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Moslehi N, van Eekelen M, Velikov KP, Kegel WK. Ferrous Pyrophosphate and Mixed Divalent Pyrophosphates as Delivery Systems for Essential Minerals. ACS FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 4:1388-1401. [PMID: 38934009 PMCID: PMC11197097 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble iron-containing compounds are promising iron fortificants. However, ensuring high bioaccessibility and low reactivity of iron is challenging. We present the potential application of ferrous pyrophosphate (Fe(II)PP) and Fe(II)-containing M2(1-x)Fe2x P2O7 salts (0 < x < 1, M = Ca, Zn, or Mn) for delivery of iron and a second essential mineral (M). After preparation by a facile and environment-friendly coprecipitation method, the salts were investigated for their composition, pH-dependent dissolution, iron-mediated discoloration of a black tea solution, and oxidation of vitamin C. Our results suggest that these salts are possible dual-fortificants with tunable composition that compared to Fe(II)PP (i) show lower (<0.5 mM) and enhanced (to 5 mM) iron dissolution in moderate and gastric pH, respectively, (ii) exhibit less discoloration and dissolved iron in tea when x = 0.470 for M = Ca or Zn and x = 0.086 for M = Mn, and (iii) do not increase the oxidation extent of vitamin C over 48 h when x = 0.06, 0.086, or 0.053 for M = Ca, Zn, or Mn, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshat Moslehi
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Eekelen
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Krassimir P. Velikov
- Unilever
Innovation Centre Wageningen, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem K. Kegel
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chavarría-Fernández SM, Jiménez-Alvarado R, Santos-López EM, Hernández-Hernandez AA, Cariño-Cortés R. Iron nanoparticles as food additives and food supplements, regulatory and legislative perspectives. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1295-1305. [PMID: 38585565 PMCID: PMC10992046 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of nanotechnology in food has gained great interest. Iron nanoparticles with unique chemical, physical and structural properties allow their potential use mainly as iron fortifiers, colorants and antimicrobial agents. However, in the market we can find only supplements and food colorants based on iron nanoparticles. Their use in food fortification has so far been focused only on in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, since the toxicological evaluation of these studies has so far been the basis for the proposals of laws and regulations, which are still in an early stage of development. Therefore, the aim of this work was to summarize the use of the different forms of iron nanoparticles (oxides, oxyhydroxides, phosphates, pyrophosphates and sulfates) as food additives and supplements and to resume the perspectives of legislation regarding the use of these types of nanoparticles in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Madai Chavarría-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda la Concepción s/n, 42160 San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo México
| | - Rubén Jiménez-Alvarado
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av Universidad km. 1. Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa AP 32, 43600 Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo México
| | - Eva María Santos-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5 Colonia Carboneras, 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Aldahir Alberto Hernández-Hernandez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av Universidad km. 1. Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa AP 32, 43600 Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo México
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda la Concepción s/n, 42160 San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo México
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Moslehi N, Bijlsma J, de Bruijn WJ, Velikov KP, Vincken JP, Kegel WK. Design and characterization of Ca-Fe(III) pyrophosphate salts with tunable pH-dependent solubility for dual-fortification of foods. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ghibaudo F, Gerbino E, Copello GJ, Campo Dall' Orto V, Gómez-Zavaglia A. Pectin-decorated magnetite nanoparticles as both iron delivery systems and protective matrices for probiotic bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:193-201. [PMID: 31054459 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate biophysical stability of iron-pectin nanoparticles and analyze the feasibility of using them as delivery systems for the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum CIDCA 83114. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized from 0.25M FeCl2/0.5 M FeCl3.6H2O, and coated with citrus pectins. Their physico-chemical properties [FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ζ-potential, particle size, SEM, TEM] and their effect on bacterial stabilization (viability after freeze-drying/storage, stability when exposed to simulated gastro-intestinal conditions) were assessed. XRD indicated the almost exclusive presence of magnetite crystalline phases. FTIR spectra confirmed the adsorption of pectin on magnetite nanoparticles surface. SEM and TEM images evidenced agglomerated nanoparticles, and a morphological surface change after adsorption of pectin. DLS and ζ-potential results proved the solvation of the ionizable groups in the hydrophilic network which induced chain expansion and agglomeration. Iron from nanoparticles demonstrated to be non-toxic for microorganisms up to 1.00 mg/mL. Simulated saliva and gastric solutions prevented nanoparticles from dissolution. The higher pH of the intestinal conditions (solvated -COO- and Fe-O- groups) facilitated the dispersion and partial dissolution of nanoparticles. Pectins adsorption on magnetite nanoparticles significantly enhanced electrostatic repulsion, which aided the solvation of ionized iron forms. The soluble species diffused out from the aggregates, being detected in the simulated intestinal fluid. Regarding bacterial viability, no decays were observed neither when pectin-decorated nanoparticles were exposed to simulated fluids nor when stored at 4 °C for 60 days. The composites engineered in this work appear as adequate delivery systems for probiotic bacteria, whose target is the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Ghibaudo
