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Zhang M, Zhang H, Olajide TM, Cao W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiang Y. Mineral saturated hydrocarbons and mineral aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical plant oils and their removal by molecular distillation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Tosin Michael Olajide
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Wenming Cao
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yuanrong Jiang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
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Zarezadeh MR, Aboonajmi M, Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti M. Applications of ultrasound techniques in tandem with non-destructive approaches for the quality evaluation of edible oils. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2940-2950. [PMID: 35872733 PMCID: PMC9304511 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Edible oils include triglycerides that are extracted from oil seeds or fruits such as sunflowers, palms, olives, soys, rapeseeds, cocoa and many others. They are the elementary origins of unsaturated fats and vitamins especially vitamin 'E' in people's diets. Edible oils are at risk of intentional (such as inadequate storage conditions) and unintentional adulteration, so it is necessary to pay attention to their safety, health and fraud. Generally, this evaluation can be destructive or non-destructive. There are numerous methods to evaluate quality of edible oils which include sensory analysis, chemical analysis, chromatography, ultrasound, etc. The Ultrasonic approach is a non-destructive way and also fast, accurate, inexpensive, repeatable, portable and simple. Combination of ultrasound with other techniques such as electronic nose, electronic tongue, visible spectroscopic fingerprints, chemical descriptors, Raman spectroscopy, mid-infrared and machine vision, will improve quality evaluation and detection accuracy. This review summarizes the ultrasound idea and the latest knowledge of its application with other techniques on evaluation of edible oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 3391653755, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aboonajmi
- Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 3391653755, Iran
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Sudhakar A, Chakraborty SK, Mahanti NK, Varghese C. Advanced techniques in edible oil authentication: A systematic review and critical analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:873-901. [PMID: 34347552 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1956424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adulteration of edible substances is a potent contemporary food safety issue. Perhaps the overt concern derives from the fact that adulterants pose serious ill effects on human health. Edible oils are one of the most adulterated food products. Perpetrators are adopting ways and means that effectively masks the presence of the adulterants from human organoleptic limits and traditional oil adulteration detection techniques. This review embodies a detailed account of chemical, biosensors, chromatography, spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, non-thermal plasma, dielectric spectroscopy research carried out in the area of falsification assessment of edible oils for the past three decades and a collection of patented oil adulteration detection techniques. The detection techniques reviewed have some advantages and certain limitations, chemical tests are simple; biosensors and nuclear magnetic resonance are rapid but have a low sensitivity; chromatography and spectroscopy are highly accurate with a deterring price tag; dielectric spectroscopy is rapid can be portable and has on-line compatibility; however, the results are susceptible to variation of electric current frequency and intrinsic factors (moisture, temperature, structural composition). This review paper can be useful for scientists or for knowledge seekers eager to be abreast with edible oil adulteration detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sudhakar
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Subir Kumar Chakraborty
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Mahanti
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Cinu Varghese
- Rural Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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4
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Hochegger A, Moret S, Geurts L, Gude T, Leitner E, Mertens B, O'Hagan S, Poças F, Simat TJ, Purcaro G. Mineral oil risk assessment: Knowledge gaps and roadmap. Outcome of a multi-stakeholders workshop. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Sdrigotti N, Collard M, Purcaro G. Evolution of hyphenated techniques for mineral oil analysis in food. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:464-482. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sdrigotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
- Department of Agricultural Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine Udine 33100 Italy
| | - Maurine Collard
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
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6
