl-1-hexanol, and 2-methyl-3-sulfanyl-1-butanol, with the latter being described here for the first time in Carmenere red wines. Quantitation of the four thiols in the Carmenere wine screened by aroma extract dilution analysis and in three additional Carmenere wines by stable isotope dilution assays resulted in concentrations above the respective orthonasal odor detection threshold values. Triangle tests applied to wine model solutions with and without the addition of the four thiols showed significant differences, thus suggesting that the compounds do have the potential to influence the overall aroma of red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pavez
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Macul, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Aromas y Sabores, DICTUC , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Macul, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Aromas y Sabores, DICTUC , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie (German Research Center for Food Chemistry) , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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32
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Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with increased β-lyase activity. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 225:1-8. [PMID: 26971012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of a selective medium for the rapid differentiation of yeast species with increased aromatic thiol release activity has been achieved. The selective medium was based on the addition of S-methyl-l-cysteine (SMC) as β-lyase substrate. In this study, a panel of 245 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains was tested for their ability to grow on YCB-SMC medium. Yeast strains with an increased β-lyase activity grew rapidly because of their ability to release ammonium from SMC in comparison to others, and allowed for the easy isolation and differentiation of yeasts with promising properties in oenology, or another field, for aromatic thiol release. The selective medium was also helpful for the discrimination between those S. cerevisiae strains, which present a common 38-bp deletion in the IRC7 sequence (present in around 88% of the wild strains tested and are likely to be less functional for 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) production), and those S. cerevisiae strains homozygous for the full-length IRC7 allele. The medium was also helpful for the selection of non-Saccharomyces yeasts with increased β-lyase activity. Based on the same medium, a highly sensitive, reproducible and non-expensive GC-MS method for the evaluation of the potential volatile thiol release by different yeast isolates was developed.
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Abstract
Wine is an amazingly complex natural product that requires dedicated scientists to resolve many of its mysteries. Traditional synthetic organic chemistry and modern analytical techniques are powerful tools at the disposal of wine chemists who tackle the complexities of wine in order to improve scientific understanding and provide practical solutions to industry. Part of this quest for knowledge relates to maintaining or improving wine quality, which underpins consumer acceptance and links to the competitiveness of wineries in a global market. Wine aroma is an important aspect of wine quality and garners much attention from researchers. Grape-derived aroma compounds are one area of particular importance owing to their distinctiveness and ability to impart ‘varietal aromas’ to wines. Varietal thiols imparting tropical and citrus notes that are characteristic of wines such as Sauvignon Blanc have emerged, along with their grape-derived precursors, as an area of interest over the past two decades. These compounds have also caught our attention and we have made some important contributions to this field, including identifying new precursors, developing novel analytical methods, and conducting studies that provide unique insights into the biochemical transformations occurring in grape berries and juice, and during fermentation.
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34
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Lallement PA, Brouwer B, Keech O, Hecker A, Rouhier N. The still mysterious roles of cysteine-containing glutathione transferases in plants. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:192. [PMID: 25191271 PMCID: PMC4138524 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a widespread multigenic enzyme family able to modify a broad range of molecules. These notably include secondary metabolites and exogenous substrates often referred to as xenobiotics, usually for their detoxification, subsequent transport or export. To achieve this, these enzymes can bind non-substrate ligands (ligandin function) and/or catalyze the conjugation of glutathione onto the targeted molecules, the latter activity being exhibited by GSTs having a serine or a tyrosine as catalytic residues. Besides, other GST members possess a catalytic cysteine residue, a substitution that radically changes enzyme properties. Instead of promoting GSH-conjugation reactions, cysteine-containing GSTs (Cys-GSTs) are able to perform deglutathionylation reactions similarly to glutaredoxins but the targets are usually different since glutaredoxin substrates are mostly oxidized proteins and Cys-GST substrates are metabolites. The Cys-GSTs are found in most organisms and form several classes. While Beta and Omega GSTs and chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) are not found in plants, these organisms possess microsomal ProstaGlandin E-Synthase type 2, glutathionyl hydroquinone reductases, Lambda, Iota and Hemerythrin GSTs and dehydroascorbate reductases (DHARs); the four last classes being restricted to the green lineage. In plants, whereas the role of DHARs is clearly associated to the reduction of dehydroascorbate to ascorbate, the physiological roles of other Cys-GSTs remain largely unknown. In this context, a genomic and phylogenetic analysis of Cys-GSTs in photosynthetic organisms provides an updated classification that is discussed in the light of the recent literature about the functional and structural properties of Cys-GSTs. Considering the antioxidant potencies of phenolic compounds and more generally of secondary metabolites, the connection of GSTs with secondary metabolism may be interesting from a pharmacological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Lallement
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
| | - Bastiaan Brouwer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA Champenoux, France
