Non-destructive fraud detection in rosehip oil by MIR spectroscopy and chemometrics

Differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes serotypes using near infrared hyperspectral imaging

Among the severe foodborne illnesses, listeriosis resulting from the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes exhibits one of the highest fatality rates. This study investigated the application of near infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) for the classification of three L. monocytogenes serotypes namely serotype 4b, 1/2a and 1/2c. The bacteria were cultured on Brain Heart Infusion agar, and NIR hyperspectral images were captured in the spectral range 900-2500 nm. Different pre-processing methods were applied to the raw spectra and principal component analysis was used for data exploration. Classification was achieved with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The PLS-DA results revealed classification accuracies exceeding 80 % for all the bacterial serotypes for both training and test set data. Based on validation data, sensitivity values for L. monocytogenes serotype 4b, 1/2a and 1/2c were 0.69, 0.80 and 0.98, respectively when using full wavelength data. The reduced wavelength model had sensitivity values of 0.65, 0.85 and 0.98 for serotype 4b, 1/2a and 1/2c, respectively. The most relevant bands for serotype discrimination were identified to be around 1490 nm and 1580-1690 nm based on both principal component loadings and variable importance in projection scores. The outcomes of this study demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing NIR-HSI for detecting and classifying L. monocytogenes serotypes on growth media.

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of rose hip oil-solid lipid nanoparticles

Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent pathogen, reported from almost all geographical regions of the world. Current anti-T. gondii drugs are not effective enough in immunocompromised patients, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and congenital toxoplasmosis. Therefore, the prescription of these drugs has been limited. Rose hip oil (RhO) is a natural plant compound, which shows antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the current study, the anti-T. gondii and cell toxicity effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded by RhO (RhO-SLNs) were evaluated. Emulsification sonicated-homogenization method was used to prepare SLNs. RhO-SLNs were characterized, and their anti-T. gondii and cell toxicity effects were evaluated using in vitro analyses. The particle size and the zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 152.09 nm and -15.3 mV nm, respectively. The entrapment efficiency percentage was 79.1%. In the present study, the inhibitory concentration (IC)50 against T. gondii was >1 μg/mL (p-value <.0001). The cell toxicity assay showed cytotoxicity concentration (CC)50 >10 mg/mL (p-value = .017). In addition, at least 75% of T. gondii-infected Vero cells remained alive at concentrations >10 mg/mL. The concentration of 1 mg/mL showed highest anti-Toxoplasma activity and lowest cell toxicity against the Vero cell. Our findings suggest that carrying natural plant compounds with SLNs could be considered an effective option for treatment strategies against T. gondii infections.

New horizon of rosehip seed oil: Extraction, characterization for its potential applications as a functional ingredient

In recent years, rosehip is gaining more attention due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. Rosehip seeds usually discarded as waste, contain oil with high bioactive potential. These nutritional properties recommend the use of rosehip seed oil (RSO) to develop innovative food, pharma, and cosmetic products. In this review, different conventional and novel technologies for the extraction of RSO in terms of optimized conditions for better extraction of oil are discussed. In the lateral section of the manuscript, the detailed composition and biological activities of RSO are reviewed. Finally, a glimpse of the recent applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry are provided. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the value of RSO and promote its nutrition research and commercial product development.

Active Cellulose-Based Food Packaging and Its Use on Foodstuff

The essential role of active packaging is food quality improvement, which results in an extension of shelf life. Active packaging can also further enhance distribution from the origin point, and contributes to food waste reduction, offering greater sustainability. In this study, we introduced a new method for obtaining cellulose-based active packages, combining gamma irradiation as an eco-friendly activation process, and clove essential oil and cold-pressed rosehip seed oil as bioactive agents. Newly obtained bioactive materials were evaluated to assess their structural, hydrophobic, and morphological properties, thermal stability, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The results showed that the plant oils induced their antimicrobial effects on paper, using both in vitro tests, against several bacterial strains (Gram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli), and in vivo tests, on fresh cheese curd and beef. Moreover, these oils can help control foodborne pathogens, which leads to extended shelf life.

CO2 supercritical extraction and microencapsulation of oleoresins from rosehip fruits for getting powders with multiple applications