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Biedermann M, Munoz C, Grob K. Epoxidation for the analysis of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in food. An update. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461236. [PMID: 32540076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (HPLC-GC-FID) used for determining mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in foods, particularly in certain oils and fats, may be disturbed by interfering olefins present as natural food components or resulting from raffination of the oils and fats. While some interference can be coped with by disregarding their peaks, others overload GC to the extent of obscuring the MOAH or form humps which need to be distinguished from the hump formed by the MOAH. In the latter cases, it is necessary to remove these interferences prior to HPLC-GC analysis. So far, epoxidation of the olefins to increase their retention time beyond that of the MOAH in HPLC is the best method available, though imperfect by causing some loss of MOAH and sometimes incomplete removal of the interference. Two methods are re-evaluated; preference is given to a slightly modified version of that proposed by Nestola and Schmidt. The performances are comparable: the losses of MOAH are similar and with both methods not all interfering olefins may be removed from refined edible oils. However, the Nestola/Schmidt method has practical advantages, the main ones being that no cooling is necessary and no solvent needs to be evaporated, which facilitates automation. Potential residual interferences must be recognized and subtracted, which can be by the characteristics of the hump they form in HPLC-GC-FID, by GCxGC-FID or by GCxGC-MS using characteristic mass fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celine Munoz
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Nobili C, De Acutis A, Reverberi M, Bello C, Leone GP, Palumbo D, Natella F, Procacci S, Zjalic S, Brunori A. Buckwheat Hull Extracts Inhibit Aspergillus flavus Growth and AFB 1 Biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1997. [PMID: 31555235 PMCID: PMC6727613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal contamination poses at risk the whole food production chain - from farm to fork - with potential negative impact on human health. So far, the insurgence of pathogens has been restrained by the use of chemical compounds, whose residues have gradually accumulated determining toxic effects in the environment. Modern innovative techniques imply the use of natural and eco-sustainable bioactive plant molecules as pathogens and pests-control agents. These may be profitably recovered in large amounts at the end of industrial milling processes. This is the case of the non-digestible hull of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), a natural source of polyphenols, tocopherols, phytosterols and fatty acids. We extract these compounds from the hull of buckwheat; apply them to Aspergillus flavus - aflatoxin producer - under in vitro conditions, checking their ability to inhibit fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Moreover, a solvent free method implying the adoption of supercritical CO2 as solvent was set up to extract lipophilic molecules from the buckwheat’ hulls. Positive results in controlling fungal growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis let infer that the extracts could be further tested also under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department for Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bello
- AST Scienze della Nutrizione, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fausta Natella
- AST Scienze della Nutrizione, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Aquaculture and Agriculture, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
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Picouet PA, Gou P, Hyypiö R, Castellari M. Implementation of NIR technology for at-line rapid detection of sunflower oil adulterated with mineral oil. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Pajoumshariati SR, Azizi M, Wesner D, Miller PG, Shuler ML, Abbaspourrad A. Microfluidic-Based Cell-Embedded Microgels Using Nonfluorinated Oil as a Model for the Gastrointestinal Niche. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:9235-9246. [PMID: 29474057 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based cell encapsulation has promising potential in therapeutic applications. It also provides a unique approach for studying cellular dynamics and interactions, though this concept has not yet been fully explored. No in vitro model currently exists that allows us to study the interaction between crypt cells and Peyer's patch immune cells because of the difficulty in recreating, with sufficient control, the two different microenvironments in the intestine in which these cell types belong. However, we demonstrate that a microfluidic technique is able to provide such precise control and that these cells can proliferate inside microgels. Current microfluidic-based cell microencapsulation techniques primarily use fluorinated oils. Herein, we study the feasibility and biocompatibility of different nonfluorinated oils for application in gastrointestinal cell encapsulation and further introduce a model for studying intercellular chemical interactions with this approach. Our results demonstrate that cell viability is more affected by the solidification and purification processes that occur after droplet formation rather than the oil type used for the carrier phase. Specifically, a shorter polymer cross-linking time and consequently lower cell exposure to the harsh environment (e.g., acidic pH) results in a high cell viability of over 90% within the protected microgels. Using nonfluorinated oils, we propose a model system demonstrating the interplay between crypt and Peyer's patch cells using this microfluidic approach to separately encapsulate the cells inside distinct alginate/gelatin microgels, which allow for intercellular chemical communication. We observed that the coculture of crypt cells alongside Peyer's patch immune cells improves the growth of healthy organoids inside these microgels, which contain both differentiated and undifferentiated cells over 21 days of coculture. These results indicate the possibility of using droplet-based microfluidics for culturing organoids to expand their applicability in clinical research.
