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Zhang Y, Wu N, Wang J, Chen Z, Wu Z, Song M, Zheng Z, Wang K. Gastrointestinal metabolism characteristics and mechanism of a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126357. [PMID: 37595710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Grifola frondosa polysaccharide (GFP) is mainly composed of α-1,4 glycosidic bonds and possesses multiple pharmacological activities. However, the absence of pharmacokinetic studies has limited its further development and utilization. Herein, GFP was labeled with 5-DTAF (FGFP) and cyanine 5.5 amine (GFP-Cy5.5) to investigate its gastrointestinal metabolism characteristics and mechanism. Significant distributions of the polysaccharide in the liver and kidneys were observed by near infrared imaging. To investigate the specific distribution form of the polysaccharide, in vitro digestion models were constructed and revealed that FGFP was degraded in saliva and rat small intestine extract. The metabolites were detected in the stomach and small intestine, followed by further degradation in the distal intestine in the in vivo experiment. Subsequent investigations showed that α-amylase was involved in the gastrointestinal degradation of GFP, and its metabolite finally entered the kidneys, where it was excreted directly with urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Niuniu Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Mengzi Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ziming Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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Cristina Julio-Gonzalez L, Garcia-Cañas V, Rico F, Hernandez-Hernandez O. Transglycosylation catalysed by Caco-2 membrane disaccharidases: A new approach to understand carbohydrates digestibility. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113067. [PMID: 37689856 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Under appropriate experimental conditions, some glycoside hydrolases can catalyze transglycosylation reactions; a hypothesis associated with this is that the glycosidic linkages formed will be preferentially hydrolyzed under optimal conditions. Therefore, the hydrolytic and transglycosylation activities of isolated membranes from differentiated Caco-2 cells on sucrose, maltose and isomaltulose were evaluated. After the enzymatic reactions, the di- and trisaccharides obtained were identified by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Differentiated Caco-2 cell membranes exerted hydrolytic and transglycosylation activities towards the studied disaccharides. The obtained di- and trisaccharides were detected for the first time using human cell models. Due to the absence of maltase-glucoamylase complex (MGAM) in Caco-2 cells, and the known hydrolytic activity of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) towards sucrose, maltose and isomaltulose, it is plausible that the glycosidic linkages obtained after the transglycosylation reaction, mainly α-glucosyl-fructoses and α-glucosyl-glucoses, were carried out by SI complex. This approach can be used as a model to explain carbohydrate digestibility in the small intestine and as a tool to design new oligosaccharides with low intestinal digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesbia Cristina Julio-Gonzalez
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid-28049, Spain; Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | | | - Fabian Rico
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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McCleary BV, McLoughlin C. Measurement of Available Carbohydrates in Cereal and Cereal Products, Dairy Products, Vegetables, Fruit, and Related Food Products and Animal Feeds: First Action 2020.07. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1465-1478. [PMID: 33576408 PMCID: PMC8665762 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of available carbohydrates in our diet is directly linked to two major diseases: obesity and Type II diabetes. Despite this, to date there is no method available to allow direct and accurate measurement of available carbohydrates in human and animal foods. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to develop a method that would allow simple and accurate measurement of available carbohydrates, defined as non-resistant starch, maltodextrins, maltose, isomaltose, sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose, and galactose. METHOD Non-resistant (digestible) starch is hydrolyzed to glucose and maltose by pancreatic α-amylase (PAA) and amyloglucosidase at pH 6.0 with shaking or stirring at 37°C for 4 h. Sucrose, lactose, maltose, and isomaltose are completely hydrolyzed by specific enzymes to their constituent monosaccharides, which are then measured using pure enzymes in a single reaction cuvette. RESULTS A method has been developed that allows the accurate measurement of available carbohydrates in all cereal, vegetable, fruit, food, and feed products, including dairy products. CONCLUSIONS A single-laboratory validation was performed on a wide range of food and feed products. The inter-day repeatability (RSDr, %) was <3.58% (w/w) across a range of samples containing 44.1-88.9% available carbohydrates. The LOD and LOQ obtained were 0.054% (w/w) and 0.179% (w/w), respectively. The method is all inclusive, specific, robust, and simple to use. HIGHLIGHTS A unique method has been developed for the direct measurement of available carbohydrates, entailing separate measurement of glucose, fructose, and galactose, information of value in determining the glycemic index of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V McCleary