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35
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A new chemical criteria for white wine: The glutathione equivalent capacity. Food Chem 2014; 153:321-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Concejero B, Peña-Gallego A, Fernandez-Zurbano P, Hernández-Orte P, Ferreira V. Direct accurate analysis of cysteinylated and glutathionylated precursors of 4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone and 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol in must by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 812:250-7. [PMID: 24491789 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A direct method for the quantitative determination in grapes of four known precursors of the varietal aromas of the thiol character of wine has been optimized and validated. A small volume of centrifuged and filtered must is directly injected in the ultrahigh liquid performance chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry system (UHPLC-MS-MS). Must sugars and other early eluting polar compounds are diverted to the waste, not entering the ion source. Cysteinyl (CYS) and glutathionyl (GLU) precursors from 3-mercaptohexanol (3MH) and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentanone (4M4MP) are separated in 5 min rendering narrow peaks (W1/2<9s). No system performance degradation has been noticed in series of more than 200 injections. A standard addition procedure using the consecutive injection of a spiked sample made it possible to satisfactorily correct for matrix effects, with recoveries very close to 100% in all cases. Intermediate reproducibility was satisfactory (RSD between 1 and 10%), except for the glutathione-4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone (GLUMP) precursor, for which this value is around 20%. The limits of detection in real-must were below 1 μg L(-1) for the precursors of the 4M4MP and for cysteine-3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (CYSMH) and glutathione-3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (GLUMH), 2 and 7 μg L(-1), respectively, what is enough for the determination of these precursors in musts of any variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Concejero
- Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Peña-Gallego
- Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Fernandez-Zurbano
- Research Centre of Vine-and-Wine-Related Science (ICVV), CSIC, Gobierno de La Rioja. C/Madre de Dios, 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - P Hernández-Orte
- Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - V Ferreira
- Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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37
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Formation of cysteine-S-conjugates in the Maillard reaction of cysteine and xylose. Food Chem 2013; 141:1078-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Hidalgo FJ, Navarro JL, Delgado RM, Zamora R. Determination of α-keto acids in pork meat and Iberian ham via tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 140:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Parr W, Schlich P, Theobald J, Harsch M. Association of selected viniviticultural factors with sensory and chemical characteristics of New Zealand Sauvignon blanc wines. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Guillaumie S, Ilg A, Réty S, Brette M, Trossat-Magnin C, Decroocq S, Léon C, Keime C, Ye T, Baltenweck-Guyot R, Claudel P, Bordenave L, Vanbrabant S, Duchêne E, Delrot S, Darriet P, Hugueney P, Gomès E. Genetic analysis of the biosynthesis of 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine, a major grape-derived aroma compound impacting wine quality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:604-15. [PMID: 23606597 PMCID: PMC3668056 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.218313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Methoxypyrazines (MPs) are strongly odorant volatile molecules with vegetable-like fragrances that are widespread in plants. Some grapevine (Vitis vinifera) varieties accumulate significant amounts of MPs, including 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (IBMP), which is the major MP in grape berries. MPs are of particular importance in white Sauvignon Blanc wines. The typicality of these wines relies on a fine balance between the pea pod, capsicum character of MPs and the passion fruit/grapefruit character due to volatile thiols. Although MPs play a crucial role in Sauvignon varietal aromas, excessive concentrations of these powerful odorants alter wine quality and reduce consumer acceptance, particularly in red wines. The last step of IBMP biosynthesis has been proposed to involve the methoxylation of the nonvolatile precursor 2-hydroxy-3-isobutylpyrazine to give rise to the highly volatile IBMP. In this work, we have used a quantitative trait loci approach to investigate the genetic bases of IBMP biosynthesis. This has led to the identification of two previously uncharacterized S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferase genes, termed VvOMT3 and VvOMT4. Functional characterization of these two O-methyltransferases showed that the VvOMT3 protein was highly specific and efficient for 2-hydroxy-3-isobutylpyrazine methylation. Based on its differential expression in high- and low-MP-producing grapevine varieties, we propose that VvOMT3 is a key gene for IBMP biosynthesis in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphane Réty
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Maxime Brette
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Claudine Trossat-Magnin
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Stéphane Decroocq
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Céline Léon
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Céline Keime
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Tao Ye
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Raymonde Baltenweck-Guyot
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Patricia Claudel
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Louis Bordenave
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Sandra Vanbrabant
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Eric Duchêne
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
| | - Serge Delrot
- Université de Bordeaux and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (S.G., C.T.-M., S.Dec., C.L., L.B., S.Del., E.G.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F–67081 Strasbourg, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8015 Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, F–75270 Paris, France (S.R.)
