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Evaluation of Hydrogen Cyanide in the Blood of Fire Victims Based on the Kinetics of the Reaction with Ninhydrin. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An original kinetic spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the determination of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the whole blood of fire victims. Cyanide poisoning by smoke inhalation is common in forensic medicine, but the blood HCN of fire victims has not been studied in detail so far. In this research project, we developed a simple, fast, sensitive, and selective quantification method for both free and metabolized HCN based on the kinetics of cyanide reaction with ninhydrin. The method was linear in range, from 0.26 to 2.6 μg mL−1, with a coefficient of determination of r = 0.994. A high molar absorptivity of 4.95 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1 was calculated under the reaction conditions. The limit of quantification was 0.052 μg mL−1; the detection limit was 0.012 μg mL−1 and the standard error was ±2.7%. This micro method proved to be accurate, sensitive, and selective and has been successfully applied to the analysis of blood samples, allowing rapid monitoring of blood cyanide in several fire victims.
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Tabian D, Drochioiu G, Damian SI, Girlescu N, Toma Gradinaru O, Toma SI, Bulgaru Iliescu D. Toxic Blood Hydrogen Cyanide Concentration as a Vital Sign of a Deceased Room Fire Victim-Case Report. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020036. [PMID: 33669200 PMCID: PMC7919791 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are two common toxic products of combustion. HCN concentrations of fire victims are not routinely determined in most legal medicine services in Romania. We present the case of a room fire victim in which we evaluated the concentrations of HCN and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), their contribution to the mechanism of death, and the possibility that HCN concentration can be interpreted as vital sign. COHb was determined by spectrophotometry. HCN was spectrophotometrically determined with ninhydrin in postmortem blood samples after its removal with 20% phosphoric acid and uptake into a solution of potassium carbonate. The presence of ethyl alcohol was determined by gas chromatography. The COHb concentration was 6.15%, while the blood HCN concentration was 1.043 µg × mL−1 and the total HCN was 1.904 µg × ml−1. A blood alcohol content of 4.36 g‰ and a urine alcohol content of 5.88 g‰ were also found. Although the fire produced a considerable amount of soot, and there were signs of inhalation of soot particles, the COHb level cannot be interpreted as a vital sign. Toxic concentrations of HCN and total HCN can be interpreted as a vital sign and indicates a contributive effect of HCN in the mechanism of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tabian
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.D.); (N.G.); (D.B.I.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania
- Brasov County Legal Medicine Service, 500073 Brasov, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (S.I.T.); Tel.: +40-740-170-313 (D.T.); +40-722-400-050 (S.I.T.)
| | - Gabi Drochioiu
- Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 700605 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Simona Irina Damian
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.D.); (N.G.); (D.B.I.)
| | - Nona Girlescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.D.); (N.G.); (D.B.I.)
| | | | - Sebastian Ionut Toma
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (S.I.T.); Tel.: +40-740-170-313 (D.T.); +40-722-400-050 (S.I.T.)
| | - Diana Bulgaru Iliescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.D.); (N.G.); (D.B.I.)