The supercritical fluids extraction (SFE) was used to extract the oleoresins from rosehip, followed by an in-depth phytochemical analysis and the development of two design-customized powders for different food and pharmaceutical applications. The SFE experiments allowed obtaining an oleoresins extraction yield of 11.85%. Two fractions were separated (S40 and S45), with significantly different phytochemical profile (p < 0.05), highlighting the efficiency of extraction of fatty acids in S40 extract, whereas the extraction of polyphenols, phytosterols, carotenoids and polyphenols was favored in S45 extract. The phytochemical profile revealed that the linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) represented approximatively 82% and 58% from the total fatty acid content in S40 and S45, respectively. α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol prevailed in both extract fractions, with a higher concentration in S45 (229.66 mg/g dry matter (DM) and 112.36 mg/g DM, respectively), whereas β-sitosterol was the major phytosterol in S45 fraction (118.75 mg/g DM). The S40 fraction was used to design two microencapsulated powders, by combining emulsification, complex coarcevation and freeze-drying. In order to develop new wall materials, with unique properties, the soy protein isolates were used for cross-linked reactions, by using an approach in one step (transglutaminase mediated) (coded as N) and two-steps (heat-induced and transglutaminase mediated) (coded as T). The N powder showed a better phytochemical content, leading to a higher antioxidant activity (5.27 mM Trolox equivalents/g DM), whereas for variant T, the bioactive were apparently doubled encapsulated.

Advanced process analytical tools for identification of adulterants in edible oils - A review

This review summarizes the use of spectroscopic processes-based analytical tools coupled with chemometric techniques for the identification of adulterants in edible oil. Investigational approaches of process analytical tools such asspectroscopy techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), e-tongue and e-nose combined with chemometrics were used to monitor quality of edible oils. Owing to the variety and intricacy of edible oil properties along with the alterations in attributes of the PAT tools, the reliability of the tool used and the operating factors are the crucial components which require attention to enhance the efficiency in identification of adulterants. The combination of process analytical tools with chemometrics offers a robust technique with immense chemotaxonomic potential. These involves identification of adulterants, quality control, geographical origin evaluation, process evaluation, and product categorization.

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis for detection and quantification of adulteration in lavender and citronella essential oils

INTRODUCTION

The growing consumer interest in "naturals" led to an increased application of essential oils (EOs). The market outbreak induced the intensification of EO adulterations, which could affect their quality.

OBJECTIVES

Nowadays, little is known about the illegal practice of adulteration of EOs with vegetable oils. Therefore, the application of mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics was proposed for the detection of EO counterfeits.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two EOs, three seed oils, and their mixtures were selected to build the adulteration model. EO-adulterant mixtures for model calibration and validation were analyzed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The spectral data were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression.

RESULTS

PCA allowed the discrimination of the EO and adulterant percentages by explaining 97.47% of the total spectral variance with two principal components. A PLS regression model was generated with three factors explaining 97.73% and 99.69% of the total variance in X and Y, respectively. The root mean square error of calibration and the root mean square error of cross-validation were 0.918 and 1.049, respectively. The root mean square error of prediction value obtained from the external validation set was 1.588 and the coefficients of determination R² _CAL and R² _CV were 0.997 and 0.996, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The results highlighted the robustness of the developed method in quantifying counterfeits in the range from 0 to 50% of adulterants, disregarding the type of EO and adulterant employed. The present work offers a research advance and makes an important impact in phytochemistry, revealing an easily applicable method for EO quality assessment.

A systematic literature review on the current detection tools for authentication analysis of cosmetic ingredients

BACKGROUND

The use of cosmetic products is considered a necessity for beautification in our daily lives. Cosmetic products composed of natural oils or fats as a main ingredient for various beneficial properties. Fats and oils are composed of various type of fatty acids with different compositions. Hence, fatty acids profile can be an effective chemical fingerprint for authentication analysis of cosmetic products.

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aims to enlighten the current detection tools developing for fatty acids profile authentication analyses of cosmetic ingredients based on the effectiveness, halal status, safety, advantages and disadvantages of the methods.

METHODOLOGY

The data were extracted from the scientific literatures published between October 2015 and 2020 in the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, and analyzed with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

FINDINGS

Based on the systemic literature reviews, essential oil, argan oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, and jojoba oil were among the mostly studied ingredients in cosmetics. Furthermore, a combination of more than one analytical instrument was utilized to profile fatty acids while the determination of the origin of the fatty acids is under scrutiny. The portable mass spectrometer combined with a direct inlet membrane (DIM) probe seems to be the best tool in terms of time consumption, cost, requires no sample preparation with high efficiency. The current review showed that the best cosmetic base is when the oil is composed of high concentration of fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, stearic acid, and palmitic acids with concentration range from 19.7 - 46.30%, which offers various beneficial properties to cosmetic products.

Near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate calibration as an alternative to the Agtron to predict roasting degrees in coffee beans and ground coffees

Agtron method is widely used in the industry to determine roasting degrees in whole and ground coffee but it suffers from some inconveniences associated with unavailability of equipment, high cost, and lack of reproductive results. This study investigates the feasibility to determine roasting degrees in coffee beans and ground specialty coffees using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration based on partial least squares (PLS) regression. Representative data sets were considered to cover all Agtron roasting profiles for whole and ground coffees. Proper development of models with outlier evaluation and complete validation using parameters of merit such as accuracy, adjust, residual prediction deviation, linearity, analytical sensitivity, and limits of detection and quantification are presented to prove their performance. The results indicated that predictive chemometric models, for intact coffee beans and ground coffee, could be used in the coffee industry as an alternative to Agtron, thus digitalizing the roasting quality control.