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Li Y, Fang T, Zhu S, Huang F, Chen Z, Wang Y. Detection of olive oil adulteration with waste cooking oil via Raman spectroscopy combined with iPLS and SiPLS. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 189:37-43. [PMID: 28787625 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Olive oil adulteration with waste cooking oil was detected and quantified by combining optical Raman scattering spectroscopy and chemometrics. Spectra of 96 olive oil samples with waste cooking oil (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%) were collected by the portable Raman spectroscopy system. iPLS and SiPLS quantitative analysis models were established. The results revealed that spectral data after SNV processing are the best for synergy interval partial least square (SiPLS) modeling and forecast. The root mean squared error of calibration (RMSEC) is 0.0503 and the root mean squared error of validation (RMSEV) is 0.0485. The lower limit of application (LLA) of the proposed method is c[WCO]=0.5%. According to linear regression calculation, the theoretical limit of detection (LOD) of the proposed method is about c[WCO]=0.475%. The established model could make effective quantitative analysis on adulteration of waste cooking oil. It provides a quick accurate method for adulteration detection of waste cooking oil in olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China; Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Furong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China; Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China; Research Institute of Jinan University in Dongguan, Dongguan523000, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China; Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, , Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
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11
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Chemical and phytochemical characterizations of argan oil (Argania spinosa L. skeels), olive oil (Olea europaea L. cv. Moroccan picholine), cactus pear (Opuntia megacantha salm-dyck) seed oil and cactus cladode essential oil. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Biedermann M, Munoz C, Grob K. Update of on-line coupled liquid chromatography – gas chromatography for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods and cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Gomes AR, Justino C, Rocha-Santos T, Freitas AC, Duarte AC, Pereira R. Review of the ecotoxicological effects of emerging contaminants to soil biota. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:992-1007. [PMID: 28598770 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1328946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, emerging contaminants (e.g. pesticides and their metabolites, pharmaceuticals, personal and house care products, life-style compounds, food additives, industrial products and wastes, as well as nanomaterials) have become a problem to the environment. In fact, the cumulative use of a panoply of chemical substances in agriculture, industrial activities, in our homes and in health care services has led to their recent appearance in detectable levels in soils, surface, and groundwater resources, with unpredictable consequences for these ecosystems. Few data exist regarding the toxicity and potential for bioaccumulation in biota. When available, data were obtained only for some representatives of the main groups of chemical substances, and for a limited number of species, following non-standard protocols. This makes difficult the calculation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and the existence of sufficient data to set limits for their release into the environment. This is particularly concerning for the soil compartment, since only recently the scientific community, regulators, and the public have realised the importance of protecting this natural resource and its services to guarantee the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems and human well-being. In this context, this review paper aims to identify the major groups of soil emerging contaminants, their sources, pathways and receptors, and in parallel to analyse existing ecotoxicological data for soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Gomes
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Celine Justino
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
- b CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies , Aveiro , Portugal
- c ISEIT/Viseu, Piaget Institute , Viseu , Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
- b CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Ana C Freitas
- d Catholic University of Portugal , CBQF - Centre of Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry - Associated Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology , Porto , Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
- b CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Ruth Pereira
- e Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- f Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/UP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Liu L, Huang H, Wu Y, Li B, Ouyang J. Offline Solid-phase Extraction Large-volume Injection-Gas chromatography for the Analysis of Mineral Oil-saturated Hydrocarbons in Commercial Vegetable Oils. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:981-990. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center
| | - Hua Huang
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center
- Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University
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15
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Determination of Mineral Oil-Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) in Vegetable Oils by Large Scale Off-Line SPE Combined with GC-FID. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Liu Q, Kong D, Luo J, Kong W, Guo W, Yang M. Quantitative and fingerprinting analysis of Atractylodes rhizome based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection combined with chemometrics. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2517-26. [PMID: 27133960 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the feasibility of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection fingerprinting combined with chemometrics for quality analysis of Atractylodes rhizome. We extracted essential oils from 20 Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana samples by hydrodistillation. The variation in extraction yields (1.33-4.06%) suggested that contents of the essential oils differed between species. The volatile components (atractylon, atractydin, and atractylenolide I, II, and III) were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and confirmed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and the results demonstrated that the number and content of volatile components differed between A. lancea and A. koreana. We then calculated the relative peak areas of common components and similarities of samples by comparing the chromatograms of A. lancea and A. koreana extracts. Also, we employed several chemometric techniques, including similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis, and partial least-squares discriminate analysis, to analyze the samples. Results were consistent across analytical methods and showed that samples could be separated according to species. Five volatile components in the essential oils were quantified to further validate the results of the multivariate statistical analysis. The method is simple, stable, accurate, and reproducible. Our results provide a foundation for quality control analysis of A. lancea and A. koreana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutao Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Pharmacy College, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dandan Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Pharmacy College, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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