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Albreht A, Martelanc M, Žiberna L. Simultaneous determination of free biliverdin and free bilirubin in serum: A comprehensive LC-MS approach. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342073. [PMID: 38182377 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of several diseases strongly rely on the sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of specific biomarkers in relevant biological samples. Free biliverdin and free bilirubin represent important new biomarkers of oxidative stress, however, the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination has hindered progress in biomedical and clinical research. RESULTS Here, we introduce a first comprehensive approach for robust and simultaneous determination of these bilins in serum using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The developed analytical method exhibits linearity for both analytes within the concentration range of 0.5-100 nM, with limits of detection and quantitation determined at 0.1 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Moreover, several analytical pitfalls related to the intrinsic molecular structures of free bilirubin and free biliverdin and their trace concentration levels in biological samples are discussed here in detail for the first time. We have shown that the solubility, chemical stability, and affinity of these bilins to various materials strongly depend on the solvent, pH, and addition of stabilizing and chelating agents. Finally, the validated LC-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of both bilins in fetus bovine serums, yielding higher free bilirubin/biliverdin ratios compared with previously reported values for human serum. SIGNIFICANCE Failure to recognize and address the challenges presented here often leads to substantial analytical errors and consequently biased interpretation of the obtained results. This pertains not only to LC-MS, but also to many other analytical platforms due to the compound-derived sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Albreht
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Mitja Martelanc
- University of Nova Gorica, Wine Research Centre, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia; University of Nova Gorica, School for Viticulture and Enology, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia
| | - Lovro Žiberna
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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Shkolnikov Lozober H, Okun Z, Parvari G, Shpigelman A. The Effect of Storage and Pasteurization (Thermal and High-Pressure) Conditions on the Stability of Phycocyanobilin and Phycobiliproteins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030568. [PMID: 36978816 PMCID: PMC10045346 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of natural blue pigments in foods is difficult as they are usually unstable during processing and the commonly applied pH. The current study focuses on natural blue pigment, possessing antioxidant properties, found in Arthrospira platensis (spirulina), and phycobiliproteins (PBP). These pigments are a complex of conjugated protein and non-protein components, known as phycocyanobilin. PBP has low stability during pasteurization (high-pressure or heat treatments), resulting in protein denaturation and color deterioration that limits the application. The phycocyanobilin pigment might also be liable to oxidation during pasteurization and storage, resulting in color deterioration. Yet, the instability of the pigment phycocyanobilin during the pasteurization process and storage conditions was never studied before, limiting the comprehensive understanding of the reasons for PBP instability. In this study, the stability of phycocyanobilin under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions was compared to the stability of phycobiliproteins. We revealed that phycobiliproteins have a higher color deterioration rate at 70–80 °C than at high-pressure (300–600 MPa) whereas phycocyanobilin remained stable during high-pressure and heat processing. During storage at pH 7, phycocyanobilin was oxidized, and the oxidation rate increased with increasing pH, while at lower pH phycocyanobilin had low solubility and resulted in aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Shkolnikov Lozober
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zoya Okun
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Galit Parvari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Avi Shpigelman
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Yu FF, Yuan Y, Ao Y, Hua L, Wang W, Cao Y, Xi J, Luan Y, Hou S, Zhang XY. A New Product of Bilirubin Degradation by H 2O 2 and Its Formation in Activated Neutrophils and in an Inflammatory Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091237. [PMID: 36139076 PMCID: PMC9496627 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin (BR) is a tetrapyrrolic compound stemming from heme catabolism with diverse physiological functions. It can be oxidized by H2O2 to form several degradation products, some of which have been detected in vivo and may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain diseases. However, the oxidative degradation of BR is complex and the conditions that BR degradation occurs pathophysiologically remain obscure. Neutrophils are known to generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species, including H2O2, upon activation and they are mobilized to inflammatory sites; therefore, we hypothesized that activated neutrophils could cause BR degradation, which could occur at inflammatory sites. In the present study, we investigated BR degradation by H2O2 and identified hematinic acid (BHP1) and a new product BHP2, whose structure was characterized as 2,5-diformyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-propanoic acid. An LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of the two compounds was then established. Using the LC-MS/MS method, we observed the concentration-dependent formation of BHP1 and BHP2 in mouse neutrophils incubated with 10 and 30 μM of BR with the yields being 16 ± 3.2 and 31 ± 5.9 pmol/106 cells for BHP1, and 25 ± 4.4 and 71 ± 26 pmol/106 cells for BHP2, respectively. After adding phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a neutrophil agonist, to 30 μM of BR-treated cells, the BHP1 yield increased to 43 ± 6.6 pmol/106 cells, whereas the BHP2 one decreased to 47 ± 9.2 pmol/106 cells. The two products were also detected in hemorrhagic skins of mice with dermal inflammation and hemorrhage at levels of 4.5 ± 1.9 and 0.18 ± 0.10 nmol/g tissue, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the non-hemorrhagic skins. BHP2 was neurotoxic starting at 0.10 μM but BHP1 was not, as assessed using Caenorhabditis elegans as the animal model. Neutrophil-mediated BR degradation may be a universally pathophysiological process in inflammation and can be particularly important under pathological conditions concerning hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City Joint Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Hangzhou Innovation Institute for Systems Oncology, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yan Ao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Hua
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.H.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shangwei Hou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City Joint Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Hangzhou Innovation Institute for Systems Oncology, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.H.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.H.); (X.-Y.Z.)
