1
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Salzano F, Aulitto M, Fiorentino G, Cannella D, Peeters E, Limauro D. A novel endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Alicyclobacillus mali FL18: Biochemical characterization and its synergistic action with β-xylosidase in hemicellulose deconstruction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130550. [PMID: 38432267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A novel endo-1,4-β-xylanase-encoding gene was identified in Alicyclobacillus mali FL18 and the recombinant protein, named AmXyn, was purified and biochemically characterized. The monomeric enzyme worked optimally at pH 6.6 and 80 °C on beechwood xylan with a specific activity of 440.00 ± 0.02 U/mg and a good catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 91.89 s-1mLmg-1). In addition, the enzyme did not display any activity on cellulose, suggesting a possible application in paper biobleaching processes. To develop an enzymatic mixture for xylan degradation, the association between AmXyn and the previously characterized β-xylosidase AmβXyl, deriving from the same microorganism, was assessed. The two enzymes had similar temperature and pH optima and showed the highest degree of synergy when AmXyn and AmβXyl were added sequentially to beechwood xylan, making this mixture cost-competitive and suitable for industrial use. Therefore, this enzymatic cocktail was also employed for the hydrolysis of wheat bran residue. TLC and HPAEC-PAD analyses revealed a high conversion rate to xylose (91.56 %), placing AmXyn and AmβXyl among the most promising biocatalysts for the saccharification of agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Salzano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Aulitto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit, Biomass Transformation lab - BTL, and Crop production and Biostimulation Lab - CPBL, Universitè libre de Brussels, ULB, Belgium
| | - Eveline Peeters
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danila Limauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Long L, Lin Q, Wang J, Ding S. Microbial α-L-arabinofuranosidases: diversity, properties, and biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:84. [PMID: 38294733 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AXs) are hemicellulosic polysaccharides consisting of a linear backbone of β-1,4-linked xylose residues branched by high content of α-L-arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues along with other side-chain substituents, and are abundantly found in various agricultural crops especially cereals. The efficient bioconversion of AXs into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and/or other chemicals depends on the synergism of main-chain enzymes and de-branching enzymes. Exo-α-L-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α-1,2-, α-1,3- or α-1,5- linked α-L-Araf residues from arabinose-substituted polysaccharides or oligosaccharides. ABFs are critically de-branching enzymes in bioconversion of agricultural biomass, and have received special attention due to their application potentials in biotechnological industries. In recent years, the researches on microbial ABFs have developed quickly in the aspects of the gene mining, properties of novel members, catalytic mechanisms, methodologies, and application technologies. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in microbial ABFs, and discuss the future perspectives of the enzyme research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Long
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qunying Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, China CO-OP, Nanjing, 211111, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
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3
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Melo VSD, Gomes BM, Chambergo FS. Biochemical characterization of a xylose-tolerant GH43 β-xylosidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108901. [PMID: 37487384 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are the second most abundant polysaccharide in plant biomass, in which xylan is the main constituent. Aiming at the total degradation of xylan and the obtention of fermentable sugars, several enzymes acting synergistically are required, especially β-xylosidases. In this study, β-xylosidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (GtXyl) was expressed in E. coli BL21 and characterized. The enzyme GtXyl has been grouped within the family of glycoside hydrolases 43 (GH43). Results showed that GtXyl obtained the highest activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 60 °C. In the additive's tests, the enzyme remained stable in the presence of metal ions and EDTA, and showed high tolerance to xylose, with a relative activity of 55.4% at 400 mM. The enzyme also presented bifunctional activity of β-xylosidase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase, with the highest activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside. The specific activity on p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside was 18.33 U mg-1 and catalytic efficiency of 20.21 mM-1 s-1, which is comparable to other β-xylosidases reported in the literature. Putting together, the GtXyl enzyme presented interesting biochemical characteristics that are desirable for the application in the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant biomass, such as activity at higher temperatures, high thermostability and stability to metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandierly Sampaio de Melo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Biotechnology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, CEP: 03828000, Brazil
| | - Brisa Moreira Gomes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Biotechnology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, CEP: 03828000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Santiago Chambergo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Biotechnology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, CEP: 03828000, Brazil.
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4
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Chen J, Qin H, You C, Long L. Improved secretory expression and characterization of thermostable xylanase and β-xylosidase from Pseudothermotoga thermarum and their application in synergistic degradation of lignocellulose. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1270805. [PMID: 37790249 PMCID: PMC10544939 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1270805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylanase and β-xylosidase are the key enzymes for hemicellulose hydrolysis. To further improve hydrolysis efficacy, high temperature hydrolysis with thermostable hemicellulases showed promise. In this study, thermostable xylanase (Xyn) and β-xylosidase (XynB) genes from Pseudothermotoga thermarum were cloned and secretory expressed in Bacillu subtilis. Compared with Escherichia coli expression host, B. subtilis resulted in a 1.5 time increase of enzymatic activity for both recombinant enzymes. The optimal temperature and pH were 95°C and 6.5 for Xyn, and 95°C and 6.0 for XynB. Thermostability of both recombinant enzymes was observed between the temperature range of 75-85°C. Molecular docking analysis through AutoDock showed the involvement of Glu525, Asn526, Trp774 and Arg784 in Xyn-ligand interaction, and Val237, Lys238, Val761 and Asn76 in XynB-ligand interaction, respectively. The recombinant Xyn and XynB exhibited synergistic hydrolysis of beechwood xylan and pretreated lignocellulose, where Xyn and XynB pre-hydrolysis achieved a better improvement of pretreated lignocellulose hydrolysis by commercial cellulase. The observed stability of the enzymes at high temperature and the synergistic effect on lignocellulosic substrates suggested possible application of these enzymes in the field of saccharification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Little Swan Electric Co., Ltd., Midea Group, Wuxi, China
| | - Chaoqun You
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomas, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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5
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Ladeveze S, Zurek PJ, Kaminski TS, Emond S, Hollfelder F. Versatile Product Detection via Coupled Assays for Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes in Microfluidic Droplets. ACS Catal 2023; 13:10232-10243. [PMID: 37560191 PMCID: PMC10407846 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme discovery and directed evolution are the two major contemporary approaches for the improvement of industrial processes by biocatalysis in various fields. Customization of catalysts for improvement of single enzyme reactions or de novo reaction development is often complex and tedious. The success of screening campaigns relies on the fraction of sequence space that can be sampled, whether for evolving a particular enzyme or screening metagenomes. Ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) based on in vitro compartmentalization in water-in-oil emulsion of picoliter droplets generated in microfluidic systems allows screening rates >1 kHz (or >107 per day). Screening for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) catalyzing biotechnologically valuable reactions in this format presents an additional challenge because the released carbohydrates are difficult to monitor in high throughput. Activated substrates with large optically active hydrophobic leaving groups provide a generic optical readout, but the molecular recognition properties of sugars will be altered by the incorporation of such fluoro- or chromophores and their typically higher reactivity, as leaving groups with lowered pKa values compared to native substrates make the observation of promiscuous reactions more likely. To overcome these issues, we designed microdroplet assays in which optically inactive carbohydrate products are made visible by specific cascades: the primary reaction of an unlabeled substrate leads to an optical signal downstream. Successfully implementing such assays at the picoliter droplet scale allowed us to detect glucose, xylose, glucuronic acid, and arabinose as final products of complex oligosaccharide degradation by glycoside hydrolases by absorbance measurements. Enabling the use of uHTS for screening CAZyme reactions that have been thus far elusive will chart a route toward faster and easier development of specific and efficient biocatalysts for biovalorization, directing enzyme discovery by challenging catalysts for reaction with natural rather than model substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Zurek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21GA, U.K.
| | | | | | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21GA, U.K.