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), RA1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Esteban Gerbino
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), RA1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo J Copello
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Quı́mica y Metabolismo delFármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junı́n 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı́mica,Departamento de Quı́mica Analı́tica y Fisicoquı́mica, (UBA), Junı́n 956, C1113AAD,Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Campo Dall' Orto
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Quı́mica y Metabolismo delFármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junı́n 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı́mica,Departamento de Quı́mica Analı́tica y Fisicoquı́mica, (UBA), Junı́n 956, C1113AAD,Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Gómez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), RA1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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Velikov KP, van Ruijven M, Popp AK, Patel AR, Flendrig LM, Melnikov SM. Colloidal particles for the delivery of steroid glycosides. Food Funct 2018; 9:485-490. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Food grade colloidal particles comprising steroid glycosides with excellent stability are prepared using a liquid antisolvent precipitation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krassimir P. Velikov
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen
- 3133 AT Vlaardingen
- The Netherlands
- van der Waals-Zeeman Institute
- Institute of Physics
| | | | - Alois K. Popp
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen
- 3133 AT Vlaardingen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ashok R. Patel
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen
- 3133 AT Vlaardingen
- The Netherlands
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Kim HJ, Bae SH, Kim HJ, Kim KM, Song JH, Go MR, Yu J, Oh JM, Choi SJ. Cytotoxicity, Intestinal Transport, and Bioavailability of Dispersible Iron and Zinc Supplements. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:749. [PMID: 28503169 PMCID: PMC5408065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron or zinc deficiency is one of the most important nutritional disorders which causes health problem. However, food fortification with minerals often induces unacceptable organoleptic changes during preparation process and storage, has low bioavailability and solubility, and is expensive. Nanotechnology surface modification to obtain novel characteristics can be a useful tool to overcome these problems. In this study, the efficacy and potential toxicity of dispersible Fe or Zn supplement coated in dextrin and glycerides (SunActive FeTM and SunActive ZnTM) were evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity, intestinal transport, and bioavailability, as compared with each counterpart without coating, ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), respectively. The results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of FePP was not significantly affected by surface modification (SunActive FeTM), while SunActive ZnTM was more cytotoxic than ZnO-NPs. Cellular uptake and intestinal transport efficiency of SunActive FeTM were significantly higher than those of its counterpart material, which was in good agreement with enhanced oral absorption efficacy after a single-dose oral administration to rats. These results seem to be related to dissolution, particle dispersibility, and coating stability of materials depending on suspending media. Both SunActiveTM products and their counterpart materials were determined to be primarily transported by microfold (M) cells through the intestinal epithelium. It was, therefore, concluded that surface modification of food fortification will be a useful strategy to enhance oral absorption efficiency at safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Song-Hwa Bae
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei UniversityWonju, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei UniversityWonju, South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Song
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei UniversityWonju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Go
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Yu
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei UniversityWonju, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Choi
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Tian T, Blanco E, Smoukov SK, Velev OD, Velikov KP. Dissolution behaviour of ferric pyrophosphate and its mixtures with soluble pyrophosphates: Potential strategy for increasing iron bioavailability. Food Chem 2016; 208:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baars RJ, van Leeuwen YM, Hendrix Y, Velikov KP, Kegel WK, Philipse AP. Morphology-controlled functional colloids by heterocoagulation of zein and nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu X, Xu Y, Jin R, Yin P, Sun L, Liang T, Gao S. Facile synthesis of hierarchical Fe4(P2O7)3 for removal of U(VI). J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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