1
|
Vo TP, Pham ND, Pham TV, Nguyen HY, Vo LTV, Tran TNH, Tran TN, Nguyen DQ. Green extraction of total phenolic and flavonoid contents from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) rind using natural deep eutectic solvents. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14884. [PMID: 37095977 PMCID: PMC10121615 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This research combined ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) to recover phenolic and flavonoid components from mangosteen rind. The antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl assays. NADES prepared from lactic and 1,2-propanediol had the highest extraction efficiency based on the total flavonoid content (TFC) and phenolic contents (TPC). Single-factor experiments were employed to assess the influence of UAE conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, water content in NADES, and time) on TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activities. NADES-based UAE conditions were optimized using response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design model on five dependent responses (TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and OH). The optimal conditions for the lactic-1,2-Propanediol-based UAE process were 76.7 ml liquid/g solid with 30.3% of water content at 57.5 °C for 9.1 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to examine the surface morphology of mangosteen rind before and after sonication. This study proposes an efficient, green, and practical approach for recovering phenolics and flavonoids from mangosteen rinds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Phat Vo
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Duyen Pham
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Vy Pham
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Yen Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thao Vy Vo
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngoc Huyen Tran
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tri Nguyen Tran
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Quan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Insights into the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050994. [PMID: 36900511 PMCID: PMC10000740 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The industrial processing of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) generates high amounts of waste, as ~60% of the fruit is formed by an inedible pericarp. However, its pericarp has been explored as a source of xanthones; nevertheless, studies addressing the recovery of other chemical compounds from such biomass are still scarce. Hence, this study intended to elucidate the chemical composition of the mangosteen pericarp, including fat-soluble (tocopherols and fatty acids) and water-soluble (organic acids and phenolic compound non-xanthones) compounds present in the following extracts: hydroethanolic (MT80), ethanolic (MTE), and aqueous (MTW). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antibacterial potentials of the extracts were assessed. The mangosteen pericarp showed a composition with seven organic acids, three tocopherol isomers, four fatty acids and fifteen phenolic compounds. Regarding the extraction of phenolics, the MT80 was the most efficient (54 mg/g extract), followed by MTE (19.79 mg/g extract) and MTW (4.011 mg/g extract). All extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial activities; however, MT80 and MTE extracts were more efficient than MTW. Only MTW did not show anti-inflammatory properties, whereas MTE and MT80 showed inhibitory activities towards tumor cell lines. Notwithstanding, MTE showed cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Our findings support the idea that the ripe mangosteen pericarp is a source of bioactive compounds, although their recovery is dependent on the extraction solvent.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li R, Inbaraj BS, Chen BH. Quantification of Xanthone and Anthocyanin in Mangosteen Peel by UPLC-MS/MS and Preparation of Nanoemulsions for Studying Their Inhibition Effects on Liver Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043934. [PMID: 36835343 PMCID: PMC9965517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen peel, a waste produced during mangosteen processing, has been reported to be rich in xanthone and anthocyanin, both of which possess vital biological activities such as anti-cancer properties. The objectives of this study were to analyze various xanthones and anthocyanins in mangosteen peel by UPLC-MS/MS for the subsequent preparation of both xanthone and anthocyanin nanoemulsions to study their inhibition effects on liver cancer cells HepG2. Results showed that methanol was the optimal solvent for the extraction of xanthones and anthocyanins, with a total amount of 68,543.39 and 2909.57 μg/g, respectively. A total of seven xanthones, including garcinone C (513.06 μg/g), garcinone D (469.82 μg/g), γ-mangostin (11,100.72 μg/g), 8-desoxygartanin (1490.61 μg/g), gartanin (2398.96 μg/g), α-mangostin (51,062.21 μg/g) and β-mangostin (1508.01 μg/g), as well as two anthocyanins including cyanidin-3-sophoroside (2889.95 μg/g) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (19.72 μg/g), were present in mangosteen peel. The xanthone nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing an appropriate