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Khamassi A, Dumon C. Enzyme synergy for plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:521-531. [PMID: 37067158 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Valorizing plant cell wall, marine and algal polysaccharides is of utmost importance for the development of the circular bioeconomy. This is because polysaccharides are by far the most abundant organic molecules found in nature with complex chemical structures that require a large set of enzymes for their degradation. Microorganisms produce polysaccharide-specific enzymes that act in synergy when performing hydrolysis. Although discovered since decades enzyme synergy is still poorly understood at the molecular level and thus it is difficult to harness and optimize. In the last few years, more attention has been given to improve and characterize enzyme synergy for polysaccharide valorization. In this review, we summarize literature to provide an overview of the different type of synergy involving carbohydrate modifying enzymes and the recent advances in the field exemplified by plant cell-wall degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khamassi
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
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7
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β-Xylosidase SRBX1 Activity from Sporisorium reilianum and Its Synergism with Xylanase SRXL1 in Xylose Release from Corn Hemicellulose. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121295. [PMID: 36547628 PMCID: PMC9781407 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sposisorium reilianum is the causal agent of corn ear smut disease. Eleven genes have been identified in its genome that code for enzymes that could constitute its hemicellulosic system, three of which have been associated with two Endo-β-1,4-xylanases and one with α-L-arabinofuranosidase activity. In this study, the native protein extracellular with β-xylosidase activity, called SRBX1, produced by this basidiomycete was analyzed by performing production kinetics and its subsequent purification by gel filtration. The enzyme was characterized biochemically and sequenced. Finally, its synergism with Xylanase SRXL1 was determined. Its activity was higher in a medium with corn hemicellulose and glucose as carbon sources. The purified protein was a monomer associated with the sr16700 gene, with a molecular weight of 117 kDa and optimal activity at 60 °C in a pH range of 4-7, which had the ability to hydrolyze the ρ-nitrophenyl β-D-xylanopyranoside and ρ-Nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside substrates. Its activity was strongly inhibited by silver ions and presented Km and Vmax values of 2.5 mM and 0.2 μmol/min/mg, respectively, using ρ-nitrophenyl β-D-xylanopyranoside as a substrate. The enzyme degrades corn hemicellulose and birch xylan in combination and in sequential synergism with the xylanase SRXL1.
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8
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Alicyclobacillus mali FL18 as a Novel Source of Glycosyl Hydrolases: Characterization of a New Thermophilic β-Xylosidase Tolerant to Monosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214310. [PMID: 36430787 PMCID: PMC9696088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermo-acidophilic bacterium, Alicyclobacillus mali FL18, was isolated from a hot spring of Pisciarelli, near Naples, Italy; following genome analysis, a novel putative β-xylosidase, AmβXyl, belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 3 was identified. A synthetic gene was produced, cloned in pET-30a(+), and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) RIL. The purified recombinant protein, which showed a dimeric structure, had optimal catalytic activity at 80 °C and pH 5.6, exhibiting 60% of its activity after 2 h at 50 °C and displaying high stability (more than 80%) at pH 5.0-8.0 after 16 h. AmβXyl is mainly active on both para-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (KM 0.52 mM, kcat 1606 s-1, and kcat/KM 3088.46 mM-1·s-1) and para-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside (KM 10.56 mM, kcat 2395.8 s-1, and kcat/KM 226.87 mM-1·s-1). Thin-layer chromatography showed its ability to convert xylooligomers (xylobiose and xylotriose) into xylose, confirming that AmβXyl is a true β-xylosidase. Furthermore, no inhibitory effect on enzymatic activity by metal ions, detergents, or EDTA was observed except for 5 mM Cu2+. AmβXyl showed an excellent tolerance to organic solvents; in particular, the enzyme increased its activity at high concentrations (30%) of organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and DMSO. Lastly, the enzyme showed not only a good tolerance to inhibition by xylose, arabinose, and glucose, but was activated by 0.75 M xylose and up to 1.5 M by both arabinose and glucose. The high tolerance to organic solvents and monosaccharides together with other characteristics reported above suggests that AmβXyl may have several applications in many industrial fields.
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Cousin E, Namhaed K, Pérès Y, Cognet P, Delmas M, Hermansyah H, Gozan M, Alaba PA, Aroua MK. Towards efficient and greener processes for furfural production from biomass: A review of the recent trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157599. [PMID: 35901885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As mentioned in several recent reviews, biomass-based furfural is attracting increasing interest as a feasible alternative for the synthesis of a wide range of non-petroleum-derived compounds. However, the lack of environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable industrial procedures is still evident. This review describes the chemical and biological routes for furfural production. The mechanisms proposed for the chemical transformation of xylose to furfural are detailed, as are the current advances in the manufacture of furfural from biomass. The main goal is to overview the different ways of improving the furfural synthesis process. A pretreatment process, particularly chemical and physico-chemical, enhances the digestibility of biomass, leading to the production of >70 % of available sugars for the production of valuable products. The combination of heterogeneous (zeolite and polymeric solid) catalyst and biphasic solvent system (water/GVL and water/CPME) is regarded as an attractive approach, affording >75 % furfural yield for over 80 % of selectivity with the possibility of catalyst reuse. Microwave heating as an activation technique reduces reaction time at least tenfold, making the process more sustainable. The state of the art in industrial processes is also discussed. It shows that, when sulfuric acid is used, the furfural yields do not exceed 55 % for temperatures close to 180 °C. However, the MTC process recently achieved an 83 % yield by continuously removing furfural from the liquid phase. Finally, the CIMV process, using a formic acid/acetic acid mixture, has been developed. The economic aspects of furfural production are then addressed. Future research will be needed to investigate scaling-up and biological techniques that produce acceptable yields and productivities to become commercially viable and competitive in furfural production from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Cousin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Kritsana Namhaed
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yolande Pérès
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Cognet
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Delmas
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Heri Hermansyah
- Biorefinery Lab, Bioprocess Engineering Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Misri Gozan
- Biorefinery Lab, Bioprocess Engineering Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Peter Adeniyi Alaba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua
- Centre for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization (CCDCU), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom; Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering Research Cluster (SMS2E), Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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10
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Zheng F, Basit A, Zhuang H, Chen J, Zhang J, Chen W. Biochemical characterization of a novel acidophilic β-xylanase from Trichoderma asperellum ND-1 and its synergistic hydrolysis of beechwood xylan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:998160. [PMID: 36199370 PMCID: PMC9527580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidophilic β-xylanases have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent activity under extreme acidic environments and potential industrial utilizations. In this study, a novel β-xylanase gene (Xyl11) of glycoside hydrolase family 11, was cloned from Trichoderma asperellum ND-1 and efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris (a 2.0-fold increase). Xyl11 displayed a maximum activity of 121.99 U/ml at pH 3.0 and 50°C, and exhibited strict substrate specificity toward beechwood xylan (Km = 9.06 mg/ml, Vmax = 608.65 μmol/min/mg). The Xyl11 retained over 80% activity at pH 2.0–5.0 after pretreatment at 4°C for 1 h. Analysis of the hydrolytic pattern revealed that Xyl11 could rapidly convert xylan to xylobiose via hydrolysis activity as well as transglycosylation. Moreover, the results of site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the Xyl11 residues, Glu127, Glu164, and Glu216, are essential catalytic sites, with Asp138 having an auxiliary function. Additionally, a high degree of synergy (15.02) was observed when Xyl11 was used in association with commercial β-xylosidase. This study provided a novel acidophilic β-xylanase that exhibits excellent characteristics and can, therefore, be considered a suitable candidate for extensive applications, especially in food and animal feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhen Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fengzhen Zheng,
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Jhang, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Huan Zhuang
- Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfen Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqing Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Wang F, Yao Z, Zhang X, Han Z, Chu X, Ge X, Lu F, Liu Y. High-level production of xylose from agricultural wastes using GH11 endo-xylanase and GH43 β-xylosidase from Bacillus sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1705-1717. [PMID: 36063213 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a promising feedstock, alkali-extracted xylan from lignocellulosic biomass is desired for producing xylose, which can be used for renewable biofuels production. In this study, an efficient pathway has been established for low-cost and high-yield production of xylose by hydrolysis of alkali-extracted xylan from agricultural wastes using an endo-1,4-xylanase (XYLA) from Bacillus safensis TCCC 111022 and a β-xylosidase (XYLO) from B. pumilus TCCC 11573. The optimum activities of recombinant XYLA (rXYLA) and XYLO (rXYLO) were 60 ℃ and pH 8.0, and 30 ℃ and pH 7.0, respectively. They were stable over a broad pH range (pH 6.0-11.0 and 7.0-10.0). rXYLO showed a relatively high xylose tolerance up to 100 mM. Furthermore, the yield of xylose from wheat straw, rice straw, corn stover, corncob and sugarcane bagasse by rXYLA and rXYLO was 63.77%, 71.76%, 68.55%, 53.81%, and 58.58%, respectively. This study demonstrated a strategy to produce xylose from agricultural wastes by integrating alkali-extracted xylan and enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Pan K, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Jin S, Yu Z, Liu T, Zhang T, Zhao J, Li Z. Improving the Specific Activity and Thermostability of Psychrophilic Xylosidase AX543 by Comparative Mutagenesis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162463. [PMID: 36010463 PMCID: PMC9407119 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the specific activity and thermostability of psychrophilic xylosidase is important for improving its enzymatic performance and promoting its industrial application. Herein, a psychrophilic xylosidase AX543 exhibited activity in the temperature range between 0 and 35 °C, with optimum activity at 20 °C, which is lower than that of other reported psychrophilic xylosidases. The thermostability, specific activity, and catalytic efficiency of the site-directed variants G110S, Q201R, and L2 were significantly enhanced, without affecting the optimal reaction temperature. Comparative protein structural analysis and molecular dynamics simulation indicated that these improvements might be the result of the increased hydrogen bonds interaction and improved structural rigidity. Furthermore, homologous module substitution with four segments demonstrated that the psychrophilic characteristics of AX543 are the results of the whole protein structure, and the C-terminal segment A4 appears to be more essential in determining psychrophilic characteristics, exhibiting potentiality to produce more psychrophilic xylosidases. This study provides valuable structural information on psychrophilic xylosidases and also offers attractive modification strategies to modify catalytic activity, thermostability, and optimal reaction temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kungang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shanzheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junqi Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
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Shi H, Gao F, Yan X, Li Q, Nie X. Cloning, expression and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 51 α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:176. [PMID: 35855476 PMCID: PMC9288575 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on the characterization of a glycoside hydrolase 51 family α-l-arabinofuranosidase named TtAbf51 from thermophile Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571. The recombinant TtAbf51 with 497 amino acids was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified via nickel affinity chromatography, and native protein was a dimer verified by size exclusion chromatography. The TtAbf51 showed an optimum pH and temperature of 5.5 and 55 °C, and was relatively stable at pH 5.0-8.0 and up to 60 °C for 2 h of incubation. In addition, TtAbf51 was significantly inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+ and 1 mM or 10 mM SDS. In the presence of 800 mM arabinose, the residual activity remained over 40% of the initial activity. In addition, the recombinant enzyme possessed a good catalytic effect for both synthesized and natural substrates, and the specific enzyme activity toward CM-linear arabinan reached 426.5 μmol min-1 mg-1. In summary, this study provides an α-l-arabinofuranosidase with potential in the synergistic hydrolysis of hemicellulose to fermentable sugars in applications such as liquid biofuels, food and beverages, and related industries.
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Li Q, Wang L, Fang X, Zhao L. Highly Efficient Biotransformation of Notoginsenoside R1 into Ginsenoside Rg1 by Dictyoglomus thermophilum β-xylosidase Xln-DT. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:447-457. [PMID: 35131955 PMCID: PMC9628812 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 are the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, exhibiting anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. In a previous study, a GH39 β-xylosidase Xln-DT was responsible for the bioconversion of saponin, a natural active substance with a xylose group, with high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moiety of notoginsenoside R1 at the C-6 position, producing ginsenoside Rg1 with potent anti-fatigue activity. The optimal bioconversion temperature, pH, and enzyme dosage were obtained by optimizing the transformation conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 75°C, enzyme dosage 1.0 U/ml), 1.0 g/l of notoginsenoside R1 was converted into 0.86 g/l of ginsenoside Rg1 within 30 min, with a molar conversion rate of approximately 100%. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-fatigue activity of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 were compared using a suitable rat model. Compared with the control group, the forced swimming time to exhaustion was prolonged in mice by 17.3% in the Rg1 high group (20 mg/kg·d). Additionally, the levels of hepatic glycogen (69.9-83.3% increase) and muscle glycogen (36.9-93.6% increase) were increased. In the Rg1 group, hemoglobin levels were also distinctly increased by treatment concentrations. Our findings indicate that treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 enhances the anti-fatigue effects. In this study, we reveal a GH39 β-xylosidase displaying excellent hydrolytic activity to produce ginsenoside Rg1 in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Xianying Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,Corresponding authors X. Fang Phone : +86-025-85427962 Fax : +86-025-85418873 E-mail :
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,
L. Zhao Phone : +86-025-85427962 Fax : +86-025-85418873 E-mail :
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Bankeeree W, Prasongsuk S, Lotrakul P, Abd‐Aziz S, Punnapayak H. Enzymes for Hemicellulose Degradation. BIOREFINERY OF OIL PRODUCING PLANTS FOR VALUE‐ADDED PRODUCTS 2022:199-220. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527830756.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Li X, Dilokpimol A, Kabel MA, de Vries RP. Fungal xylanolytic enzymes: Diversity and applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126290. [PMID: 34748977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As important polysaccharide degraders in nature, fungi can diversify their extensive set of carbohydrate-active enzymes to survive in ecological habitats of various composition. Among these enzymes, xylanolytic ones can efficiently and sustainably degrade xylans into (fermentable) monosaccharides to produce valuable chemicals or fuels from, for example relevant for upgrading agro-food industrial side streams. Moreover, xylanolytic enzymes are being used in various industrial applications beyond biomass saccharification, e.g. food, animal feed, biofuel, pulp and paper. As a reference for researchers working in related areas, this review summarized the current knowledge on substrate specificity of xylanolytic enzymes from different families of the Carbohydrate-Active enZyme database. Additionally, the diversity of enzyme sets in fungi were discussed by comparing the number of genes encoding xylanolytic enzymes in selected fungal genomes. Finally, to support bio-economy, the current applications of fungal xylanolytic enzymes in industry were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Aiewviriyasakul K, Bunterngsook B, Lekakarn H, Sritusnee W, Kanokratana P, Champreda V. Biochemical characterization of xylanase GH11 isolated from Aspergillus niger BCC14405 (XylB) and its application in xylooligosaccharide production. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:2299-2310. [PMID: 34718907 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an endo-β-1,4-xylanase with high specificity for production of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides that optimally works at moderate temperature desirable to reduce the energy cost in the production process. RESULTS The xylB gene, encoding for a glycosyl hydrolase family 11 xylanase from a thermoresistant fungus, Aspergillus niger BCC14405 was expressed in a methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris KM71 in a secreted form. The recombinant XylB showed a high specific activity of 3852 and 169 U mg-1 protein on beechwood xylan and arabinoxylan, respectively with no detectable side activities against different forms of cellulose (Avicel Ò PH101 microcrystalline cellulose, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose). The enzyme worked optimally at 45 °C, pH 6.0. It showed a specific cleavage pattern by releasing xylobiose (X2) as the major product from xylooligosaccharides (X3 to X6) substrates. The highest XOS yield of 708 mg g-1 substrate comprising X2, X3 and X6 was obtained from beechwood xylan hydrolysis. CONCLUSION The enzyme is potent for XOS production and for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katesuda Aiewviriyasakul
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Benjarat Bunterngsook
