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Wimalasiri PM, Harrison R, Donaldson I, Kemp B, Tian B. Timing of leaf removal modulates tannin composition and the level of anthocyanins and methoxypyrazines in Pinot noir grapes and wines. Food Res Int 2024; 178:114003. [PMID: 38309889 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of leaf removal on concentrations of anthocyanin, tannin, and methoxypyrazines (MPs) in Pinot noir grapes and wines. Leaf removal after 7 days (LR7), 30 days (LR30), and 60 days (LR60) of flowering were compared with no leaf removal control (LRC). Grapes and resultant wines were analysed for tannin and aroma composition using liquid chromatography and two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All leaf removal treatments increased anthocyanin concentration in grapes and reduced MP levels in grape stems compared to LRC, indicating the effectiveness of both early and late leaf removal. Leaf removal after 7 days and 30 days were more effective in enhancing colour density, polymeric pigments, and tannin concentration in wines. Higher grape skin tannin and anthocyanin concentrations, along with lower seed tannin concentration in berries, correlated with higher tannin concentrations in wines. LR7 showed significantly higher skin-originated tannin proportion than LRC, suggesting a useful tool to manage tannin extraction. Aroma composition of resultant wines was influenced by leaf removal, although these differences were not evident in the sensory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep M Wimalasiri
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Roland Harrison
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | | | - Belinda Kemp
- NIAB, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Tian
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
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2
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Wu Y, Li X, Zhang W, Wang L, Li B, Wang S. Aroma profiling of Shine Muscat grape provides detailed insights into the regulatory effect of gibberellic acid and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N-phenylurea applications on aroma quality. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112950. [PMID: 37316003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As plant growth regulators, gibberellic acid (GA3) and CPPU [forchlorfenuron, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N-phenylurea] are widely used in the production of table grapes. However, how these compounds regulate the aroma quality remains unclear. By measuring free and bound aroma compounds in Shine Muscat grapes from eight groups during whole growth period, GA3 and CPPU were both found to significantly promote the synthesis of acyclic monoterpenes and (E)-2-hexenal, and double applications were found to further increase the aroma compound contents. On the other hand, GA3 and CPPU obviously promoted the expansion of berries, and the effect of promoting the synthesis of aroma compounds was largely diminished. In conclusion, free compound concentrations in berry were almost unaffected by GA3 and CPPU. From the perspective of aroma compounds, a highly concerted interplay was observed for terpenes, and bound compounds exhibited higher correlations than those of free compounds. In addition, 17 compounds could be used as markers that indicated the developmental timing of berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Wu
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiujie Li
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo Li
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
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3
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Miller GC, Barker D, Pilkington LI, Deed RC. Synthesis of a novel isotopically labelled standard for quantification of γ-nonalactone in New Zealand Pinot noir via SIDA-SPE-GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5035-5047. [PMID: 37308618 PMCID: PMC10386917 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
γ-Nonalactone is a linear aliphatic lactone ubiquitous in wine, associated with coconut, sweet, and stone fruit aroma descriptors. Little research has been conducted looking at the importance of this compound to New Zealand (NZ) wine aroma. 2H213C2-γ-Nonalactone, a novel isotopologue of γ-nonalactone, was synthesised in this work for use in a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) for quantification of γ-nonalactone in NZ Pinot noir wines for the first time. Synthesis was carried out using heptaldehyde as the starting material, and 13C atoms and 2H atoms were introduced via Wittig olefination and deuterogenation steps, respectively. The suitability of this compound as an internal standard was demonstrated by spiking model wine at normal and elevated conditions during sample preparation, with subsequent analysis via mass spectrometry showing stability of 2H213C2-γ-nonalactone. A model wine calibration, with concentrations of γ-nonalactone from 0 to 100 µg L-1, was shown to have excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99), reproducibility (0.72%), and repeatability (0.38%). Twelve NZ Pinot noir wines, representative of a range of NZ Pinot noir-producing regions, prices, and vintages, were analysed by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS). The concentrations of γ-nonalactone ranged from 8.3 to 22.5 µg L-1, the latter of which was close to the odour detection threshold of this compound. These findings provide a basis for further research into γ-nonalactone and its impact on NZ Pinot noir aroma and provide a robust method for the quantification of this compound in Pinot noir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillean C Miller