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Equipe d’Accueil 4577 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Unité Sous Contrat 1366 Œnologie, F–33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France (M.B., S.V., P.D.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F–68021 Colmar, France (A.I., R.B.-G., P.C., E.D., P.H.); and
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F–67404 Illkirch, France (C.K., T.Y.)
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Harsch MJ, Benkwitz F, Frost A, Colonna-Ceccaldi B, Gardner RC, Salmon JM. New precursor of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol in grape juice: thiol-forming potential and kinetics during early stages of must fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3703-13. [PMID: 23530468 DOI: 10.1021/jf3048753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two volatile thiols, 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA), are key aroma impact compounds in many young white wines, especially of the variety Sauvignon blanc (SB). Although great effort has been invested to identify their precursors in recent years, the origin of the majority of 3MH and 3MHA generated during wine fermentation still cannot be explained. Here we demonstrate that supplying an external source of hydrogen sulfide to grape juice hugely increases its thiol-forming potential. We further describe the discovery of (E)-2-hexen-1-ol as an additional new thiol precursor and demonstrate that it possesses, together with (E)-2-hexenal, an immense thiol-forming potential during fermentation. Both C6-compounds are extremely rapidly metabolized by yeast during the first hours after inoculation, even under commercial conditions, and can be interconverted during this phase depending on their initial concentration in the grape juice. Spiking grape juice with additional acetaldehyde greatly enhanced the (E)-2-hexen-1-ol to (E)-2-hexenal conversion rate. Delaying the metabolization of the two unsaturated C6-thiol precursors by yeast, at the same time as increasing hydrogen sulfide production early in fermentation, opens up a great opportunity to tap into this enormous potential 3MH and 3MHA source in grape juice and extends the possibility of thiol production to other non-grape-based alcoholic beverages as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Harsch
- Pernod Ricard New Zealand, Riverlands, Blenheim 7274, New Zealand.