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Hataikarn Lekakarn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Sritusnee
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
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Agrawal D, Tsang A, Chadha BS. Economizing the lignocellulosic hydrolysis process using heterologously expressed auxiliary enzymes feruloyl esterase D (CE1) and β-xylosidase (GH43) derived from thermophilic fungi Scytalidium thermophilum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 339:125603. [PMID: 34293687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two lignocellulolytic accessory enzymes, feruloyl esterase D (FAED_SCYTH) and β-xylosidase (XYL43B_SCYTH) were cloned and produced in the Pichia pastoris X33 as host. The molecular weight of recombinant enzymes FAED_SCYTH and XYL43B_SCYTH were ~ 31 and 40 kDa, respectively. FAED_SCYTH showed optimal activity at pH 6.0, 60 °C; and XYL43B_SCYTH at pH 7.0, 50 °C. FAED_SCYTH and XYL43B_SCYTH exhibited t1/2: 4 and 0.5 h, respectively (50 °C, pH 5.0). The β-xylosidase was bi-functional with pronounced activity against pNP-α-arabinofuranoside besides being highly xylose tolerant (retaining ~ 97% activity in the presence of 700 mM xylose). Cocktails prepared using these enzymes along with AA9 protein (PMO9D_SCYTH) and commercial cellulase CellicCTec2, showed improved hydrolysis of the pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass. Priming of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass with these accessory enzymes was found to further enhance the hydrolytic potential of CellicCTec2 promising to reduce the enzyme load and cost required for obtaining sugars from biorefinery relevant pre-treated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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Stabel M, Hagemeister J, Heck Z, Aliyu H, Ochsenreither K. Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Novel GH43 β-Xylosidase From Neocallimastix californiae. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:692804. [PMID: 37744100 PMCID: PMC10512374 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.692804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of lignocellulosic materials to release fermentable mono- and disaccharides is a decisive step toward a sustainable bio-based economy, thereby increasing the demand of robust and highly active lignocellulolytic enzymes. Anaerobic fungi of the phylum Neocallimastigomycota are potent biomass degraders harboring a huge variety of such enzymes. Compared to cellulose, hemicellulose degradation has received much less attention; therefore, the focus of this study has been the enzymatic xylan degradation of anaerobic fungi as these organisms produce some of the most effective known hydrolytic enzymes. We report the heterologous expression of a GH43 xylosidase, Xyl43Nc, and a GH11 endoxylanase, X11Nc, from the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix californiae in Escherichia coli. The enzymes were identified by screening of the putative proteome. Xyl43Nc was highly active against 4-Nitrophenol-xylopyranosides with a Km of 0.72 mM, a kcat of 29.28 s-1, a temperature optimum of 32°C and a pH optimum of 6. When combined, Xyl43Nc and X11Nc released xylose from beechwood xylan and arabinoxylan from wheat. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Xyl43Nc shares common ancestry with enzymes from Spirochaetes and groups separately from Ascomycete sequences in our phylogeny, highlighting the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of the anaerobic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Stabel
- Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Coexpression of a β-d-Xylosidase from Thermotoga maritima and a Family 10 Xylanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus Significantly Improves the Xylan Degradation Activity of the Caldicellulosiruptor bescii Exoproteome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0052421. [PMID: 33990300 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00524-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor species are hyperthermophilic, Gram-positive anaerobes and the most thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria so far described. They have been engineered to convert switchgrass to ethanol without pretreatment and represent a promising platform for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials from plant biomass. Xylooligomers, such as xylobiose and xylotriose, that result from the breakdown of plant biomass more strongly inhibit cellulase activity than do glucose or cellobiose. High concentrations of xylobiose and xylotriose are present in C. bescii fermentations after 90 h of incubation, and removal or breakdown of these types of xylooligomers is crucial to achieving high conversion of plant biomass to product. In previous studies, the addition of exogenous β-d-xylosidase substantially improved the performance of glucanases and xylanases in vitro. β-d-Xylosidases are, in fact, essential enzymes in commercial preparations for efficient deconstruction of plant biomass. In addition, the combination of xylanase and β-d-xylosidase is known to exhibit synergistic action on xylan degradation. In spite of its ability to grow efficiently on xylan substrates, no extracellular β-d-xylosidase was identified in the C. bescii genome. Here, we report that the coexpression of a thermal stable β-d-xylosidase from Thermotoga maritima and a xylanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus in a C. bescii strain containing the A. cellulolyticus E1 endoglucanase significantly increased the activity of the exoproteome as well as growth on xylan substrates. The combination of these enzymes also resulted in increased growth on crystalline cellulose in the presence of exogenous xylan. IMPORTANCE Caldicellulosiruptor species are bacteria that grow at extremely high temperature, more than 75°C, and are the most thermophilic bacteria so far described that are capable of growth on plant biomass. This native ability allows the use of unpretreated biomass as a growth substrate, eliminating the prohibitive cost of preprocessing/pretreatment of the biomass. They only grow under strictly anaerobic conditions, and the combination of high temperature and the lack of oxygen reduces the cost of fermentation and contamination by other microbes. They have been genetically engineered to convert switchgrass to ethanol without pretreatment and represent a promising platform for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials from plant biomass. In this study, we introduced genes from other cellulolytic bacteria and identified a combination of enzymes that improves growth on plant biomass. An important feature of this study is that it measures growth, validating predictions made from adding enzyme mixtures to biomass.
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Li Z, Song Q, Wang M, Ren J, Liu S, Zhao S. Comparative genomics analysis of Pediococcus acidilactici species. J Microbiol 2021; 59:573-583. [PMID: 33990913 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pediococcus acidilactici is a reliable bacteriocin producer and a promising probiotic species with wide application in the food and health industry. However, the underlying genetic features of this species have not been analyzed. In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of 41 P. acidilactici strains from various ecological niches. The bacteriocin production of 41 strains were predicted and three kinds of bacteriocin encoding genes were identified in 11 P. acidilactici strains, namely pediocin PA-1, enterolysin A, and colicin-B. Moreover, whole-genome analysis showed a high genetic diversity within the population, mainly related to a large proportion of variable genomes, mobile elements, and hypothetical genes obtained through horizontal gene transfer. In addition, comparative genomics also facilitated the genetic explanation of the adaptation for host environment, which specify the protection mechanism against the invasion of foreign DNA (i.e. CRISPR/Cas locus), as well as carbohydrate fermentation. The 41 strains of P. acidilactici can metabolize a variety of carbon sources, which enhances the adaptability of this species and survival in different environments. This study evaluated the antibacterial ability, genome evolution, and ecological flexibility of P. acidilactici from the perspective of genetics and provides strong supporting evidence for its industrial development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Qi Song
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Junli Ren
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Songling Liu
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Key Laboratory of Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
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Otero DM, Cavalcante Braga AR, Kalil SJ. Diversification of nitrogen sources as a tool to improve endo-xylanase enzyme activity produced by Cryptococcus laurentii. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Characterization of a Novel Thermophilic Mannanase and Synergistic Hydrolysis of Galactomannan Combined with Swollenin. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus HBFH5 is a thermophilic fungus which can efficiently degrade lignocellulose and which produces a variety of glycoside hydrolase. In the present study, a novel β-mannanase gene (AfMan5A) was expressed in Pichia pastoris and characterized. AfMan5A is composed of 373 amino acids residues, and has a calculated molecular weight of 40 kDa. It has been observed that the amino acid sequence of AfMan5A showed 74.4% homology with the ManBK from Aspergillus niger. In addition, the recombined AfMan5A exhibited optimal hydrolytic activity at 60 °C and pH 6.0. It had no activity loss after incubation for 1h at 60 °C, while 65% of the initial activity was observed after 1 h at 70 °C. Additionally, it maintained about 80% of its activity in the pH range from 3.0 to 9.0. When carob bean gum was used as the substrate, the Km and Vmax values of AfMan5A were 0.21 ± 0.05 mg·mL−1 and 15.22 ± 0.33 U mg−1·min−1, respectively. AfMan5A and AfSwol showed a strong synergistic interaction on galactomannan degradation, increasing the reduction of the sugars by up to 31%. Therefore, these findings contribute to new strategies for improving the hydrolysis of galactomannan using the enzyme cocktail.