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Buecker S, Grossmann L, Loeffler M, Leeb E, Weiss J. Thermal and acidic denaturation of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis: Effects of complexation with λ-carrageenan on blue color stability. Food Chem 2022; 380:132157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tham PE, Ng YJ, Vadivelu N, Lim HR, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Show PL. Sustainable smart photobioreactor for continuous cultivation of microalgae embedded with Internet of Things. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126558. [PMID: 34906702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research work aims to fabricate an optimized up-scaled photobioreactor and extraction tank which incorporates the Internet of Things (IoT) for remote monitoring of selected parameters without being present in the lab as the industry is gradually moving towards the direction of remote operation. Several design factors were considered where modelling using ANSYS was carried out before the finalised design is drawn using AutoCAD. To monitor critical parameters that include liquid level, temperature, and pH condition during the operation of the tanks, water-proof sensors are implemented with the aid of Arduino NodeMCU board and the sensors are linked with Blynk, a smartphone application that allows remote monitoring via Wi-Fi connection. The sensors' results obtained using the Blynk application show high accuracy as compared with manual data except for photobioreactor liquid level. This shows that IoT and remote monitoring can be integrated successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei En Tham
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Yan Jer Ng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Navintran Vadivelu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia.
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Identification of a biliverdin geometric isomer by means of HPLC/ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Differentiation of the isomers by using fragmentation "in-source". MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018; 149:995-1002. [PMID: 29887645 PMCID: PMC5972171 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract A commercially available biliverdin sample was analyzed by means of HPLC/ESI–MS and NMR spectroscopy. It was been found that beside the main IXα 5Z,10Z,15Z isomer, the sample contains also the geometric isomer IXα 5Z,10Z,15E. It was also found the isomers behave differentially upon “in-source” fragmentation in negative ion mode (in contrast to the their behavior upon “in-source” fragmentation in positive ion mode and to their behavior upon MS/MS fragmentation in both modes): the relative abundances of deprotonated molecules and fragment ions are significantly different for both isomers, which can be used as an analytical tool to differentiate between the isomers. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00706-018-2161-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Frański R, Kozik T. Unexpected interaction between deprotonated biliverdin and alcohols as studied by ESI-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:65-68. [PMID: 27884051 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frański
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Umultowska 89B, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kozik
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Umultowska 89B, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
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Ritter M, Seidel RA, Bellstedt P, Schneider B, Bauer M, Görls H, Pohnert G. Isolation and Identification of Intermediates of the Oxidative Bilirubin Degradation. Org Lett 2016; 18:4432-5. [PMID: 27528398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four endogenous products of oxidative bilirubin degradation were isolated and fully characterized. The constitutional isomers belong to the propentdyopents (PDPs). Their structures and further oxidative transformations to biologically active bilirubin oxidation end products (Z-BOXes) are reported. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry protocols, PDPs were detected in human bile and gallstones. Given the recent interest in BOXes as effectors in cerebral vasospasms and liver dysfunction, co-occurring PDPs represent an additional potentially active compound class to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ritter
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University , Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Raphael A Seidel
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University , Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine/Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital , Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University , Humboldtstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine/Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital , Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University , Humboldtstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University , Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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