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Te Pūnaha Matatini, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca C Deed
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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4
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Mei X, Wu X, Zhou F, Liu Y, Ji H, Li Y, Jiang D, Yang M, Xu J, Qiang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Non-targeted screening and trimethylamine determination in Tilletia foetida-infected wheat using HS-SPME-GC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:181-192. [PMID: 36520423 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2154853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Common bunt disease of wheat in China is caused mainly by Tilletia foetida. However, reliable approaches for determining disease-associated biochemical markers are rarely reported. Here, a headspace-solid-phase microextraction coupled with headspace GC-tandem mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to screen volatile substances in infected wheat, and an optimal chemical marker was selected to establish analytical methods for disease determination. Non-targeted screening of 13 volatile compounds unique to diseased wheat allowed a metabolite with rotten fish-like smell, trimethylamine (TMA), to be selected as the inspection marker. Subsequently, two analytical methodologies, HS-SPME-GC-MS and headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID), were established to determinate the TMA content in wheat. The linear relationship, recovery and reproducibility of the methods were validated. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.02 µg/kg for the former method, 5000-fold lower than that for the latter. When analysing samples, HS-SPME-GC-MS showed excellent sensitivity and allowed for the determination of 0.05% infected kernels among whole wheat grains. Therefore, TMA determination using HS-SPME-GC-MS is an effective alternative method to detect wheat common bunt disease occurring at extremely low infection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanxu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Diyao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwei Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotoxin Analysis & Assessment for State Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection & Testing, Nanjing, China
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5
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Miller GC, Pilkington LI, Barker D, Deed RC. Saturated Linear Aliphatic γ- and δ-Lactones in Wine: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15325-15346. [PMID: 36469412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Saturated linear aliphatic lactones are widespread aroma compounds in wine, linked to stone fruit, dried red fruit, and coconut descriptors. Despite their ubiquity, bioproduction pathways associated with these compounds in wine are unclear, but higher concentrations have been linked to many common vitivinicultural practices, including grape variety, microbiological influence, oak- and bottle-aging, and wine styles such as late harvest, noble rot, and icewine. Development of analytical techniques has enabled increasingly accurate quantification of lactones in wine, shedding more light on their potential origins. This review provides an in-depth summary of the research into linear aliphatic lactones over the past 50 years and provides direction for possible future research to elucidate the biogenesis of these compounds and better estimate their impact on wine aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillean C Miller
- School of Chemical Sciences, Waipapa Taumata Rau, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, Waipapa Taumata Rau, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, Waipapa Taumata Rau, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca C Deed
- School of Chemical Sciences, Waipapa Taumata Rau, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Waipapa Taumata Rau, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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6
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Gambacorta G, Faccia M, Natrella G, Noviello M, Masi G, Tarricone L. Early Basal Leaf Removal at Different Sides of the Canopy Improves the Quality of Aglianico Wine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193140. [PMID: 36230216 PMCID: PMC9563746 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the early removal of basal leaves is a viticultural practice adopted to improve the exposure of clusters to direct sunlight and UV radiation and increase the phenolic compounds and anthocyanin concentration in the berries. The aim of this work was to study the influence of early basal leaf removal on Aglianico wines produced in the Apulia region (southern Italy) during three consecutive seasons. Three vine treatments were carried out, where 100% of the cluster-zone leaves on the north, south and both sides of the canopy were removed. Undefoliated plants were used as a control. The effect of the treatments on the basic chemical parameters, phenol content and volatile composition of wines was investigated using WineScan FT-MIR, spectrophotometry, HPLC-DAD and SPME-GC/MS. Early defoliation increased the amounts of flavonoids (+35–40%), anthocyanins (+15–18%), total polyphenols (+10%), antioxidant activity (+8–14%) and colour intensity (+10%), especially when leaf removal was applied on the south side. Moreover, leaf removal led to a 40% increase in free anthocyanins when applied on the south side of the canopy, while a 24% increase was observed when applied to the north side and 21% when applied to the north and south sides. A negative effect was observed on volatile compounds, which decreased by about 18, 14 and 13% when the treatment was applied on the north, north-south and south sides of the canopy, respectively. In conclusion, early leaf removal treatments allow for the modulation of the phenolic and volatile concentrations of Aglianico wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gambacorta