- Megazyme, Bray Business Park, Southern Cross Road, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland
- MGZ Consultants, Murrumburrah, Eden Road, Greystones, Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Ciara McLoughlin
- Megazyme, Bray Business Park, Southern Cross Road, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland
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4
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Ambrogi V, Bottacini F, Cao L, Kuipers B, Schoterman M, van Sinderen D. Galacto-oligosaccharides as infant prebiotics: production, application, bioactive activities and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:753-766. [PMID: 34477457 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1953437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are non-digestible oligosaccharides characterized by a mix of structures that vary in their degree of polymerization (DP) and glycosidic linkage between the galactose moieties or between galactose and glucose. They have enjoyed extensive scientific scrutiny, and their health-promoting effects are supported by a large number of scientific and clinical studies. A variety of GOS-associated health-promoting effects have been reported, such as growth promotion of beneficial bacteria, in particular bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, inhibition of pathogen adhesion and improvement of gut barrier function. GOS have attracted significant interest from food industries for their versatility as a bioactive ingredient and in particular as a functional component of infant formulations. These oligosaccharides are produced in a kinetically-controlled reaction involving lactose transgalactosylation, being catalyzed by particular β-galactosidases of bacterial or fungal origin. Despite the well-established technology applied for GOS production, this process may still meet with technological challenges when employed at an industrial scale. The current review will cover relevant scientific literature on the beneficial physiological properties of GOS as a prebiotic for the infant gut microbiota, details of GOS structures, the associated reaction mechanism of β-galactosidase, and its (large-scale) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ambrogi
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Linqiu Cao
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Kuipers
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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5
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Enzymatic and microbial conversions to achieve sugar reduction in bread. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110296. [PMID: 33992395 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A standard level of sugar addition to bread is 2% (flour base) but sweet baked goods including hamburger buns, hot dog buns and some sandwich bread contain more than 10% sucrose. This study aimed to provide an integrated assessment of different strategies for sugar-reduced bread by using isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) as bulk sweetening agent, polysaccharide hydrolases to generate sugars from flour polysaccharides, and sourdough. Trained panel sensory analyses of the intensity of sour and sweet tastes were compared to the concentration of organic acids and the sugar concentration of bread. Sourdough fermentation reduced the sweet taste intensity of bread produced with 9% sucrose. This effect was more pronounced with Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which converts fructose to mannitol with concomitant production of acetate. Addition of up to 20% sourdough fermented with Weissella cibaria 10 M, which does not produce mannitol and less acetate when compared to L. mesenteroides, did not substantially reduce the sweet taste intensity. Bread produced with 9% IMO tasted less sweet than bread prepared with 9% sucrose but partial replacement of sucrose with IMO maintained the sweet taste intensity. Addition of 4.5% IMO in combination with W. cibaria sourdough, amyloglucosidase and the fructosidase FruA enabled production of bread with 50% reduced sucrose addition while maintaining the sweet taste intensity. In conclusion, the single use of a sweet bulking agent, of amyloglucosidase or fructanases or the use of sourdough alone, did not maintain the sweet taste intensity of sugar-reduced bread, however, a combination of the three approaches allowed a reduction of sucrose addition without reducing the sweet taste intensity.