Authentication of carioca common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using digital image processing and chemometric tools

Bean authentication can result in higher quality products for commerce. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to digital images in order to develop a methodology that allows the non-destructive discrimination of three Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars (Agro ANfc9, IPR-Andorinha, and IPR-Sabiá) having different technological characteristics. Principal component analysis resulted in a separation of these cultivars, but with a certain amount of overlap. Supervised analysis showed that three PLS1-DA models, each for two cultivars, was moderately better than the simultaneous treatment of all three cultivars (PLS2-DA). Permutation test evaluated statistical significance of PLS-DA models. The classification models were more accurate for Agro ANfc9 and IPR-Sabiá cultivars than for IPR-Andorinha. The Agro ANfc9-IPR-Sabiá model correctly classified 100% of the two bean classes in both training and test sets. This analytical strategy is fast, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and can be applied for bean quality control helping cultivar authenticity for commerce.

Self-Nanoemulsion Loaded with a Combination of Isotretinoin, an Anti-Acne Drug, and Quercetin: Preparation, Optimization, and In Vivo Assessment

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease that affects everybody at least once in their lives. The treatment is challenging because the stratum corneum contains rigid corneocytes surrounded by intercellular lamellae that are difficult to bypass. In the present study, we intended to formulate an effective nanoemulsion that could deliver isotretinoin (ITT) with enhanced solubility, permeability, and bioavailability across the skin. ITT can have a serious hepatotoxic effect if given too frequently or erratically. Therefore, to overcome the aforesaid limitation, quercetin (QRS), a hepatoprotective agent, was incorporated into the formulation. Initially, the ITT solubility was determined in various surfactants and cosurfactants to select the essential ingredients to be used in the formulation and to optimize a nanoemulsion that could enhance the solubility and permeability of ITT and its antimicrobial activity against Staphyloccocus aureus, which is the main microorganism responsible for acne vulgaris. The mixture design was applied to study the interactions and optimize the independent variables that could match the prerequisites of selected dependent responses. A formulation containing 0.25 g of rosehip oil, 0.45 g of surfactant (Lauroglycol-90), and 0.3 g of cosurfactant (propylene glycol) was chosen as an optimized desirable formulation. The optimized batch was loaded with QRS and evaluated for in vitro and ex vivo permeation. The in vivo hepatotoxicity was assessed through topical administration. Permeability studies confirmed the enhanced permeation percentage of ITT (52.11 ± 2.85%) and QRS (25.44 ± 3.18%) of the optimized formulation, with an enhanced steady-state flux (Jss). The in vivo studies conducted on experimental animals demonstrated superior hepatoprotective activity of the prepared optimized formulation compared with other formulations of drugs and commercially marketed products. We anticipate that this optimized ITT formulation, followed up with good clinical evaluations, can be a breakthrough in the safe treatment of acne vulgaris.

Detection of adulteration in food based on nondestructive analysis techniques: a review

In recent years, people pay more and more attention to food quality and safety, which are significantly relating to human health. Food adulteration is a world-wide concerned issue relating to food quality and safety, and it is difficult to be detected. Modern detection techniques (high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, etc.) can accurately identify the types and concentrations of adulterants in different food types. However, the characteristics as expensive, low efficient and complex sample preparation and operation limit the use of these techniques. The rapid, nondestructive and accurate detection techniques of food adulteration is of great and urgent demand. This paper introduced the principles, advantages and disadvantages of the nondestructive analysis techniques and reviewed the applications of these techniques in food adulteration screen in recent years. Differences among these techniques, differences on data interpretation and future prospects were also discussed.

Capturing the Geoherbalism Differentiation in Wild Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis Raw Materials through the Application of Multispectral Information Fusion Combined with Chemometrics

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is a famous medicinal plant distributed in some Asian countries. This species has attracted a great deal of attention and is often used as raw materials in traditional medicine practices. With the purpose of gaining insight into the geoherbalism of wild P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, a total of 183 dried rhizome samples from eight different regions including 16 typical or nontypical natural habitats have been analyzed by multispectral information fusion based on ultraviolet and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. From the results, the use of multispectral information fusion strategy could improve the correct classification of samples, and good classification performances have been shown according to PLS-DA models. The discrimination of samples was obtained successfully with respect to the typical and nontypical natural habitats, different collection areas of typical natural habitats, and various sampling sites in nontypical natural habitats. Additionally, the similarities among samples were presented as well. Overall, the rhizome of wild P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis exhibited various regional dependence and individual differences according to the geographical origins, and the relatively appropriate growth region with better quality consistency of samples was preliminarily selected. This study also revealed that the developed multispectral information fusion method has the potential to be a reliable analytical methodology for capturing the geoherbalism differentiation in wild P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Furthermore, it could provide more chemical evidence for the critical supplement of quality evaluation on P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Potential biomonitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Coffea arabica leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant analysis