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Xiao X, Hou Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhao H, Dong L, Du J, Wang Y, Bai G, Luo G. Classification and analysis of corn steep liquor by UPLC/Q-TOF MS and HPLC. Talanta 2013; 107:344-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harsch MJ, Gardner RC. Yeast genes involved in sulfur and nitrogen metabolism affect the production of volatile thiols from Sauvignon Blanc musts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:223-35. [PMID: 22684328 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two volatile thiols, 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH), and 3-mercaptohexyl-acetate (3MHA), reminiscent of grapefruit and passion fruit respectively, are critical varietal aroma compounds in Sauvignon Blanc (SB) wines. These aromatic thiols are not present in the grape juice but are synthesized and released by the yeast during alcoholic fermentation. Single deletion mutants of 67 candidate genes in a laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were screened using gas chromatography mass spectrometry for their thiol production after fermentation of SB grape juice. None of the deletions abolished production of the two volatile thiols. However, deletion of 17 genes caused increases or decreases in production by as much as twofold. These 17 genes, mostly related to sulfur and nitrogen metabolism in yeast, may act by altering the regulation of the pathway(s) of thiol production or altering substrate supply. Deleting subsets of these genes in a wine yeast strain gave similar results to the laboratory strain for sulfur pathway genes but showed strain differences for genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. The addition of two nitrogen sources, urea and di-ammonium phosphate, as well as two sulfur compounds, cysteine and S-ethyl-L-cysteine, increased 3MH and 3MHA concentrations in the final wines. Collectively these results suggest that sulfur and nitrogen metabolism are important in regulating the synthesis of 3MH and 3MHA during yeast fermentation of grape juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Harsch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Roland A, Cavelier F, Schneider R. How organic and analytical chemistry contribute to knowledge of the biogenesis of varietal thiols in wine. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Cavelier
- IBMM, UMR-CNRS 5247, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095; Montpellier; France
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45
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Pretorius IS, Curtin CD, Chambers PJ. The winemaker's bug: From ancient wisdom to opening new vistas with frontier yeast science. Bioeng Bugs 2012; 3:147-56. [PMID: 22572786 PMCID: PMC3370933 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.19687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The past three decades have seen a global wine glut. So far, well-intended but wasteful and expensive market-intervention has failed to drag the wine industry out of a chronic annual oversupply of roughly 15%. Can yeast research succeed where these approaches have failed by providing a means of improving wine quality, thereby making wine more appealing to consumers? To molecular biologists Saccharomyces cerevisiae is as intriguing as it is tractable. A simple unicellular eukaryote, it is an ideal model organism, enabling scientists to shed new light on some of the biggest scientific challenges such as the biology of cancer and aging. It is amenable to almost any modification that modern biology can throw at a cell, making it an ideal host for genetic manipulation, whether by the application of traditional or modern genetic techniques. To the winemaker, this yeast is integral to crafting wonderful, complex wines from simple, sugar-rich grape juice. Thus any improvements that we can make to wine, yeast fermentation performance or the sensory properties it imparts to wine will benefit winemakers and consumers. With this in mind, the application of frontier technologies, particularly the burgeoning fields of systems and synthetic biology, have much to offer in their pursuit of “novel” yeast strains to produce high quality wine. This paper discusses the nexus between yeast research and winemaking. It also addresses how winemakers and scientists face up to the challenges of consumer perceptions and opinions regarding the intervention of science and technology; the greater this intervention, the stronger the criticism that wine is no longer “natural.” How can wine researchers respond to the growing number of wine commentators and consumers who feel that scientific endeavors favor wine quantity over quality and “technical sophistication, fermentation reliability and product consistency” over “artisanal variation”? This paper seeks to present yeast research in a new light and a new context, and it raises important questions about the direction of yeast research, its contribution to science and the future of winemaking.
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Capone DL, Black CA, Jeffery DW. Effects on 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol precursor concentrations from prolonged storage of Sauvignon blanc grapes prior to crushing and pressing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3515-3523. [PMID: 22435800 DOI: 10.1021/jf300054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Formation of wine thiol precursors is a dynamic process, which can be influenced by vineyard and winery processing operations. With the aim of increasing thiol precursor concentrations, a study of the effects of storing machine-harvested Sauvignon blanc grapes prior to crushing and pressing was undertaken on a commercial scale. 3-Mercaptohexan-1-ol (3-MH) precursors, 2-S-glutathionylcaftaric acid (grape reaction product, GRP), glutathione (GSH) and a number of C6 compounds were assessed at several time points during the experiment. The concentration of the cysteine precursor to 3-MH doubled within 8 h and tripled after 30 h while the GSH and cysteinylglycine precursors increased in concentration roughly 1.5 times. (E)-2-Hexenal and GSH levels decreased as thiol precursors, GRP and C6 alcohols increased during storage. Principal component analysis revealed that precursors contributed to most of the variation within the samples over the storage period, with additional influence, primarily from GSH and GRP, as well as (E)-2-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. Early storage time points were associated with higher concentrations of GSH and some unsaturated C6 compounds while longer storage times were most closely associated with higher thiol precursor and GRP concentrations. This study provides a detailed overview of interactions related to thiol precursor formation on a commercial scale and highlights the ability to manipulate precursor concentrations prior to grape crushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra L Capone
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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