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6
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Julio-Gonzalez LC, Moreno FJ, Jimeno ML, Doyagüez EG, Olano A, Corzo N, Hernandez-Hernandez O. Hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities of glycosidases from small intestine brush-border membrane vesicles. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109940. [PMID: 33509494 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to know the catalytic activities of the disaccharidases expressed in the mammalian small intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) high concentrated solutions of sucrose, maltose, isomaltulose, trehalose and the mixture sucrose:lactose were incubated with pig small intestine disaccharidases. The hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions generated new di- and trisaccharides, characterized and quantified by GC-MS and NMR, except for trehalose where only hydrolysis was detected. In general, α-glucosyl-glucoses and α-glucosyl-fructoses were the most abundant structures, whereas no fructosyl-fructoses or fructosyl-glucoses were found. The in-depth structural characterization of the obtained carbohydrates represents a new alternative to understand the potential catalytic activities of pig small intestinal disaccharidases. The hypothesis that the oligosaccharides synthesized by glycoside hydrolases could be also hydrolysed by the same enzymes was confirmed. This information could be extremely useful in the design of new non-digestible or partially digestible oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Jimeno
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa G Doyagüez
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Ferreira-Lazarte A, Moreno FJ, Villamiel M. Bringing the digestibility of prebiotics into focus: update of carbohydrate digestion models. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3267-3278. [PMID: 32744076 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1798344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oro-gastrointestinal digestion of dietary carbohydrates involves up to six different carbohydrases in a multistage process. Enzymes from the small intestinal brush border membrane play a major role in the digestibility of these substrates. However, to date, the inclusion of these small intestinal enzymes has been dismissed in most in vitro studies carried out, despite their importance in the degradation of carbohydrates. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the capability of brush border enzymes to degrade certain "non-digestible" carbohydrates to a different extent depending on their structural composition (monomeric composition, glycosidic linkage, etc.). In this sense, considering the available evidence, mucosal disaccharidases embedded in the small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles must be considered in addition to α-amylases; therefore, new approaches for the evaluation of the digestibility of carbohydrates have been recently reported. These new methods based on the utilization of the small intestinal enzymes present in the brush border membrane aim to fulfill the final and key step of the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine. Here, rat small intestinal extract enzymes as well as brush border membrane vesicles from pig have emerged as very reliable and useful tools to evaluate carbohydrate digestion. Thus, this review aims to go briefly through the most relevant digestion methods for carbohydrates that are currently available and to highlight the new improved methods, which include mammalian intestinal enzymes, and their current use in the evaluation of the digestibility of prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Villamiel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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8
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In vitro digestibility of commercial and experimental isomalto-oligosaccharides. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Gallego-Lobillo P, Ferreira-Lazarte A, Hernández-Hernández O, Montilla A, Villamiel M. Evaluation of the impact of a rat small intestinal extract on the digestion of four different functional fibers. Food Funct 2020; 11:4081-4089. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The degree of digestion, modulated by rat small intestinal extract on different functional fibers was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gallego-Lobillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM). C/Nicolás Cabrera
- 9
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - Alvaro Ferreira-Lazarte
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM). C/Nicolás Cabrera
- 9
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - Oswaldo Hernández-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM). C/Nicolás Cabrera
- 9
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM). C/Nicolás Cabrera
- 9
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - Mar Villamiel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación
- CIAL (CSIC-UAM). C/Nicolás Cabrera
- 9
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
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10
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Hu Y, Heyer CME, Wang W, Zijlstra RT, Gänzle MG. Digestibility of branched and linear α-gluco-oligosaccharides in vitro and in ileal-cannulated pigs. Food Res Int 2019; 127:108726. [PMID: 31882112 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMOs) may promote health by modulating intestinal microbiota. We hypothesized that the proportion of α-(1 → 6) linkages in IMOs determines their digestibility. Ileal-cannulated pigs were fed diets containing IMO, IMO-DP3 with a greater DP and more α-(1 → 4) linkages, and digestible or resistant maltodextrins. Oligosaccharides were analysed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Compared to IMO, IMO-DP3 contained more panose (18.6 vs. 10.3%) but less isomaltose (7.5 vs. 22.3%) and isomaltotriose (6.1 vs. 12.6%). The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter were 3% greater for IMO-DP3 and digestible maltodextrin than resistant maltodextrin; the digestibility of IMO was not different from other oligosaccharides. Ileal propionate, isovalerate, and total SCFA was greater for IMO-DP3 and digestible maltodextrin than IMO. In conclusion, IMO was less digestible than IMO-DP3. Structural properties of IMOs are important determinants of their functional properties within the porcine digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Hubei University of Technology, College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Charlotte M E Heyer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Weilan Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Hubei University of Technology, College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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11