portion of soybean oil, CITREM, Tween 80 and deionized water, while the anthocyanin nanoemulsion composed of soybean oil, ethanol, PEG400, lecithin, Tween 80, glycerol and deionized water was prepared as well. The mean particle size of the xanthone extract and nanoemulsion were, respectively, 22.1 and 14.0 nm as determined by DLS, while the zeta potential was -87.7 and -61.5 mV. Comparatively, xanthone nanoemulsion was more effective than xanthone extract in inhibiting the growth of HepG2 cells, with the IC50 being 5.78 μg/mL for the former and 6.23 μg/mL for the latter. However, the anthocyanin nanoemulsion failed to inhibit growth of HepG2 cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the proportion of the sub-G1 phase followed a dose-dependent increase, while that of the G0/G1 phase showed a dose-dependent decline for both xanthone extracts and nanoemulsions, with the cell cycle being possibly arrested at the S phase. The proportion of late apoptosis cells also followed a dose-dependent rise for both xanthone extracts and nanoemulsions, with the latter resulting in a much higher proportion at the same dose. Similarly, the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 followed a dose-dependent increase for both xanthone extracts and nanoemulsions, with the latter exhibiting a higher activity at the same dose. Collectively, xanthone nanoemulsion was more effective than xanthone extract in inhibiting the growth of HepG2 cells. Further research is needed to study the anti-tumor effect in vivo.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nirmal NP, Khanashyam AC, Mundanat AS, Shah K, Babu KS, Thorakkattu P, Al-Asmari F, Pandiselvam R. Valorization of Fruit Waste for Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in the Food Industry. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030556. [PMID: 36766085 PMCID: PMC9914274 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit production and processing sectors produce tremendous amounts of by-products and waste that cause significant economic losses and an undesirable impact on the environment. The effective utilization of these fruit wastes can help to reduce the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions, thereby achieving sustainable development goals. These by-products contain a variety of bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, polysaccharides, and several other health-promoting nutrients and phytochemicals. These bioactive compounds can be extracted and used as value-added products in different industrial applications. The bioactive components extracted can be used in developing nutraceutical products, functional foods, or food additives. This review provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments in fruit waste valorization techniques and their application in food industries. The various extraction techniques, including conventional and emerging methods, have been discussed. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the active compounds extracted and isolated from fruit waste have been described. The most important food industrial application of bioactive compounds extracted from fruit waste (FW) has been provided. Finally, challenges, future direction, and concluding remarks on the topic are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: (N.P.N.); (R.P.); Tel.: +66-28002380-429 (N.P.N.)
| | | | - Anjaly Shanker Mundanat
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat 131028, India
| | - Kartik Shah
- Sargento Foods, 305 Pine Street, Elkhart Lake, WI 53020, USA
| | | | - Priyamvada Thorakkattu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Fahad Al-Asmari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod 671124, India
- Correspondence: (N.P.N.); (R.P.); Tel.: +66-28002380-429 (N.P.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248775. [PMID: 36557908 PMCID: PMC9782657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones are significant bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in mangosteen pericarps. A xanthone is a phenolic compound and versatile scaffold that consists of a tricyclic xanthene-9-one structure. A xanthone may exist in glycosides, aglycones, monomers or polymers. It is well known that xanthones possess a multitude of beneficial properties, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, xanthones can be used as raw material and/or an ingredient in many food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Although xanthones can be used in various therapeutic and functional applications, their properties and stability are determined by their extraction procedures. Extracting high-quality xanthones from mangosteen with effective therapeutic effects could be challenging if the extraction method is insufficient. Although several extraction processes are in use today, their efficiency has not yet been rigorously evaluated. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction procedure is imperative to recover substantial yields of xanthones with enhanced functionality from mangosteens. Hence, the present review will assist in establishing a precise scenario for finding the most appropriate extraction method for xanthones from mangosteen pericarp by critically analyzing various conventional and unconventional extraction methods and their ability to preserve the stability and biological effects of xanthones.