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Michele Faccia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Natrella
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mirella Noviello
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Masi
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Via Casamassima 148, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarricone
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Via Casamassima 148, 70010 Bari, Italy
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7
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Huang L, Alcazar Magana A, Skinkis PA, Osborne J, Qian YL, Qian MC. Composition of Pinot Noir Wine from Grapevine Red Blotch Disease-Infected Vines Managed with Exogenous Abscisic Acid Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144520. [PMID: 35889392 PMCID: PMC9321972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) has negative effects on grape development and impacts berry ripening. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant growth regulator involved in the initiation of berry ripening. Exogenous abscisic acid application was compared to an unsprayed control on GRBD-positive Pinot noir vines during two vintages, and the total monomeric anthocyanin, total phenolics, phenolic composition, and volatile profile were measured in wines. In addition, untargeted metabolites were profiled using high-resolution LC-MS/MS. Results showed that the wine composition varied by vintage year and was not consistent with ABA application. Wines from the ABA treatment had a lower total anthocyanin and total phenolic content in one year. The untargeted high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis showed a higher abundance of phenolic compounds in ABA wines in 2019, but lower in 2018. The wine volatile compounds of ABA treatments varied by vintage. There were higher levels of free β-damascenone, β-ionone, nerol, and several fermentation-derived esters, acids, and alcohols in ABA wines, but these were not observed in 2019. Lower 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) was also observed in wines with ABA treatment in 2019. The results demonstrated that ABA application to the fruit zones did not consistently mitigate the adverse impacts of GRBD on Pinot noir wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
| | - Armando Alcazar Magana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
| | - Patricia A. Skinkis
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - James Osborne
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yanping L. Qian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
| | - Michael C. Qian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (L.H.); (A.A.M.); (J.O.); (Y.L.Q.)
- Oregon Wine Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-541-737-9114
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8
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The Impact of Vineyard Mechanization on Grape and Wine Phenolics, Aroma Compounds, and Sensory Properties. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8070318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapes are one of the most valuable fruit crops in the United States and can be processed into a variety of products. The grape and wine industry contributes to and impacts the U.S. agricultural economy. However, rising labor costs and global competition pose challenges for the grape and wine industry. Vineyard mechanization is a promising strategy to increase efficiency and address the labor shortage and cost issues. Recent studies have focused on the impact of vineyard mechanization on general grape and wine quality. Wine phenolics, aroma compounds, and sensory characteristics are the key indicators of wine quality and consumer preference. This article aims to review the impact of vineyard mechanization, specifically mechanical harvesting, mechanical leaf removal, mechanical shoot thinning, cluster thinning, and mechanical pruning on grape and wine phenolics, and aroma compounds and sensory profile. Studies have shown that vineyard mechanization significantly affects phenolic and aroma compounds, especially grape-derived aroma compounds such as volatile thiols, terpenes, C13-norpentadiene, and methoxypyrazine. Mechanically processed grapes can produce wines of the same or better quality than wines made from hand-operated grapes. Vineyard mechanization could be a promising strategy for grape growers to reduce operating costs and maintain or improve grape and wine quality. Future research directions in the area of vineyard mechanization were discussed. It provides a comprehensive view and information on the topic to both grape growers and winemakers in the application of vineyard mechanization.