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Li Q, Jiang Y, Tong X, Zhao L, Pei J. Co-production of Xylooligosaccharides and Xylose From Poplar Sawdust by Recombinant Endo-1,4-β-Xylanase and β-Xylosidase Mixture Hydrolysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:637397. [PMID: 33598452 PMCID: PMC7882696 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.637397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As is well-known, endo-1,4-β-xylanase and β-xylosidase are the rate-limiting enzymes in the degradation of xylan (the major hemicellulosic component), main functions of which are cleavaging xylan to release xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and xylose that these two compounds have important application value in fuel, food, and other industries. This study focuses on enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar sawdust xylan for production of XOS and xylose by a GH11 endo-1,4-β-xylanase MxynB-8 and a GH39 β-xylosidase Xln-DT. MxynB-8 showed excellent ability to hydrolyze hemicellulose of broadleaf plants, such as poplar. Under optimized conditions (50°C, pH 6.0, dosage of 500 U/g, substrate concentration of 2 mg/mL), the final XOS yield was 85.5%, and the content of XOS2-3 reached 93.9% after 18 h. The enzymatic efficiency by MxynB-8 based on the poplar sawdust xylan in the raw material was 30.5%. Xln-DT showed excellent xylose/glucose/arabinose tolerance, which is applied as a candidate to apply in degradation of hemicellulose. In addition, the process and enzymatic mode of poplar sawdust xylan with MxynB-8 and Xln-DT were investigated. The results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of poplar sawdust xylan was improved by adding Xln-DT, and a xylose-rich hydrolysate could be obtained at high purity, with the xylose yield of 89.9%. The enzymatic hydrolysis yield was higher (32.2%) by using MxynB-8 and Xln-DT together. This study provides a deep understanding of double-enzyme synergetic enzymolysis of wood polysaccharides to valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunpeng Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi Tong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Morais MAB, Coines J, Domingues MN, Pirolla RAS, Tonoli CCC, Santos CR, Correa JBL, Gozzo FC, Rovira C, Murakami MT. Two distinct catalytic pathways for GH43 xylanolytic enzymes unveiled by X-ray and QM/MM simulations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:367. [PMID: 33446650 PMCID: PMC7809346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylanolytic enzymes from glycoside hydrolase family 43 (GH43) are involved in the breakdown of hemicellulose, the second most abundant carbohydrate in plants. Here, we kinetically and mechanistically describe the non-reducing-end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase activity and report the crystal structure of a native GH43 Michaelis complex with its substrate prior to hydrolysis. Two distinct calcium-stabilized conformations of the active site xylosyl unit are found, suggesting two alternative catalytic routes. These results are confirmed by QM/MM simulations that unveil the complete hydrolysis mechanism and identify two possible reaction pathways, involving different transition state conformations for the cleavage of xylooligosaccharides. Such catalytic conformational promiscuity in glycosidases is related to the open architecture of the active site and thus might be extended to other exo-acting enzymes. These findings expand the current general model of catalytic mechanism of glycosidases, a main reaction in nature, and impact on our understanding about their interaction with substrates and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A B Morais
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teórica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Joan Coines
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teórica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Mariane N Domingues
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Renan A S Pirolla
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Celisa C C Tonoli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Camila R Santos
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Jessica B L Correa
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Fabio C Gozzo
- Dalton Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teórica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
| | - Mario T Murakami
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil.
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Biochemical characterization of a novel halo/organic-solvents/final-products tolerant GH39 xylosidase from saline soil and its synergic action with xylanase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:184-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang M, Riaz M, Zhang L, Xia H, El-Desouki Z, Jiang C. Response of fungal communities in different soils to biochar and chemical fertilizers under simulated rainfall conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:654-663. [PMID: 31325864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a good soil additive, which cannot only effectively store carbon, but also improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, the specific response of fungal communities to biochar and chemical fertilizers are still relatively lacking. In addition, most studies do not take into account rainfall factors when conducting culture experiments. In the case of simulated rainfall, we investigated the response of fungal communities in different soils to biochar and fertilizers in China and analyzed the correlation between chemical properties and different fungal species. The tested soils were yellow-brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil, lou soil and black soil, and the simulated daily rainfall was 25 mm. The results indicated that the application of biochar and chemical fertilizers had a greater impact on the alpha diversity of acidic soils (yellow-brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil), but less on alkaline soils (lou soil, black soil). The relative abundance of Ascomycetes was most affected by biochar and fertilizer in any soil. From the point of view of the fungal community, yellow-brown soil was more suitable for single application of biochar, because it not only improved the ability of the soil to degrade persistent organic matter but also inhibited the spread of soil pathogens. In black soil, the relative abundance of Fusarium was significantly reduced by the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizers (FC), and the decline was much higher than several other bacteria. However, FC caused the greatest changes in the structure of all soil fungal communities. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the content of available nutrients and composition of fungal community in fluvo-aquic soil. In summary, it can be explained that the effects of biochar and chemical fertilizers on soil fungi may vary depending on the soil type, so it is very urgent to conduct long-term research on different typical soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China
| | - Hao Xia
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China
| | - Zeinab El-Desouki
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China; Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China.
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Malgas S, Mafa MS, Mkabayi L, Pletschke BI. A mini review of xylanolytic enzymes with regards to their synergistic interactions during hetero-xylan degradation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:187. [PMID: 31728656 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the recent models describing the mode of action of various xylanolytic enzymes and how these enzymes can be applied (sequentially or simultaneously) with their distinctive roles in mind to achieve efficient xylan degradation. With respect to homeosynergy, synergism appears to be as a result of β-xylanase and/or oligosaccharide reducing-end β-xylanase liberating xylo-oligomers (XOS) that are preferred substrates of the processive β-xylosidase. With regards to hetero-synergism, two cross relationships appear to exist and seem to be the reason for synergism between the enzymes during xylan degradation. These cross relations are the debranching enzymes such as α-glucuronidase or side-chain cleaving enzymes such as carbohydrate esterases (CE) removing decorations that would have hindered back-bone-cleaving enzymes, while backbone-cleaving-enzymes liberate XOS that are preferred substrates of the debranching and side-chain-cleaving enzymes. This interaction is demonstrated by high yields in co-production of xylan substituents such as arabinose, glucuronic acid and ferulic acid, and XOS. Finally, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) have also been implicated in boosting whole lignocellulosic biomass or insoluble xylan degradation by glycoside hydrolases (GH) by possibly disrupting entangled xylan residues. Since it has been observed that the same enzyme (same Enzyme Commission, EC, classification) from different GH or CE and/or AA families can display different synergistic interactions with other enzymes due to different substrate specificities and properties, in this review, we propose an approach of enzyme selection (and mode of application thereof) during xylan degradation, as this can improve the economic viability of the degradation of xylan for producing precursors of value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samkelo Malgas
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa
| | - Mpho S Mafa
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa.,Protein Structure-Function Research Unit (PSFRU), School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Wits University, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2000, South Africa
| | - Lithalethu Mkabayi
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, 6140, South Africa.
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β-Xylosidases: Structural Diversity, Catalytic Mechanism, and Inhibition by Monosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225524. [PMID: 31698702 PMCID: PMC6887791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan, a prominent component of cellulosic biomass, has a high potential for degradation into reducing sugars, and subsequent conversion into bioethanol. This process requires a range of xylanolytic enzymes. Among them, β-xylosidases are crucial, because they hydrolyze more glycosidic bonds than any of the other xylanolytic enzymes. They also enhance the efficiency of the process by degrading xylooligosaccharides, which are potent inhibitors of other hemicellulose-/xylan-converting enzymes. On the other hand, the β-xylosidase itself is also inhibited by monosaccharides that may be generated in high concentrations during the saccharification process. Structurally, β-xylosidases are diverse enzymes with different substrate specificities and enzyme mechanisms. Here, we review the structural diversity and catalytic mechanisms of β-xylosidases, and discuss their inhibition by monosaccharides.