Collapse
|
6
|
Labban RSM, Alfawaz HA, Amina M, Bhat RS, Hassan WM, El-Ansary A. Synergism between Extracts of Garcinia mangostana Pericarp and Curcuma in Ameliorating Altered Brain Neurotransmitters, Systemic Inflammation, and Leptin Levels in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Wistar Albino Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214630. [PMID: 36364892 PMCID: PMC9657435 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) and Curcuma longa independently and synergistically in modulating induced inflammation and impaired brain neurotransmitters commonly observed in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rodent models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups. Group I, control, obese, fed on a high-fat diet (HFD), and Group II-IV, fed on HFD then given mangosteen extract (400 mg/kg/day) and/or Curcuma (80 mg/kg/day), or a mixture of both for 6 weeks. Plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, leptin, and brain serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate were measured in the five studied groups. G. mangostana and Curcuma longa extracts demonstrate antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Both induced a significant reduction in the weight gained, concomitant with a non-significant decrease in the BMI (from 0.86 to 0.81 g/cm2). Curcuma either alone or in combination with MPE was more effective. Both extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and induced a significant reduction in levels of both IL-6 and IL-12. The lowest leptin level was achieved in the synergistically treated group, compared to independent treatments. Brain dopamine was the most affected variable, with significantly lower levels recorded in the Curcuma and synergistically treated groups than in the control group. Glutamate and serotonin levels were not affected significantly. The present study demonstrated that mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) and Curcuma were independently and in combination effective in treating obesity-induced inflammation and demonstrating neuroprotective properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranyah Shaker M. Labban
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Deputyship for Therapeutic Services, General, Administration of Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11595, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail M. Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcinia mangostana L. fruits and derived food supplements: identification and quantitative determination of bioactive xanthones by NMR analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 218:114835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Ahn EY, Shin SW, Kim K, Park Y. Facile Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Upcycling Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Pericarp Extract. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:40. [PMID: 35357581 PMCID: PMC8971259 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present report, green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) was performed by upcycling mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp extract (methanol and ethyl acetate extracts). Field emission scanning electron microscopy images revealed an aggregated structure with a highly porous network of TiO2 NPs. TiO2 NPs synthesized with ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc-TiO2 NPs) exhibited more monodispersity and possessed smoother surfaces than the control TiO2 NPs (Con-TiO2 NPs) and TiO2 NPs synthesized with methanol extract (MeOH-TiO2 NPs). High-resolution X-ray diffraction patterns clearly confirmed that TiO2 NPs had a crystalline nature. A mixture of anatase and rutile was observed in Con-TiO2 NPs and MeOH-TiO2 NPs, while EtOAc-TiO2 NPs had only anatase with the smallest size (12.50 ± 1.81 nm). Ethyl acetate extract contained the highest amount of α-mangostin; thus, the surface of TiO2 NPs was functionalized with ethyl acetate extract. The functionalized TiO2 NPs synthesized with ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc-TiO2-αm) showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. In vitro cell viability on mouse fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) indicated that the newly synthesized TiO2 NPs did not show any significant cytotoxicity. Therefore, the TiO2 NPs in the present report have the potential to be used in cosmetic applications such as sunscreens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, 50834, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
HIEW CW, LEE LJ, JUNUS S, TAN YN, CHAI TT, EE KY. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and the effect of microencapsulation on mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind extract. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.35521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yen-Nee TAN
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai CHAI
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Yaw EE
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of virgin coconut oil (VCO) as co-extractant for obtaining xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Zhu B, Lu W, Qin Y, Cheng G, Yuan M, Li L. An intelligent pH indicator film based on cassava starch/polyvinyl alcohol incorporating anthocyanin extracts for monitoring pork freshness. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bifen Zhu
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Wangwei Lu
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Yuyue Qin
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Guiguang Cheng
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Minglong Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Biopolymer Functional Materials of Yunnan Yunnan Nationalities University Kunming China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Mello RFA, de Souza Pinheiro WB, Benjamim JKF, de Siqueira FC, Chisté RC, Santos AS. A fast and efficient preparative method for separation and purification of main bioactive xanthones from the waste of Garcinia mangostana L. by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
13
|