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An overview of extraction and purification techniques of seaweed dietary fibers for immunomodulation on gut microbiota. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Hernandez-Hernandez O, Olano A, Rastall RA, Moreno FJ. In vitro Digestibility of Dietary Carbohydrates: Toward a Standardized Methodology Beyond Amylolytic and Microbial Enzymes. Front Nutr 2019; 6:61. [PMID: 31134206 PMCID: PMC6514044 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Hernandez-Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Ferreira-Lazarte A, Gallego-Lobillo P, Moreno FJ, Villamiel M, Hernandez-Hernandez O. In Vitro Digestibility of Galactooligosaccharides: Effect of the Structural Features on Their Intestinal Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4662-4670. [PMID: 30986057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles from pig were used to digest galactooligosaccharides from lactose (GOS) and from lactulose (OsLu). Dissimilar hydrolysis rates were detected after digestion. Predominant glycosidic linkages and monomeric composition affected the resistance to intestinal digestive enzymes. The β(1→3) GOS mixture was the most susceptible to hydrolysis (50.2%), followed by β(1→4) (34.9%), whereas β(1→6) linkages were highly resistant to digestion (27.1%). Monomeric composition provided a better resistance in β(1→6) OsLu (22.8%) compared to β(1→6) GOS (27.1%). This was also observed for β-galactosyl fructoses and β-galactosyl glucoses, where the presence of fructose provided higher resistance to digestion. Thus, the resistance to small intestinal digestive enzymes highly depends upon the structure and composition of prebiotics. Increasing knowledge in this regard could contribute to the future synthesis of new mixtures of carbohydrates, highly resistant to digestion and with potential to be tailored prebiotics with specific properties, targeting, for instance, specific probiotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ferreira-Lazarte
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Pablo Gallego-Lobillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Mar Villamiel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Oswaldo Hernandez-Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid , Spain
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14
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Ciudad-Mulero M, Fernández-Ruiz V, Matallana-González MC, Morales P. Dietary fiber sources and human benefits: The case study of cereal and pseudocereals. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 90:83-134. [PMID: 31445601 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) includes the remnants of the edible part of plants and analogous carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the human large intestine. DF can be classified into two main groups according to its solubility, namely insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) that mainly consists on cell wall components, including cellulose, some hemicelluloses, lignin and resistant starch, and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) that consists of non-cellulosic polysaccharides as non-digestible oligosaccharides, arabinoxylans (AX), β-glucans, some hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, mucilages and inulin. The intake of DF is associated with health benefits. IDF can contribute to the normal function of the intestinal tract and it has an important role in the prevention of colonic diverticulosis and constipation. SDF is extensively fermented by gut microbiota and it is associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, with important health benefits due to its hypocholesterolemic properties. Due to these nutritional and health properties, DF is widely used as functional ingredients in food industry, being whole grain cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables the main sources of DF. Also some synthetic sources are employed, namely polydextrose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or cyclodextrins. The DF content of cereals varies depending on cultivars, their botanical components (pericarp, emdosperm and germ) and the processing conditions they have undergone (baking, extrusion, etc.). In cereal grains, AX are the predominant non-cellulose DF polysaccharides followed by cellulose and β-glucans, while in pseudocereals, pectins are quantitatively predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ciudad-Mulero
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Fernández-Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Cruz Matallana-González
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Ferreira-Lazarte A, Olano A, Villamiel M, Moreno FJ. Assessment of in Vitro Digestibility of Dietary Carbohydrates Using Rat Small Intestinal Extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8046-8053. [PMID: 28793770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies on the assessment of digestibility of nondigestible carbohydrates, despite their increasingly important role in human health. In vitro digestibility of a range of dietary carbohydrates classified as digestible (maltose, sucrose, and lactose), well-recognized (lactulose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and two types of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) differing in the predominant glycosidic linkage), and potential (lactosucrose and GOS from lactulose, OsLu) prebiotics using a rat small intestinal extract (RSIE) under physiological conditions of temperature and pH is described. Recognized and potential prebiotics were highly resistant to RSIE digestion although partial hydrolysis at different extents was observed. FOS and lactulose were the most resistant to digestion, followed closely by OsLu and more distantly by both types of GOS and lactosucrose. In GOS, β(1 → 6) linkages were more resistant to digestion than β(1 → 4) bonds. The reported in vitro digestion model is a useful, simple, and cost-effective tool to evaluate the digestibility of dietary oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ferreira-Lazarte