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Wu Y, Li B, Li X, Wang L, Zhang W, Duan S, Wang S. Regulatory effect of root restriction on aroma quality of Red Alexandria grape. Food Chem 2022; 372:131118. [PMID: 34600194 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To systematically study the impact of root restriction (RR) on the aroma quality of grape berry, in this study, free and bound compounds were investigated in 'Red Alexandria' grape skin and pulp produced with and without RR during development and ripening. Compared with the control, RR advanced the initiation of free-terpene synthesis and increased their concentrations at 14-18 weeks post-flowering (wpf) by promoting the conversion of bound terpenes to free terpenes. In addition, RR significantly regulated the aromatic series at 14-18 wpf and advanced the date of aroma maturation. Network analyses indicated that the correlations among bound compounds were more conserved than those among free compounds, and the skin network displayed tight coordination compared with the pulp network. Terpenes were highly intercorrelated and played a core role in these networks. Finally, 10 bound compounds in pulp were screened out as indicators of the developmental timing of grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Wu
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bo Li
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuyan Duan
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Agro-products, Processing Technology of Shandong, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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10
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Iorio D, Gambacorta G, Tarricone L, Vilanova M, Paradiso VM. Effect of Early Basal Leaf Removal on Phenolic and Volatile Composition and Sensory Properties of Aglianico Red Wines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050591. [PMID: 35270061 PMCID: PMC8912610 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the influence of early basal leaf removal on Aglianico wines produced in the Apulia region (Italy). Three treatments were carried out, where 100% of fruit-zone leaves on the north (DN), south (DS) and on both sides of the canopy (DNS) were removed. A control (CT), where all basal leaves were retained, was also performed. Instrumental (HPLC-DAD-MS and GC-MS) and sensory analysis (QDA) were used to evaluate the treatment effect on the phenolic and volatile compositions and on the sensory descriptors of wines. DNS reached the highest amounts of phenolic compounds, showing a change in the phenolic pattern from flavonols and anthocyanins. Moreover, leaf removal influenced the levels of 37.8% of volatile compounds, quantified by increasing the concentration when early leaf removal was applied on the north side of the canopy (DN), with respect to the south (DS) and both sides (DNS). In the sensory analysis, Aglianico wines were defined by 16 sensory attributes with GM > 30%, where the highest values were reached for defoliation treatments vs. control. In conclusion, early leaf removal treatments allowed us to modulate the phenolic and volatile concentrations of Aglianico wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Iorio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Gambacorta
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luigi Tarricone
- CREA, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Via Casamassima 148, 70010 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mar Vilanova
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC—Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja, Carretera de Burgos Km 6, 26080 Logroño, Spain
| | - Vito Michele Paradiso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Agri-Food Microbiology and Food Technologies, University of Salento, S.P. 6, Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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11
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Bubola M, Sivilotti P, Rossi S, Bestulić E, Plavša T, Radeka S. Impact of canopy management practices on phenolic composition and sensory profile of cv. Teran wine. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224402001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of early leaf removal (ELR) and cluster thinning (CT) on the phenolic composition of cv. Teran berries and wines, and the sensory profile of wines at 6 and 24 months after fermentation. Although only ELR increased the concentration of total anthocyanins in the berries as compared to the untreated control (UC), both ELR and CT had higher concentration of total anthocyanins and greater colour intensity in the resultant wines than the UC. Similar effects were obtained with total phenolics in the berries and the wines; while CT obtained higher concentration of total phenolics in the berries than UC only in one season, same treatment obtained higher concentration of total phenolics in the wine in both seasons as compared to UC. Only minor sensory differences in wines were obtained at the age of 6 months, while treatments were highly discriminated 24 months after fermentation, when both ELR and CT wines had more enhanced fruitiness, aromatic intensity, complexity, body, balance and wine overall quality than UC. The obtained results indicate that adequate wine aging period is needed for a relevant assessment of the impact of vineyard management practices on wine sensory characteristics.