Hu Y, Li J, Chang AK, Li Y, Tao X, Liu W, Wang Z, Su W, Li Z, Liang X. Screening and tissue distribution of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors in mice following oral administration of Garcinia mangostana L. ethanolic extract. Food Chem 2021; 357:129759. [PMID: 33878587 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) is a tropical fruit that is rich in xanthones and is thought to have an anti-diabetic effect. In this study, we screened for the xanthones in mangosteen that could inhibit the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an enzyme that is targeted by diabetic drugs. Mice were orally administered mangosteen extract and blood samples were screened for the presence of PTP1B-interacting xanthones. Six such compounds (1-6) were identified by UF-HPLC-QTOF-MS and their inhibition against PTP1B was confirmed by activity assay. Among them, garcinone E (5) was found to be the most effective PTP1B inhibitor (IC50 = 0.43 μM). Tissue distribution analysis showed that the six compounds were distributed in eleven tissues, including the liver, muscle, fat, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, brain, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen. The results demonstrated that mangosteen might be a promising source of natural compounds with high PTP1B-inhibitory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jianxin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China; College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Alan K Chang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xia Tao
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Wenbao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zhina Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zehao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China; Academy of Forensic Science, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khaw KY, Chong CW, Murugaiyah V. LC-QTOF-MS analysis of xanthone content in different parts of Garcinia mangostana and its influence on cholinesterase inhibition. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1433-1441. [PMID: 32608273 PMCID: PMC7717613 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1786819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen is one of the best tasting tropical fruit widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. This study aimed to quantify xanthone content in different parts of Garcinia mangostana by LC-QTOF-MS and determine its influence on their cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The total xanthone content in G. mangostana was in the following order: pericarp > calyx > bark > stalk > stem > leaves > aril. The total xanthone content of pericarp was 100 times higher than the aril. Methanol extracts of the pericarp and calyx demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values of 0.90 and 0.37 µg/mL, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between xanthone content and cholinesterase inhibition. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed α-mangostin and γ-mangostin of pericarp as the key metabolites contributing to cholinesterase inhibition. Due to the increasing demand of mangosteen products, repurposing of fruit waste (pericarp) has great potential for enhancement of the cognitive health of human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kooi Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tocmo R, Le B, Heun A, van Pijkeren JP, Parkin K, Johnson JJ. Prenylated xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) activate the AhR and Nrf2 pathways and protect intestinal barrier integrity in HT-29 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:102-115. [PMID: 33310139 PMCID: PMC8647718 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones from the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) display anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Here, we isolate and identify potential inducers of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways from mangosteen using a bioassay-guided strategy. Mangosteen fruit pericarp extracts were subjected to sequential solvent extractions, followed by chromatography coupled with NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric analyses for identification and isolation of pure compounds. Isolation of active fractions led to seven prenylated xanthones that were identified and subsequently evaluated for bioactivity. In vitro luciferase reporter cellular assays using H1L6.1c3 (AhR induction) and HepG2-ARE (Nrf2 induction) were used to identify AhR and Nrf2 activators. All seven prenylated xanthones displayed AhR inducing activity, whereas only five xanthones activated Nrf2. Garcinone D (GarD) significantly upregulated AhR/Cyp1a1 and Nrf2/HO-1 protein expression and enhanced zonula occludens-1 and occludin protein levels in HT-29 cells. In addition, GarD inhibited oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by enhancing tight junction (TJ) proteins and inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Inhibition of AhR by pretreating cells with an AhR antagonist revealed that the AhR pathway is required for the improved epithelial barrier functions of GarD. These results highlight a dual mechanism by GarD that confers protection against intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Restituto Tocmo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bryan Le
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Amber Heun
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jan Peter van Pijkeren
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kirk Parkin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy James Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liang X, Hu Y, Li J, Chang AK, Tao X, Li Y, Liu W, Pi K, Yuan J, Jiang Z. Identification and Pharmacokinetics of Quinone Reductase 2 Inhibitors after Oral Administration of Garcinia mangostana L. Extract in Rat by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11975-11986. [PMID: 33054205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) is a famous tropical fruit that contains a large number of xanthones. Regular consumption of mangosteen may confer health benefits and prevent some diseases, such as malaria. Quinone reductase 2 (QR-2) is a cytosolic enzyme found in human red blood cells, and it is becoming a target for chemoprevention because it is involved in the mechanisms of several diseases, including malaria. To understand whether the xanthones present in mangosteen might inhibit the activity of QR-2, blood samples were collected from rat following the oral administration of mangosteen extract and then incubated with QR-2 followed by UF-HPLC-QTOF/MS analysis to rapidly screen for and identify the QR-2-inhibiting xanthones. A total of 16 xanthones were identified, and six of these (α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, 8-deoxyartanin, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2,8-di(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone, garcinone E, and 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone) were subjected to QR-2 inhibition assay. γ-Mangostin exhibited the strongest inhibition, achieving an IC50 value of 3.82 ± 0.51 μM. Its interaction with QR-2 was found to involve hydrogen bond and arene-arene interaction as revealed by molecular docking. The present study could provide new insight into the potential application of mangosteen as functional food ingredients for inhibiting the activity of QR-2. However, the extent of daily intake of mangosteen required and the exact contribution of mangosteen to the prevention and treatment of malaria remain subjects of further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Forensic Science, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Alan K Chang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Tao