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM) . C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM) . C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Villamiel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM) . C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM) . C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Hu Y, Winter V, Chen XY, Gänzle MG. Effect of acceptor carbohydrates on oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis by dextransucrase DsrM from Weissella cibaria. Food Res Int 2017; 99:603-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Hasselwander O, DiCosimo R, You Z, Cheng Q, Rothman SC, Suwannakham S, Baer ZC, Roesch BM, Ruebling-Jass KD, Lai JP, Hurteau RE, Marquez ML, Kopatsis AD, Ouwehand AC, Forssten SD, Mukerji P, Caverly Rae JM, Dragan YP, Damewood JR, Tiihonen K, Ibarra A. Development of dietary soluble fibres by enzymatic synthesis and assessment of their digestibility in in vitro, animal and randomised clinical trial models. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 68:849-864. [PMID: 28276900 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1295027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to develop novel fibres by enzymatic synthesis, to determine their total dietary fibre by AOAC method 2009.01 and to estimate their potential digestibility and assess their digestibility in vivo using glycaemic and insulinaemic responses as markers in mice and randomised clinical trial models. We found that fibre candidates to which α-(1,2) branching was added were resistant to digestion in the mouse model, depending on the amount of branching. These results show that in vivo models are needed to reliably assess the digestibility of α-glycosidic-linked oligomeric dietary fibre candidates, possibly due to absence of brush border α-glucosidase activity in the current in vitro assessment. α-(1,3)-linked and α-(1,6)-linked glucose oligomers were completely digested in humans and mice. In conclusion, it is possible to develop dietary soluble fibres by enzymatic synthesis. Adding α-(1,2) branching increases their resistance to digestion in vivo and can thus improve their suitability as potential fibre candidates. Clinical Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02701270.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zheng You
- b DuPont Industrial Biosciences , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | - Qiong Cheng
- b DuPont Industrial Biosciences , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Ping Lai
- b DuPont Industrial Biosciences , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alvin Ibarra
- c DuPont Nutrition and Health , Kantvik , Finland
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18
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Macagnan FT, da Silva LP, Hecktheuer LH. Dietary fibre: The scientific search for an ideal definition and methodology of analysis, and its physiological importance as a carrier of bioactive compounds. Food Res Int 2016; 85:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Le Gall S, Even S, Lahaye M. Fast Estimation of Dietary Fiber Content in Apple. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1401-1405. [PMID: 26813795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers (DF) are one of the nutritional benefits of fleshy fruit consumption that is becoming a quality criterion for genetic selection by breeders. However, the AOAC total DF content determination is not readily amenable for screening large fruit collections. A new screening method of DF content in an apple collection based on the automated preparation of cell wall material as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR) is proposed. The yield of AIR from 27 apple genotypes was compared with DF measured according to AOAC method 985.29. Although residual protein content in AIRs did not affect DF measurement, subtraction of starch content above 3% dry weight in AIRs was needed to agree with AOAC measured DF. A fast colorimetric screening of starch in AIR was developed to detect samples needing correction. The proposed method may prove useful for the rapid determination of DF in collections of other fleshy fruit besides apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Gall
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Sonia Even
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA , UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France
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20
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Jiao Y, Li F, Jiang D, Li W, Chen J. Determination of Isomaltooligosaccharides in Milk Powder by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1077337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Tanabe K, Nakamura S, Omagari K, Oku T. Determination Trial of Nondigestible Oligosaccharide in Processed Foods by Improved AOAC Method 2009.01 Using Porcine Small Intestinal Enzyme. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5747-5752. [PMID: 26027636 DOI: 10.1021/jf505844y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Association of Official Analytical Chemists' (AOAC) methods 2001.03 and 2009.01 were not able to measure accurately nondigestible oligosaccharide because they are incapable of hydrolyzing digestible oligosaccharide, leading to overestimation of nondigestible oligosaccharide. Subsequently, we have proposed improved AOAC methods 2001.03 and 2009.01 using porcine small intestinal disaccharidases instead of amyloglucosidase. In the present study, we tried to determine nondigestible oligosaccharide in marketed processed foods using the improved AOAC method (improved method), and the results were compared with those by AOAC method 2009.01. In the improved method, the percentages of recovery of fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, and raffinose to the label of processed food were 103.0, 89.9, and 102.1%, respectively. However, the AOAC method 2009.01 overestimated >30% of the quantity of nondigestible oligosaccharide in processed foods, because the margin of error was accepted ±20% on the contents of nondigestible oligosaccharides in processed foods for Japanese nutrition labeling, the improved method thus provided accurate quantification of nondigestible oligosaccharides in processed food and allows a comprehensive determination of nondigestible oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tanabe
- †Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, 3-40 Shioji, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 4678610, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo, Nagasaki 8512195, Japan
| | | | - Katsuhisa Omagari
- ‡Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo, Nagasaki 8512195, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Oku
- ‡Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo, Nagasaki 8512195, Japan
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22
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McCleary BV, Sloane N, Draga A. Determination of total dietary fibre and available carbohydrates: A rapid integrated procedure that simulates in vivo digestion. STARCH-STARKE 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry V. McCleary
- Megazyme International IrelandBray Business ParkBrayCounty WicklowIreland
| | - Naomi Sloane
- Megazyme International IrelandBray Business ParkBrayCounty WicklowIreland
| | - Anna Draga
- Megazyme International IrelandBray Business ParkBrayCounty WicklowIreland
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