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12
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Influence of leaf removal on grape, wine and aroma compounds of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot under Mediterranean climate. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang W, Li D, Quan G, Wang X, Xi Z. Effects of leaf removal on hexose accumulation and the expression of sugar unloading-related genes in syrah grapes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:1072-1082. [PMID: 34619641 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf removal (LR) around the cluster zone is a common practice for regulating grape quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of cluster-zone leaf removal, applied at the pea-size stage of berry development, on berry soluble sugar, organic acid and phenolic compound, sugar unloading-related gene expression of Vitis. vinifera L. Syrah. Four different severities of leaf removal were applied: no leaf removal (Control), removing 2 leaves above the cluster (LR1), removing 4 leaves above the cluster (LR2), and removing 6 leaves above the cluster (LR3). The three leaf removal treatments (LR), especially removing 4 leaves (LR2), resulted in significantly higher reducing sugar, soluble sugar (glucose, fructose and sucrose), total anthocyanin and citric acid contents as compared to the control group during ripening for both vintages. At harvest, the LR treatments increased the transcript abundance of most sugar unloading-related genes. In addition, VvHT3, VvHT5, VvSUC11, VvSUC12, VvSS and VvcwINV were positively correlated with both reducing sugar contents and soluble sugar contents. Our results suggest that removing 4 leaves above the cluster is useful for improving the quality of Syrah (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes in cool climate regions with excessive leaves. These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of the relationship between leaf removing and hexose (glucose and fructose) accumulation in the grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - GuiRong Quan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhumei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Yue X, Zhao Y, Ma X, Jiao X, Fang Y, Zhang Z, Ju Y. Effects of leaf removal on the accumulation of anthocyanins and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3214-3224. [PMID: 33211320 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins, a major flavonoid class, determine the color and quality of wine. Recent research revealed that basal leaf removal can increase the content of these compounds. This study determined the effects of basal leaf removal on the anthocyanin profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. RESULTS The effects of basal leaf removal on anthocyanin composition in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were investigated over two growing seasons. Leaf removal at 5% veraison (VB6) and at 100% veraison (VC6) was compared with a control. Reducing sugar and total anthocyanin contents in the leaf removal group were significantly higher than in the control group at harvest for both vintages. Leaf removal increased the content of individual anthocyanins and significantly improved the malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Mv-3-glc), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn-3-glc), and malvidin-3-O-(6-acetyl)-glucoside (Mv-3-acglc) content of the VB6 group. At harvest, VB6 treatment increased the transcript abundance of structural and regulator genes in the anthocyanin pathway, especially VvF3'5'H, VvLDOX, and VvDFR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that leaf removal at 5% veraison may be useful for improving the anthocyanin content in grapes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yue
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Yameng Zhao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Xuliang Jiao
- Sino-French Joint Venture Dynasty Winery LTD, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Yanlun Ju
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
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15
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Effect of Soil Management and Training System on Negroamaro Wine Aroma. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020454. [PMID: 33669737 PMCID: PMC7922071 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of two soil managements and training systems on yield and wine aroma compounds of Negroamaro variety grown in a warm climate region (southern Italy). Cover crop (CC) and soil tillage (ST) as soil management, whilst bilateral Guyot (BG) and monolateral Guyot (MG) as training systems were compared. Free and bound volatile fractions were evaluated by GC-MS. ST and CC as well as BG and MG significantly affected yield parameters. In particular, yield was higher in ST and BG than in CC and MG, respectively; moreover, it was found to be positively influenced by interaction between BG and ST. Regarding aroma compounds, significant interactions between soil management and training system factors were observed. In case of free volatiles, the most positive interaction was found between BG and ST, whereas, for bound volatiles, the best interaction was represented by MG with both soil tillage and cover crop. Vine leaf area and development over vine growth stages along with water stress levels played an important role in determining the aroma profile as well as yield parameters. In conclusion, the training system significantly interacted with soil management and affected most of important aroma compounds in Negroamaro wine.
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RAHMAN FU, NAWAZ MA, LIU R, SUN L, JIANG J, FAN X, LIU C, ZHANG Y. Evaluation of volatile aroma compounds from Chinese wild grape berries by headspace-SPME with GC-MS. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.54320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruitao LIU
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P.R. China
| | - Lei SUN
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P.R. China
| | - Jianfu JIANG
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P.R. China
| | - Xiucai FAN
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P.R. China
| | - Chonghuai LIU
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P.R. China
| | - Ying ZHANG
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P.R. China
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17