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Pi
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moopayak W, Tangboriboon N. Mangosteen peel and seed as antimicrobial and drug delivery in rubber products. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Moopayak
- Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of EngineeringKasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nuchnapa Tangboriboon
- Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of EngineeringKasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and HPLC Combined with Multivariate Calibration for Analysis of Xanthones in Mangosteen Extracts. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen, or Garcinia mangostana L., has merged as an emerging fruit to be investigated due to its active compounds, especially xanthone derivatives such as α -mangostin (AM), γ-mangostin (GM), and gartanin (GT). These compounds had been reported to exert some pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, therefore, the development of an analytical method capable of quantifying these compounds should be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between FTIR spectra and HPLC chromatogram, combined with chemometrics for quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract of mangosteen. The ethanolic extract of mangosteen pericarp was prepared using the maceration technique, and the obtained extract was subjected to measurement using instruments of FTIR spectrophotometer at wavenumbers of 4000–650 cm−1 and HPLC, using a PDA detector at 281 nm. The data acquired were subjected to chemometrics analysis of partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). The result showed that the wavenumber regions of 3700–2700 cm−1 offered a reliable method for quantitative analysis of GM with coefficient of determination (R2) 0.9573 in calibration and 0.8134 in validation models, along with RMSEC value of 0.0487% and RMSEP value 0.120%. FTIR spectra using the second derivatives at wavenumber 3700–663 cm−1 with coefficient of determination (R2) >0.99 in calibration and validation models, along with the lowest RMSEC value and RMSEP value, were used for quantitative analysis of GT and AM, respectively. It can be concluded that FTIR spectra combined with multivariate are accurate and precise for the analysis of xanthones.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rezeki YA, Hapidin DA, Rachmawati H, Munir MM, Khairurrijal K. Formation of electrosprayed composite nanoparticles from polyvinylpyrrolidone/mangosteen pericarp extract. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
20
|
Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging films based on chitosan and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind powder. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:1129-1139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
Mohammad NA, Abang Zaidel DN, Muhamad II, Abdul Hamid M, Yaakob H, Mohd Jusoh YM. Optimization of the antioxidant-rich xanthone extract from mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02571. [PMID: 31667409 PMCID: PMC6812211 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties of xanthone extract from mangosteen pericarp via microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The MAE extraction conditions to obtain optimum antioxidant-rich xanthone extract were at 2.24 min of irradiation time, 25 mL/g of solvent-to-solid ratio and 71% of ethanol concentration. The predicted results for four responses were as follows; 320.31 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, 83.63% and 93.77% inhibition (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays), and 144.56 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract (FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power). The predicted and actual values were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Therefore, these results confirmed that the examined model was acceptable and relevant. MAE led to a slightly similar antioxidant capacity and a higher extraction of α-mangostin, a major xanthone of mangosteen pericarp as compared to water bath-maceration technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Azizah Mohammad
- Food and Biomaterial Engineering Research Group, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel
- Food and Biomaterial Engineering Research Group, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioproduct Development, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ida Idayu Muhamad
- Food and Biomaterial Engineering Research Group, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Institute of Human Centred Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mariani Abdul Hamid
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Harisun Yaakob
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh
- Food and Biomaterial Engineering Research Group, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carrillo-Hormaza L, Ramírez AM, Osorio E. Chemometric classification of Garcinia madruno raw material: Impact of the regional origin and ripeness stage of a neotropical exotic species. Food Chem 2019; 293:291-298. [PMID: 31151614 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia madruno is a neotropical tree characterized by its exotic fruit and its functional compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and variability of the chemical markers of G. madruno according to the part of the plant used, the origin and the ripeness stage by applying chemometric tools. A total of 167 samples were evaluated, and 27 compounds were quantified per sample. The expression of amentoflavone, morelloflavone-type biflavonoids and polyisoprenylated benzophenones (PIBs) promoted intergroup differentiation, whereas the expression of GB-2a-type biflavonoids promoted intragroup cluster generation. Epicarp was the main source of biflavonoids and the secondary source of PIBs, with values up to 25% in some individuals. The origin of the fruit significantly impacted the expression of metabolites, whereas the ripeness stage did not. The results indicate that epicarp is a good source of functional compounds and, with appropriately agronomic development, could be improved even more.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carrillo-Hormaza