The potencial of Coffea arabica leaves as bioindicators of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) was evaluated in a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment by using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy for direct analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). A supervised classification model was built and validated from the spectra of coffee leaves grown under elevated and current CO₂ levels. PLS-DA allowed correct test set classification of 92% of the elevated-CO₂ level leaves and 100% of the current-CO₂ level leaves. The spectral bands accounting for the discrimination of the elevated-CO₂ leaves were at 1657 and 1698 nm, as indicated by the variable importance in the projection (VIP) score together with the regression coefficients. Seven months after suspension of enriched CO₂, returning to current-CO₂ levels, new spectral measurements were made and subjected to PLS-DA analysis. The predictive model correctly classified all leaves as grown under current-CO₂ levels. The fingerprints suggest that after suspension of elevated-CO₂, the spectral changes observed previously disappeared. The recovery could be triggered by two reasons: the relief of the stress stimulus or the perception of a return of favorable conditions. In addition, the results demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy can provide a rapid, nondestructive, and environmentally friendly method for biomonitoring leaves suffering environmental modification. Finally, C. arabica leaves associated with NIR and mathematical models have the potential to become a good biomonitoring system.

Random forest as one-class classifier and infrared spectroscopy for food adulteration detection

This paper proposes the use of random forest for adulteration detection purposes, combining the random forest algorithm with the artificial generation of outliers from the authentic samples. This proposal was applied in two food adulteration studies: evening primrose oils using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and ground nutmeg using NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The primrose oil was adulterated with soybean, corn and sunflower oils, and the model was validated using these adulterated oils and other different oils, such as rosehip and andiroba, in pure and adulterated forms. The ground nutmeg was adulterated with cumin, commercial monosodium glutamate, soil, roasted coffee husks and wood sawdust. For the primrose oil, the proposed method presented superior performance than PLS-DA and similar performance to SIMCA and for the ground nutmeg, the random forest was superior to PLS-DA and SIMCA. Also, in both applications using the random forest, no sample was excluded from the external validation set.

NMR-based and chemometric approaches applicable to adulteration studies for assessment of the botanical origin of edible oils

The health benefits of edible oils, especially promoted by ω3 and ω9 fatty acids, have been associated with their botanical origin. In order to investigate fatty acid profiles, we assessed Brazil nut, chia, linseed, sesame (toasted and raw), and soybean oils by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) and chemometrics. PCA plots revealed important relationships between chemical composition and botanical origin for reference and commercial samples. Strong evidence of commercial Brazil nut oil adulteration was confirmed using a spiking procedure. Our findings show that NMR and chemometrics are successful tools for correlating fatty acid profile with botanical origin, which can be suitable for detecting sample adulteration.

Bioactive lipids, antiradical activity and stability of rosehip seed oil under thermal and photo-induced oxidation

In the present report, the fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterol profiles as well as the total phenolics and carotenoids of rosehip (Rosa canina) seed oil were determined. The major fatty acids in the oil were linoleic and linolenic acids, comprising 54.80% and 23.47% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Other bioactive lipids in the oil included total tocopherols (786.3 mg/kg), total phenolics (37.97 mg/kg) and total carotenoids (218.8 mg/kg). Rosehip oil was rich in γ-tocopherol (472.0 mg/kg) and β‑sitosterol (78.0% of total sterols). The DPPH· (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of the oil showed 1.08 mg α-tocopherol/g oil and 4.18 μmol TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity)/g oil, respectively. The ABTS+ (2,2′-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity of the oil showed 1.00 mg α-tocopherol/g oil and 3.02 μmol TEAC/g oil, respectively. The induction period (IP) of the oil was 3.46 h for the Rancimat test (110 °C), while the IP of oil in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test (100-150 °C) ranged between 0.26 and 58.06 min. The oxidative stability of the oil was determined under thermal and photo oxidation conditions. The progression of oxidation at 30 °C (under UV light) and at 60 °C (in the dark) was followed by recording the ultraviolet absorption (K232 and K270) and degradation of total tocopherols, γ-tocopherol and total carotenoids. Rapid deterioration occurred in the oil stored under UV light conditions. The information provided in the present work is of importance for using rosehip seed oil in different food and non-food applications.

Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for classification of high-dimensional (HD) data: a review of contemporary practice strategies and knowledge gaps

This review highlights and discusses critically various knowledge gaps in classification modelling using PLS-DA for high dimensional data.

Rosa rubiginosa and Fraxinus oxycarpa herbal teas: characterization of phytochemical profiles by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and evaluation of the antioxidant activity

The consumption of infusions and herbal teas has always been an important part of folk medicine.