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Rienth M, Vigneron N, Darriet P, Sweetman C, Burbidge C, Bonghi C, Walker RP, Famiani F, Castellarin SD. Grape Berry Secondary Metabolites and Their Modulation by Abiotic Factors in a Climate Change Scenario-A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643258. [PMID: 33828576 PMCID: PMC8020818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Temperature, water, solar radiation, and atmospheric CO2 concentration are the main abiotic factors that are changing in the course of global warming. These abiotic factors govern the synthesis and degradation of primary (sugars, amino acids, organic acids, etc.) and secondary (phenolic and volatile flavor compounds and their precursors) metabolites directly, via the regulation of their biosynthetic pathways, or indirectly, via their effects on vine physiology and phenology. Several hundred secondary metabolites have been identified in the grape berry. Their biosynthesis and degradation have been characterized and have been shown to occur during different developmental stages of the berry. The understanding of how the different abiotic factors modulate secondary metabolism and thus berry quality is of crucial importance for breeders and growers to develop plant material and viticultural practices to maintain high-quality fruit and wine production in the context of global warming. Here, we review the main secondary metabolites of the grape berry, their biosynthesis, and how their accumulation and degradation is influenced by abiotic factors. The first part of the review provides an update on structure, biosynthesis, and degradation of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) and major aroma compounds (terpenes, thiols, methoxypyrazines, and C13 norisoprenoids). The second part gives an update on the influence of abiotic factors, such as water availability, temperature, radiation, and CO2 concentration, on berry secondary metabolism. At the end of the paper, we raise some critical questions regarding intracluster berry heterogeneity and dilution effects and how the sampling strategy can impact the outcome of studies on the grapevine berry response to abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rienth
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Markus Rienth
| | - Nicolas Vigneron
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Unité de recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Bordeaux, France
- Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin CS 50008, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Crista Burbidge
- Agriculture and Food (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Robert Peter Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Wine Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Torres N, Martínez-Lüscher J, Porte E, Yu R, Kaan Kurtural S. Impacts of leaf removal and shoot thinning on cumulative daily light intensity and thermal time and their cascading effects of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) berry and wine chemistry in warm climates. Food Chem 2020; 343:128447. [PMID: 33131953 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leaf removal (LR), shoot thinning (ST) and their combination (LRST) are known to increase berry solar exposure affecting berry composition and consequently improving wine quality and antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that LR, ST or their combination (LRST) would affect flavonoid content during berry ripening by means of changes of the berry microclimate (light and temperature) as well as wine composition, quality, and antioxidant properties. Thermal time and sum of light intensity thresholds were different to achieve the maximum berry anthocyanin and flavonol contents. ST mostly affected wine characteristics by increasing alcoholic content, acidity, hue and phenolic substances. Wine antioxidant capacity decreased in ST wines likely by decreases in catechin and quercetin contents. ST and LRST increased proanthocyanidin polymerization and decreased monomeric flavan-3-ols, which may reduce wine bitterness and enhance astringency. Therefore, the management of canopy should take into account the warming trends in viticulture regions, rather than being applied preemptively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazareth Torres
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Etienne Porte
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Runze Yu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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19
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Marín-San Román S, Rubio-Bretón P, Pérez-Álvarez EP, Garde-Cerdán T. Advancement in analytical techniques for the extraction of grape and wine volatile compounds. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109712. [PMID: 33233285 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The grape and wine aroma is one of the most determining factors of quality, therefore the study of their volatile composition is a very important topic in vitiviniculture. The range of concentrations in which many of these compounds are found is quite low, in concentrations of ng/L; due to this, a sample preparation stage is necessary before doing the chromatographic analysis of the volatile compounds. In this review, the main analytical techniques used for the extraction of volatile compounds in grapes and wines are studied. The techniques presented are liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and thin film solid phase microextraction (TF-SPME). For each of these techniques, a description was made, and the different characteristics were numbered, as well as their main advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, from the second technique, a comparison is made with the previous techniques, explaining the reasons why new techniques have emerged. Throughout the review it is possible to see the different techniques that have been emerging in the past years as an improvement of the classical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marín-San Román
- Grupo VIENAP, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Ctra. de Burgos, Km. 6., 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Pilar Rubio-Bretón
- Grupo VIENAP, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Ctra. de Burgos, Km. 6., 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Eva P Pérez-Álvarez
- Grupo VIENAP, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Ctra. de Burgos, Km. 6., 26007 Logroño, Spain; Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Ed. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Garde-Cerdán
- Grupo VIENAP, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Ctra. de Burgos, Km. 6., 26007 Logroño, Spain.