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Ana M Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bitter profiling of phenolic fractions of green Cyclopia genistoides herbal tea. Food Chem 2019; 276:626-635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Mulia K, Fauzia F, Krisanti EA. Polyalcohols as Hydrogen-Bonding Donors in Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030636. [PMID: 30759720 PMCID: PMC6384984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supplements or additives in food products due to their high antioxidant activities. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediols, and butanediols) as hydrogen bonding donors (HBDs) were used to extract the xanthones from the pericarp of mangosteen. DESs with 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-butanediol as HBDs (ChCl to HBD mole ratio of 1:3) afforded the highest extraction yields (2.40-2.63%) of α-mangostin, the most abundant component that represents xanthones. These DESs have intermediate Nile Red polar parameter values similar to that of ethanol and provide extraction yields with a quadratic dependence on the polar parameter. Polarity and viscosity, the important physicochemical properties to consider in the selection of DES as an extraction solvent, could be adjusted based on the consideration of the molecular structure of the polyalcohols. The following factors qualifies the ChCl-1,2-propanediol DES as a designer solvent for green extraction: It is selected from a set of DESs having a homologous class of HBDs to deliver the highest α-mangostin extraction yield, its extract composition similar to that obtained using ethanol, it has low or negligible vapor pressure, both of its components are generally recognized as safe chemicals so that direct utilization of a DES extract is possible, and this DES is used for utilization of agricultural waste products as the resource of bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamarza Mulia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Farah Fauzia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Elsa Anisa Krisanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Choothaweep Palakawong
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Food Technology Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University Maha Sarakham Thailand
| | - Pascal Delaquis
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Summerland Research and Development Centre Summerland British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parijadi AAR, Putri SP, Ridwani S, Dwivany FM, Fukusaki E. Metabolic profiling of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) based on ripening stages. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:238-244. [PMID: 28970109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging research field based on exhaustive metabolite profiling that have been proven useful to facilitate the study of postharvest fruit development and ripening. Specifically, tracking changes to the metabolome as fruit ripens should provide important clues for understanding ripening mechanisms and identify bio-markers to improve post-harvest technology of fruits. This study conducted a time-course metabolome analysis in mangosteen, an economically important tropical fruit valued for its flavor. Mangosteen is a climacteric fruit that requires an important plant hormone ethylene to regulate ripening processes and rate. We first categorized mangosteen samples in different ripening stages based on color changes, an established indicator of ripening. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, small hydrophilic metabolites were profiled from non-ripened to fully ripened (ripening stages 0-6). These metabolites were then correlated with color changes to verify their involvement mangosteen ripening. Our results suggest that the increase of 2-aminoisobutyric acid, psicose, and several amino acids (phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, serine, and tyrosine) showed a correlation with the progression of mangosteen ripening. This is the first report of the application of non-targeted metabolomics in mangosteen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjaritha A R Parijadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sastia P Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Sobir Ridwani
- Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Baranangsiang, Bogor 16144, Indonesia
| | - Fenny M Dwivany
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cheok CY, Mohd Adzahan N, Abdul Rahman R, Zainal Abedin NH, Hussain N, Sulaiman R, Chong GH. Current trends of tropical fruit waste utilization. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:335-361. [PMID: 27246698 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1176009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent rapid growth of the world's population has increased food demands. This phenomenon poses a great challenge for food manufacturers in maximizing the existing food or plant resources. Nowadays, the recovery of health benefit bioactive compounds from fruit wastes is a research trend not only to help minimize the waste burden, but also to meet the intensive demand from the public for phenolic compounds which are believed to have protective effects against chronic diseases. This review is focused on polyphenolic compounds recovery from tropical fruit wastes and its current trend of utilization. The tropical fruit wastes include in discussion are durian (Durio zibethinus), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), mango (Mangifera indica L.), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), papaya (Carica papaya), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp), and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Highlights of bioactive compounds in different parts of a tropical fruit are targeted primarily for food industries as pragmatic references to create novel innovative health enhancement food products. This information is intended to inspire further research ideas in areas that are still under-explored and for food processing manufacturers who would like to minimize wastes as the norm of present day industry (design) objective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choon Yoong Cheok
- a Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , UCSI University , KL Campus (South Wing), Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Noranizan Mohd Adzahan
- b Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Technology , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Russly Abdul Rahman
- c Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Technology , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Nur Hanani Zainal Abedin
- c Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Technology , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Hussain
- b Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Technology , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Rabiha Sulaiman
- b Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Technology , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Gun Hean Chong