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Li Q, Jiang Y, Tong X, Pei J, Xiao W, Wang Z, Zhao L. Cloning and characterization of the β-xylosidase from Dictyoglomus turgidum for high efficient biotransformation of 10-deacetyl-7-xylosltaxol. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103357. [PMID: 31668798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of finding an extracellular biocatalyst that can efficiently remove the C-7 xylose group from 10-deacetyl-7-xylosltaxol, a Dictyoglomus turgidum β-xylosidase was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The molecular mass of purified Dt-Xyl3 was approximately 84 kDa. The recombinant Dt-Xyl3 was most active at pH 5.0 and 75 °C, retaining 88% activity at 65 °C for 1 h, and displaying excellent stability over pH 4.0-7.5 for 24 h. In terms of kinetic parameters, the Km and Vmax values for pNPX were 0.8316 mM and 5.0178 μmol/mL·min, respectively. Moreover, Dt-Xyl3 was activated by Mn2+ and Ba2+ and inhibited by Cu2+, Ni+ and Al3+. In particular, it displayed high tolerance to salts with 60.8% activity in 20% (w/v) NaCl. Ethanol and methanol at 5-15% showed little effect on the enzymatic activity. Dt-Xyl3 demonstrated multifunctional activities followed by pNPX, pNPAraf and pNPG and had a high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moieties of 10-deacetyl-7-xylosltaxol with Kcat/Km 110.87 s-1/mM, which produced 10-deacetyl-taxol to semi-synthesize paclitaxel. Under the optimized conditions (60 °C, pH 4.5, enzyme dosage of 0.5 U/mL), 1 g of 10-deacetyl-7-xylosltaxol was transformed to its corresponding aglycone 10-deacetyl-taxol within 30 min, with a molar conversion of 98%. This is the first report that Dictyoglomus turgidum can produce extracellular GH3 β-xylosidase with highly specific activity for 10-deacetyl-7-xylosltaxol biotransformation, thus leading to the application of β-xylosidase Dt-Xyl3 as a biocatalyst in biopharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinyi Tong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China.
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Schmuck B, Gudmundsson M, Härd T, Sandgren M. Coupled chemistry kinetics demonstrate the utility of functionalized Sup35 amyloid nanofibrils in biocatalytic cascades. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14966-14977. [PMID: 31416835 PMCID: PMC6791322 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns over the environment are a central driver for designing cell-free enzymatic cascade reactions that synthesize non-petrol-based commodity compounds. An often-suggested strategy that would demonstrate the economic competitiveness of this technology is recycling of valuable enzymes through their immobilization. For this purpose, amyloid nanofibrils are an ideal scaffold to realize chemistry-free covalent enzyme immobilization on a material that offers a large surface area. However, in most instances, only single enzyme-functionalized amyloid fibrils have so far been studied. To embark on the next stage, here we displayed xylanase A, β-xylosidase, and an aldose sugar dehydrogenase on Sup35(1-61) nanofibrils to convert beechwood xylan to xylonolactone. We characterized this enzymatic cascade by measuring the time-dependent accumulation of xylose, xylooligomers, and xylonolactone. Furthermore, we studied the effects of relative enzyme concentrations, pH, temperature, and agitation on product formation. Our investigations revealed that a modular cascade with a mixture of xylanase and β-xylosidase, followed by product removal and separate oxidation of xylose with the aldose sugar dehydrogenase, is more productive than an enzyme mix containing all of these enzymes together. Moreover, we found that the nanofibril-coupled enzymes do not lose activity compared with their native state. These findings provide proof of concept of the feasibility of functionalized Sup35(1-61) fibrils as a molecular scaffold for biocatalytic cascades consisting of reusable enzymes that can be used in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schmuck
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gudmundsson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torleif Härd
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Liu Y, Huang L, Zheng D, Xu Z, Li Y, Shao S, Zhang Y, Ge X, Lu F. Biochemical characterization of a novel GH43 family β-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus. Food Chem 2019; 295:653-661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xu B, Dai L, Zhang W, Yang Y, Wu Q, Li J, Tang X, Zhou J, Ding J, Han N, Huang Z. Characterization of a novel salt-, xylose- and alkali-tolerant GH43 bifunctional β-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase from the gut bacterial genome. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:429-437. [PMID: 31109875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A GH43 bifunctional β-xylosidase encoding gene (XylRBM26) was cloned from Massilia sp. RBM26 and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant XylRBM26 exhibited β-xylosidase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase activities. When 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside was used as a substrate, the enzyme reached optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 50°C and remained stable at pH 5.0-10.0. Purified XylRBM26 presented good salt tolerance and retained 96.6% activity in 3.5 M NaCl and 77.9% initial activity even in 4.0 M NaCl. In addition, it exhibited high tolerance to xylose with Ki value of 500 mM. This study was the first to identify and characterize NaCl-tolerant β-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase from the gut microbiota. The enzyme's salt, xylose, and alkali stability and resistance to various chemicals make it a potential biocatalyst for the saccharification of lignocellulose, the food industry, and industrial processes conducted in sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Dai
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Jinghong 666100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China.
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Zhuo R, Yu H, Qin X, Ni H, Jiang Z, Ma F, Zhang X. Heterologous expression and characterization of a xylanase and xylosidase from white rot fungi and their application in synergistic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:24-33. [PMID: 30138852 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Endo-xylanase and β-xylosidase are the major enzymes for hemicellulose hydrolysis, which play a significant role in biomass conversion. In our previous work, the white-rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus HAUCC 162 and Irpex lacteus CD2 were demonstrated to have strong ability in lignocellulose degradation, and the related lignin degradation enzymes were characterized. However, little was known about their hemicellulases. In this work, a novel endo-1, 4-xylanase and a β-xylosidase from Pleurotus ostreatus HAUCC 162 and Irpex lacteus CD2 were heterologously expressed and characterized. The optima of pH and temperature were 5.0 and 55 °C for rXyn162, and 6.5 and 30 °C for rXylCD2. rXyn162 showed high tolerance to metal ions such as Ca2+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Na+, and Al3+. The recombinant rXyn162 and rXylCD2 exhibited synergistic hydrolysis of oat spelts xylan and sodium hydroxide pretreated cornstalk (SHPC), where the degree of synergy (DS) was 2.26 for SHPC hydrolysis. MALDI-TOF-MS and HPLC analysis showed that xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with small degrees of polymerization (DP2-DP4) were the major XOS hydrolyzate during SHPC degradation by rXyn162 and rXylCD2. In addition, rXyn162 and rXylCD2 could efficiently improve the hydrolysis of SHPC by commercial cellulase. The present study suggested the potential application of rXyn162 and rXylCD2 in the field of biomass pretreatment and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Haoxiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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35
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Huang Y, Zheng X, Pilgaard B, Holck J, Muschiol J, Li S, Lange L. Identification and characterization of GH11 xylanase and GH43 xylosidase from the chytridiomycetous fungus, Rhizophlyctis rosea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:777-791. [PMID: 30397764 PMCID: PMC6373445 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The early-lineage, aerobic, zoosporic fungi from the Chytridiomycota constitute less than 1% of the described fungi and can use diverse sources of nutrition from plant or animal products. One of the ancestral sources of fungal nutrition could be products following enzymatic degradation of plant material. However, carbohydrate-active enzymes from these ancient fungi have been less studied. A GH11 xylanase (RrXyn11A) (EC 3.2.1.8) and a GH43 xylosidase (RrXyl43A) (EC 3.2.1.37) were identified from an early-lineage aerobic zoosporic fungus, Rhizophlyctis rosea NBRC 105426. Both genes were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant enzymes were purified and characterized. The optimal pH for recombinant RrXyn11A and RrXyl43A was pH 7. RrXyn11A had high stability over a wide range of pH (4–8) and temperature (25–70 °C). RrXyn11A also showed high substrate specificity on both azurine-cross-linked (AZCL) arabinoxylan and AZCL xylan. RrXyl43A had β-xylosidase and minor α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity. This enzyme showed low product inhibition and retained 51% activity in the presence of 100 mM xylose. A combination of RrXyn11A and RrXyl43A exhibited significantly higher hydrolytic and polymer degradation capability and xylose release on wheat bran and beechwood xylan compared to treatment with commercial enzymes. This study was the first to heterologously express and characterize the GH11 xylanase (RrXyn11A) and GH43 xylosidase (RrXyl43A) from the ancient fungus, R. rosea. Meanwhile, this study also demonstrated that the enzymes from the ancient fungus R. rosea can be easily handled and heterologously expressed in Pichia, which presents a promising path to a new source of enzymes for biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Huang
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xianliang Zheng
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, 100190, China.,The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Bo Pilgaard
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shengying Li
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lene Lange
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Expression and characterisation of a pH and salt tolerant, thermostable and xylose tolerant recombinant GH43 β-xylosidase from Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462 T for promoting hemicellulose degradation. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:339-350. [PMID: 30225545 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a β-xylosidase (designated as Thxyl43A) was cloned from strain Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462T. The open reading frame of this gene encodes 550 amino acid residues. The gene was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein was purified. The monomeric Thxyl43A protein presented a molecular mass of 61.5 kDa. When p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside was used as the substrate, recombinant Thxyl43A exhibited optimal activity at 55 °C and pH 4.0 to 7.0, being thermostable by maintaining 47% of its activity after 30 h incubation at 55 °C. The recombinant enzyme retained more than 80% residual activity after incubation at pH range of 4.0 to 12.0 for 24 h, respectively, which indicated notable thermostability and pH stability of Thxyl43A. Moreover, Thxyl43A displayed high catalytic activity (> 60%) in presence of 5-35% NaCl (w/v) or 1-20% ionic liquid (w/v) or 1-50 mM xylose. These properties suggest that Thxyl43A has potential for promoting hemicellulose degradation and other industrial applications.