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Tabian D, Bulgaru Iliescu D, Iov T, Barna B, Toma SI, Drochioiu G. Hydrogen cyanide and carboxyhemoglobin assessment in an open space fire-related fatality. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:1171-1175. [PMID: 33369895 PMCID: PMC8246848 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) can be a major contributory factor in death from fire-related inhalation injury. Although carbon monoxide (CO) is considered the lethal agent of smoke in fires, its liability as a cause of death is sometimes debatable. The purpose of this report is to present the case of an 80-year-old man with locomotor disabilities who died due to an open space fire of vegetation debris and household waste in his yard. We evaluated here the concentrations of HCN and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and their contribution to the mechanism of death. In addition, the risk factors and the contributing effect of the factors that compose the complex toxic environment that develops in fires were discussed. COHb was determined by spectrophotometry as recommended by Katsumata et al. in 1982. HCN was determined with ninhydrin in postmortem blood samples after removal with 20% phosphoric acid and capture in a potassium carbonate solution. A toxic concentration of 1.3 μg ml-1 HCN and a lethal COHb level of 73.7% were determined in the blood samples. Although death was mainly attributed to CO poisoning and extremely severe burns in this open space burning case, the additive effect of HCN in the mechanism of death was also highlighted. The results suggested the possibility that the man's clothing may have played an important role in the production of HCN in this open space fire, as well as other types of garbage that were burned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tabian
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania.,"Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Tatiana Iov
- Iasi Institute of Legal Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - Barabas Barna
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | | | - Gabi Drochioiu
- Faculty of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Ding M, Wang K. Determination of cyanide in bamboo shoots by microdiffusion combined with ion chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172128. [PMID: 29765664 PMCID: PMC5936929 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for the determination of cyanide in bamboo shoots has been developed using microdiffusion preparation integrated with ion chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD). Cyanide was released from bamboo shoots after Conway cell microdiffusion, and then analysed by IC-PAD. In comparison with the previously reported methods, derivatization and ion-pairing agent addition were not required in this proposed microdiffusion combined with IC-PAD method. The microdiffusion parameters were optimized including hydrolysis systems, temperature, time, and so on. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range of the calibration curve for cyanide was 0.2-200.0 µg kg-1 with satisfactory correlation coefficients of 0.9996 and the limit of detection was 0.2 µg kg-1 (S/N = 3). The spiked recovery range was from 92.8 to 98.6%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations of cyanide were 2.7-14.9% and 3.0-18.3%, respectively. This method was proved to be convenient in operation with high sensitivity, precision and accuracy, and was successfully applied in the determination of cyanide in bamboo shoot samples.
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Jaszczak E, Polkowska Ż, Narkowicz S, Namieśnik J. Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15929-15948. [PMID: 28512706 PMCID: PMC5506515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide toxicity and their environmental impact are well known. Nevertheless, they are still used in the mining, galvanic and chemical industries. As a result of industrial activities, cyanides are released in various forms to all elements of the environment. In a natural environment, cyanide exists as cyanogenic glycosides in plants seeds. Too much consumption can cause unpleasant side effects. However, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the most common source of cyanide. Live organisms have the ability to convert cyanide into less toxic compounds excreted with physiological fluids. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of cyanide in the environment and its impact on the health and human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaszczak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Narkowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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Huang H, Yie S, Liu Y, Wang C, Cai Z, Zhang W, Lan J, Huang X, Luo L, Cai K, Hou R, Zhang Z. Dietary resources shape the adaptive changes of cyanide detoxification function in giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Sci Rep 2016; 6:34700. [PMID: 27703267 PMCID: PMC5050549 DOI: 10.1038/srep34700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional adaptive changes in cyanide detoxification in giant panda appear to be response to dietary transition from typical carnivore to herbivorous bear. We tested the absorption of cyanide contained in bamboo/bamboo shoots with a feeding trial in 20 adult giant pandas. We determined total cyanide content in bamboo shoots and giant panda’s feces, levels of urinary thiocyanate and tissue rhodanese activity using color reactions with a spectrophotometer. Rhodanese expression in liver and kidney at transcription and translation levels were measured using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. We compared differences of rhodanese activity and gene expressions among giant panda, rabbit (herbivore) and cat (carnivore), and between newborn and adult giant pandas. Bamboo shoots contained 3.2 mg/kg of cyanide and giant pandas absorbed more than 65% of cyanide. However, approximately 80% of absorbed cyanide was metabolized to less toxic thiocyanate that was discharged in urine. Rhodanese expression and activity in liver and kidney of giant panda were significantly higher than in cat, but lower than in rabbit (all P < 0.05). Levels in adult pandas were higher than that in newborn cub. Phylogenetic analysis of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the rhodanese gene supported a closer relationship of giant panda with carnivores than with herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Shangmian Yie
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Jingchao Lan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Xiangming Huang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Li Luo
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Kailai Cai
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu, 610081, China
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