- b Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Technology , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Phopin K, Wanwimolruk S, Prachayasittikul V. Food safety in Thailand. 3: Pesticide residues detected in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), queen of fruits. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:832-840. [PMID: 27185538 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For developing countries like Thailand, regulation of pesticide usage exists, but it is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study aimed to determine the pesticide residues in mangosteen fruits sold in Thailand. The mangosteen samples (n = 111) were purchased and the contents of 28 pesticides were analysed by GC-MS/MS method. RESULTS Of the pesticides tested, eight were found in 100% of the mangosteen samples. However, in 97% of these samples, either chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, metalaxyl or profenofos was detected exceeding their maximum residue limits (MRLs), representing a 97% rate of pesticide detection above the MRL. This rate is much higher than those found in other fruits sold in developed countries. However, this conclusion excludes the fresh Thai mangosteens grown for export, as these are generally cultivated and harvested to GAP standards. Since the edible part of the mangosteen is the pulp, washing the fruits with running water can reduce the risk of pesticide residues contaminating the pulp which would be eaten by the consumer. CONCLUSION The findings strongly suggest that routine monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is required to reduce the health risks associated with consuming contaminated food. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carrillo-Hormaza L, Ramírez AM, Quintero-Ortiz C, Cossio M, Medina S, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A, Osorio E. Comprehensive characterization and antioxidant activities of the main biflavonoids of Garcinia madruno : A novel tropical species for developing functional products. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
30
|
Chhouk K, Quitain AT, Gaspillo PAD, Maridable JB, Sasaki M, Shimoyama Y, Goto M. Supercritical carbon dioxide-mediated hydrothermal extraction of bioactive compounds from Garcinia Mangostana pericarp. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
Rapid assessment of the effectiveness of antioxidant active packaging—Study with grape pomace and olive leaf extracts. Food Packag Shelf Life 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Rouger C, Derbré S, Charreau B, Pabois A, Cauchy T, Litaudon M, Awang K, Richomme P. Lepidotol A from Mesua lepidota Inhibits Inflammatory and Immune Mediators in Human Endothelial Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2187-2197. [PMID: 26301802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the fruits of Mesua lepidota (Calophyllaceae) led to the isolation of seven new phenylcoumarin derivatives named lepidotols A-E (1-5) and lepidotins A and B (6, 7). These structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods including UV, NMR, and HRMS. Lepidotol A (1), the major compound, was evaluated for its inhibitory effect on inflammation and immunity using endothelial cell-based cellular assays. At 10 μM, 1 exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity, with a significant inhibition of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression induced by tumor necrosis factor-α. Lepidotol A also showed a mild immunosuppressive effect, with inhibition of the major histocompatibility complex molecules, namely, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and HLA-E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rouger
- EA921 SONAS, SFR4207 QUASAV, Université d'Angers , Angers, France
| | - Séverine Derbré
- EA921 SONAS, SFR4207 QUASAV, Université d'Angers , Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie , LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN , Nantes, France
- Faculté de Médecine, LUNAM, Université de Nantes , Nantes, France
| | - Angélique Pabois
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie , LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN , Nantes, France
- Faculté de Médecine, LUNAM, Université de Nantes , Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Cauchy
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS UMR6200, Université d'Angers , Angers, France
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) , CNRS, LabEx CEBA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Khalijah Awang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pascal Richomme
- EA921 SONAS, SFR4207 QUASAV, Université d'Angers , Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zillich OV, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Eisner P, Kerscher M. Polyphenols as active ingredients for cosmetic products. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:455-64. [PMID: 25712493 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity. They are ubiquitously distributed in the plant kingdom; high amounts contain, for example, green tea and grape seeds. Polyphenolic extracts are attractive ingredients for cosmetics and pharmacy due to their beneficial biological properties. This review summarizes the effects of polyphenols in the context of anti-ageing activity. We have explored in vitro studies, which investigate antioxidant activity, inhibition of dermal proteases and photoprotective activity, mostly studied using dermal fibroblasts or epidermal keratinocytes cell lines. Possible negative effects of polyphenols were also discussed. Further, some physicochemical aspects, namely the possible interactions with emulsifiers and the influence of the cosmetic formulation on the skin delivery, were reported. Finally, few clinical studies, which cover the anti-ageing action of polyphenols on the skin after topical application, were reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O V Zillich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354, Freising, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Papendamm 21, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Schweiggert-Weisz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - P Eisner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - M Kerscher
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Papendamm 21, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fatmawati S, Ersam T, Shimizu K. The inhibitory activity of aldose reductase in vitro by constituents of Garcinia mangostana Linn. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:49-51. [PMID: 25636870 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated aldose reductase inhibition of Garcinia mangostana Linn. from Indonesia. Dichloromethane extract of the root bark of this tree was found to demonstrate an IC50 value of 11.98 µg/ml for human aldose reductase in vitro. From the dichloromethane fraction, prenylated xanthones were isolated as potent human aldose reductase inhibitors. We discovered 3-isomangostin to be most potent against aldose reductase, with an IC50 of 3.48 µM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Fatmawati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS-Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.