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Herlet J, Schwarz WH, Zverlov VV, Liebl W, Kornberger P. Addition of β-galactosidase boosts the xyloglucan degradation capability of endoglucanase Cel9D from Clostridium thermocellum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:238. [PMID: 30202433 PMCID: PMC6122707 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing the efficiency of enzymatic biomass degradation is crucial for a more economically feasible conversion of abundantly available plant feedstock. Synergistic effects between the enzymes deployed in the hydrolysis of various hemicelluloses have been demonstrated, which can reduce process costs by lowering the amount of enzyme required for the reaction. Xyloglucan is the only major hemicellulose for which no such effects have been described yet. RESULTS We report the beneficial combination of two enzymes for the degradation of the hemicellulose xyloglucan. The addition of β-galactosidase Bga2B from Clostridium stercorarium to an in vitro hydrolysis reaction of a model xyloglucan substrate increased the enzymatic efficiency of endoglucanase Cel9D from Clostridium thermocellum to up to 22-fold. Furthermore, the total amount of enzyme required for high hydrolysis yields was lowered by nearly 80%. Increased yields were also observed when using a natural complex substrate-tamarind kernel powder. CONCLUSION The findings of this study may improve the valorization of feedstocks containing high-xyloglucan amounts. The combination of the endoglucanase Cel9D and the β-galactosidase Bga2B can be used to efficiently produce the heptasaccharide XXXG. The exploitation of one specific oligosaccharide may open up possibilities for the use as a prebiotic or platform chemical in additional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Herlet
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Vladimir V. Zverlov
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Petra Kornberger
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Impact of disulfide bonds on the folding and refolding capability of a novel thermostable GH45 cellulase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9183-9192. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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Wang XW, Yang FY, Meijer M, Kraak B, Sun BD, Jiang YL, Wu YM, Bai FY, Seifert KA, Crous PW, Samson RA, Houbraken J. Redefining Humicola sensu stricto and related genera in the Chaetomiaceae. Stud Mycol 2018; 93:65-153. [PMID: 30210181 PMCID: PMC6133331 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional concept of the genus Humicola includes species that produce pigmented, thick-walled and single-celled spores laterally or terminally on hyphae or minimally differentiated conidiophores. More than 50 species have been described in the genus. Species commonly occur in soil, indoor environments, and compost habitats. The taxonomy of Humicola and morphologically similar genera is poorly understood in modern terms. Based on a four-locus phylogeny, the morphological concept of Humicola proved to be polyphyletic. The type of Humicola, H. fuscoatra, belongs to the Chaetomiaceae. In the Chaetomiaceae, species producing humicola-like thick-walled spores are distributed among four lineages: Humicola sensu stricto, Mycothermus, Staphylotrichum, and Trichocladium. In our revised concept of Humicola, asexual and sexually reproducing species both occur. The re-defined Humicola contains 24 species (seven new and thirteen new combinations), which are described and illustrated in this study. The species in this genus produce conidia that are lateral, intercalary or terminal on/in hyphae, and conidiophores are not formed or are minimally developed (micronematous). The ascospores of sexual Humicola species are limoniform to quadrangular in face view and bilaterally flattened with one apical germ pore. Seven species are accepted in Staphylotrichum (four new species, one new combination). Thick-walled conidia of Staphylotrichum species usually arise either from hyphae (micronematous) or from apically branched, seta-like conidiophores (macronematous). The sexual morph represented by Staphylotrichum longicolleum (= Chaetomium longicolleum) produces ascomata with long necks composed of a fused basal part of the terminal hairs, and ascospores that are broad limoniform to nearly globose, bilaterally flattened, with an apical germ pore. The Trichocladium lineage has a high morphological diversity in both asexual and sexual structures. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four subclades in this lineage. However, these subclades are genetically closely related, and no distinctive phenotypic characters are linked to any of them. Fourteen species are accepted in Trichocladium, including one new species, twelve new combinations. The type species of Gilmaniella, G. humicola, belongs to the polyphyletic family Lasiosphaeriaceae (Sordariales), but G. macrospora phylogenetically belongs to Trichocladium. The thermophilic genus Mycothermus and the type species My. thermophilum are validated, and one new Mycothermus species is described. Phylogenetic analyses show that Remersonia, another thermophilic genus, is sister to Mycothermus and two species are known, including one new species. Thermomyces verrucosus produces humicola-like conidia and is transferred to Botryotrichum based on phylogenetic affinities. This study is a first attempt to establish an inclusive modern classification of Humicola and humicola-like genera of the Chaetomiaceae. More research is needed to determine the phylogenetic relationships of “humicola”-like species outside the Chaetomiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Grassland Institute, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Y Yang
- Grassland Institute, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - M Meijer
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Kraak
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B D Sun
- China General Microbiological Culture Collection Centre, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Y L Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Y M Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shangdong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - F Y Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - K A Seifert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - P W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.,Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Carvalho DRD, Carli S, Meleiro LP, Rosa JC, Oliveira AHCD, Jorge JA, Furriel RPM. A halotolerant bifunctional β-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Colletotrichum graminicola: Purification and biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:741-750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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EcXyl43 β-xylosidase: molecular modeling, activity on natural and artificial substrates, and synergism with endoxylanases for lignocellulose deconstruction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6959-6971. [PMID: 29876606 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomass hydrolysis constitutes a bottleneck for the biotransformation of lignocellulosic residues into bioethanol and high-value products. The efficient deconstruction of polysaccharides to fermentable sugars requires multiple enzymes acting concertedly. GH43 β-xylosidases are among the most interesting enzymes involved in hemicellulose deconstruction into xylose. In this work, the structural and functional properties of β-xylosidase EcXyl43 from Enterobacter sp. were thoroughly characterized. Molecular modeling suggested a 3D structure formed by a conserved N-terminal catalytic domain linked to an ancillary C-terminal domain. Both domains resulted essential for enzymatic activity, and the role of critical residues, from the catalytic and the ancillary modules, was confirmed by mutagenesis. EcXyl43 presented β-xylosidase activity towards natural and artificial substrates while arabinofuranosidase activity was only detected on nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPA). It hydrolyzed xylobiose and purified xylooligosaccharides (XOS), up to degree of polymerization 6, with higher activity towards longer XOS. Low levels of activity on commercial xylan were also observed, mainly on the soluble fraction. The addition of EcXyl43 to GH10 and GH11 endoxylanases increased the release of xylose from xylan and pre-treated wheat straw. Additionally, EcXyl43 exhibited high efficiency and thermal stability under its optimal conditions (40 °C, pH 6.5), with a half-life of 58 h. Therefore, this enzyme could be a suitable additive for hemicellulases in long-term hydrolysis reactions. Because of its moderate inhibition by monomeric sugars but its high inhibition by ethanol, EcXyl43 could be particularly more useful in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) than in simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) or consolidated bioprocessing (CBP).