| | - Taslim Ersam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS-Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Two new chemical constituents from the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana. Molecules 2014; 19:7308-16. [PMID: 24901833 PMCID: PMC6271552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19067308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed chemical study on the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana resulted in the successful isolation of one new prenylated xanthone, mangaxanthone B (1), one new benzophenone, mangaphenone (2), and two known xanthones, mangostanin (3) and mangostenol (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated through analysis of their spectroscopic data obtained using 1D and 2D NMR and MS techniques.
Collapse
|
36
|
Winuprasith T, Suphantharika M. Microfibrillated cellulose from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind: Preparation, characterization, and evaluation as an emulsion stabilizer. Food Hydrocoll 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
37
|
Suttirak W, Manurakchinakorn S. In vitro antioxidant properties of mangosteen peel extract. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012; 51:3546-58. [PMID: 25477623 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in the replacement of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research on the screening of plant-derived raw materials for identifying new antioxidants. The special attention of research today is focused on inexpensive or residual sources from agricultural industries. Fruit peels as sources of powerful natural antioxidants are often the waste parts of various fruits from consumption and food industry. Among the fruit peels, mangosteen peel is an important source of natural phenolic antioxidants. The mangosteen peel contains various bioactive substances, i.e., phenolic acids and flavonoids, which possess biological and medicinal properties, especially antioxidant properties. The aim of this review, after presenting analytical techniques for determining in vitro antioxidant activity of mangosteen peel extract, is to summarize available data on the factors affecting antioxidant activity of mangosteen peel extract. In addition, the potential antioxidant activity of mangosteen peel extract, the bioactive compounds identified from mangosteen peel extract and their antioxidant activity are presented. Potential applications of the mangosteen peel extract in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weerayuth Suttirak
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161 Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Karim AA, Azlan A. Fruit pod extracts as a source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2012; 17:11931-46. [PMID: 23052712 PMCID: PMC6268244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit pods contain various beneficial compounds that have biological activities and can be used as a source of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. Although pods or pericarps are usually discarded when consuming the edible parts of fruits, they contain some compounds that exhibit biological activities after extraction. Most fruit pods included in this review contain polyphenolic components that can promote antioxidant effects on human health. Additionally, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and chemopreventive effects are associated with these fruit pod extracts. Besides polyphenolics, other compounds such as xanthones, carotenoids and saponins also exhibit health effects and can be potential sources of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical components. In this review, information on fruit pods or pericarp of Garcinia mangostana, Ceratonia siliqua, Moringa oleifera, Acacia nilotica, Sapindus rarak and Prosopis cineraria is presented and discussed with regard to their biological activity of the major compounds existing in them. The fruit pods of other ethno- botanical plants have also been reviewed. It can be concluded that although fruit pods are considered as being of no practical use and are often being thrown away, they nevertheless contain compounds that might be useful sources of nutraceutical and other pharmaceutical components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azila Abdul Karim
- Cocoa Innovation & Technology Centre, Malaysian Cocoa Board, PT12621, Nilai Industrial Area, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia;
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Impact of processing and storage on the phenolic profiles and contents of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juices. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|