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42
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Li Q, Wu T, Qi Z, Zhao L, Pei J, Tang F. Characterization of a novel thermostable and xylose-tolerant GH 39 β-xylosidase from Dictyoglomus thermophilum. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:29. [PMID: 29783967 PMCID: PMC5963010 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background β-D-xylosidase is a vital exoglycosidase with the ability to hydrolyze xylooligosaccharides to xylose and to biotransform some saponins by cleaving outer β-xylose. β-D-xylosidase is widely used as one of the xylanolytic enzymes in a diverse range of applications, such as fuel, food and the pharmaceutical industry; therefore, more and more studies have focused on the thermostable and xylose-tolerant β-D-xylosidases. Results A thermostable β-xylosidase gene (xln-DT) of 1509 bp was cloned from Dictyoglomus thermophilum and expressed in E.coli BL21. According to the amino acid and phylogeny analyses, the β-xylosidase Xln-DT is a novel β-xylosidase of the GH family 39. The recombinant β-xylosidase was purified, showing unique bands on SDS-PAGE, and had a protein molecular weight of 58.7 kDa. The β-xylosidase Xln-DT showed an optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 75 °C, with p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (pNPX) as a substrate. Xln-DT displayed stability over a pH range of 4.0-7.5 for 24 h and displayed thermotolerance below 85 °C. The values of the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for pNPX were 1.66 mM and 78.46 U/mg, respectively. In particular, Xln-DT displayed high tolerance to xylose, with 60% activity in the presence of 3 M xylose. Xln-DT showed significant effects on the hydrolyzation of xylobiose. After 3 h, all the xylobiose tested was degraded into xylose. Moreover, β-xylosidase Xln-DT had a high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moieties of natural saponins, such as notoginsenoside R1 and astragaloside IV, which produced the ginsenoside Rg1 with stronger anti-fatigue activity and produced cycloastragenol with stronger anti-aging activity, respectively. Conclusion This study provides a novel GH 39 β-xylosidase displaying extraordinary properties of highly catalytic activity at temperatures above 75 °C, remarkable hydrolyzing activity of xylooligosaccharides and rare saponins producing ability in the pharmaceutical and commercial industries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0440-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhipeng Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Jianjun Pei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Feng Tang
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, 8 Fu Tong East Street, Beijing, 100714, China
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43
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Zhang J, Cui T, Li X. Screening and identification of an Enterobacter ludwigii strain expressing an active β-xylosidase. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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44
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Xu T, Huang X, Li Z, Ki Lin CS, Li S. Enhanced Purification Efficiency and Thermal Tolerance of Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense β-Xylosidase through Aggregation Triggered by Short Peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4182-4188. [PMID: 29633613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To simplify purification and improve heat tolerance of a thermostable β-xylosidase (ThXylC), a short ELK16 peptide was attached to its C-terminus, which is designated as ThXylC-ELK. Wild-type ThXylC was normally expressed in soluble form. However, ThXylC-ELK assembled into aggregates with 98.6% of total β-xylosidase activity. After simple centrifugation and buffer washing, the ThXylC-ELK particles were collected with 92.57% activity recovery and 95% purity, respectively. Meanwhile, the wild-type ThXylC recovery yield was less than 55% after heat inactivation, affinity and desalting chromatography followed by HRV 3C protease cleavage purification. Catalytic efficiency ( Kcat/ Km) was increased from 21.31 mM-1 s-1 for ThXylC to 32.19 mM-1 s-1 for ThXylC-ELK accompanied by a small increase in Km value. Heat tolerance of ThXylC-ELK at high temperatures was also increased. The ELK16 peptide attachment resulted in 6.2-fold increase of half-life at 65 °C. Released reducing sugars were raised 1.3-fold during sugar cane bagasse hydrolysis when ThXylC-ELK was supplemented into the combination of XynAΔSLH and Cellic CTec2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwang Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Xiongliang Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Zhe Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Shuang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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45
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Expression of catalytically efficient xylanases from thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinnamomea for synergistically enhancing hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:185-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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46
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The use of Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis sequencing to identify novel genes of Humicola insolens involved in cellulase production. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:153. [PMID: 29492372 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A transfer DNA (T-DNA)-tagged mutant library of Humicola insolens was screened for mutants with altered cellulase production using the plate-clearing zone assay. Three selected mutants (5-A7, 5-C6, and 13-B7) exhibited significantly depressed FPase, CMCase and xylanase activities compared with the wild-type strain upon shake-flask fermentation, while the pNPCase and pNPGase activities of the three mutants were relatively higher than those of the parental strain. Combined with the results of SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, we suggest that expression of the CMCases Cel6B, Cel7B, CMC3, and XynA/B/C was reduced in the mutant strains. Twelve putative T-DNA insertion sites were identified in the three mutants via Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis sequencing (AIM-Seq). Bioinformatics analysis suggested that a putative dolichyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, two hypothetical proteins encoding genes of unknown function, and/or nine intergenic fragments may be involved in cellulase and hemicellulase production by H. insolens. This provides promising new candidate genes relevant to cellulase production by the fungus, which will be crucial not only for our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying cellulase production, but also for strain improvement.
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47
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Martins MP, Ventorim RZ, Coura RR, Maitan-Alfenas GP, Alfenas RF, Guimarães VM. The β-xylosidase from Ceratocystis fimbriata RM35 improves the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Cintra LC, Fernandes AG, Oliveira ICMD, Siqueira SJL, Costa IGO, Colussi F, Jesuíno RSA, Ulhoa CJ, Faria FPD. Characterization of a recombinant xylose tolerant β-xylosidase from Humicola grisea var. thermoidea and its use in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:262-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Purification and characterization of novel bi-functional GH3 family β-xylosidase/β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger ADH-11. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:1260-1269. [PMID: 29174354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
β-Xylosidase plays an important role in xylan degradation by relieving the end product inhibition of endo-xylanase caused by xylo-oligosaccharides. β-Xylosidase has a wide range of applications in food, feed, paper and pulp, pharmaceutical industries and in bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Hence, in the present study focused on purification, biochemical characterization and partial sequencing of purified β-xylosidase from xylanolytic strain Aspergillus niger ADH-11. Acetone precipitation followed by GPC using Sephacryl S-200 yielded 20.59-fold purified β-xylosidase with 58.30% recovery. SDS-PAGE analysis of purified β-xylosidase relieved a monomeric subunit with a molecular weight 120.48kDa. Kinetic parameters of purified β-xylosidase viz Km, Vmax, Kcat and catalytic efficiency were assessed. Purified β-xylosidase was additionally active on p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside substrate also. Moreover, peptide mass fingerprinting analysis support our biochemical studies and showed that the purified protein is a novel β-xylosidase with β-glucosidase activity and belongs to the bi-functional GH3 superfamily. Besides, tolerance of purified β-xylosidase towards glucose and xylose was also assessed.
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50
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Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris and characterization of a novel GH11 xylanase from saline-alkali soil with excellent tolerance to high pH, high salt concentrations and ethanol. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 139:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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