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20
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Longo R, Carew A, Sawyer S, Kemp B, Kerslake F. A review on the aroma composition of Vitis vinifera L. Pinot noir wines: origins and influencing factors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1589-1604. [PMID: 32401040 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1762535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera L. Pinot noir still wines are some of the most popular and expensive red wines in the world. Several research articles are reported in literature concerning the impacts of viticultural and enological practices, and vineyard location, on Pinot noir still wine aroma. This review summarizes the previous and latest literature pertaining to volatile compounds including esters, higher alcohols and C13-norisoprenoids, and their effect on Pinot noir wine perceived aroma. Their origin and behavior are discussed, as well as their role in regional differentiation. The first part of this review paper presents an overview of volatile compounds that are usually found in Pinot noir still wines at concentrations higher than their odor detection threshold. The second part deals with studies pertaining to human inputs that impact on Pinot noir wine aroma profile such as viticulture and winemaking interventions. The role of the vineyard site is also revised. This review concludes by considering what further opportunities are available to researchers in this field for greater control over Pinot noir wine quality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Longo
- Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna Carew
- Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Samantha Sawyer
- Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Belinda Kemp
- Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute (CCOVI), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona Kerslake
- Horticulture Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Yue X, Ma X, Tang Y, Wang Y, Wu B, Jiao X, Zhang Z, Ju Y. Effect of cluster zone leaf removal on monoterpene profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines. Food Res Int 2020; 131:109028. [PMID: 32247455 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes contribute to the varietal aromas of grapes and wines. We determined the effects of cluster zone leaf removal on the monoterpene profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grape berries and wines, and on the expression of key genes in the terpenoid pathway. Leaf removal at two intensities (half basic, 50%; full basic, 100%) was conducted at two weeks before veraison, veraison, and two weeks after veraison. Half basic leaf removal increased the pH and decreased the tartaric acid content in grapes and wines. The concentrations of most free- and bound-form monoterpenes in grapes were increased by early leaf removal. The total monoterpene contents were increased in wines in the defoliation treatments, but were significantly lower in wines from the full basic leaf removal treatments than in wines from the half basic leaf removal treatments. The defoliation treatments resulted in increased transcript levels of some key genes in terpene biosynthesis (VvPNLinNer1, VvPNLinNer2, VvPNLNGl1, VvPNLNGl2, and VvUGT88A1L1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yue
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yali Tang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Bowen Wu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xuliang Jiao
- Sino-French Joint Venture Dynasty Winery LTD, Tianjin 300402, PR China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Yanlun Ju
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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Bubola M, Rusjan D, Lukić I. Crop level vs. leaf removal: Effects on Istrian Malvasia wine aroma and phenolic acids composition. Food Chem 2019; 312:126046. [PMID: 31911354 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of crop level and leaf removal on Istrian Malvasia (Vitis vinifera L.) white wine aroma and phenolic acids composition was studied over two vine-growing seasons. Two crop levels were combined with leaf removal or untreated control in two-factorial design. Crop level showed limited impact on aroma compounds in wine and the concentration of some esters was increased by higher crop level. In contrast, leaf removal increased the concentration of several aroma compounds and especially monoterpenes and esters. The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acids in wine was enhanced only by leaf removal, while no consistent impact of the investigated factors on hydroxybenzoic acids was observed. The obtained results suggest that in cases where environmental conditions are not limiting, increasing the crop level under adequate microclimate in fruit zone has no detrimental effects on white wine aroma and hydroxycinnamic acids composition, potentially leading to economically more sustainable grape production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Bubola
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia.
| | - Denis Rusjan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Igor Lukić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia.
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24
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Wang J, Abbey T, Kozak B, Madilao LL, Tindjau R, Del Nin J, Castellarin SD. Evolution over the growing season of volatile organic compounds in Viognier (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes under three irrigation regimes. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Cordero C, Guglielmetti A, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C, Allegrucci E, Gobino G, Baroux L, Merle P. Odorants quantitation in high-quality cocoa by multiple headspace solid phase micro-extraction: Adoption of FID-predicted response factors to extend method capabilities and information potential. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:190-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Unravelling the scientific research on grape and wine phenolic compounds: a bibliometric study. Scientometrics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-019-03029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Strategies for Accurate Quantitation of Volatiles from Foods and Plant-Origin Materials: A Challenging Task. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1619-1630. [PMID: 30644749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of foods and of plant-origin materials provides functional information on sample-related variables, and gas-phase extractions are ideal approaches for its accurate chemical characterization. However, for gas-phase sampling, the usual procedures adopted to standardize results from solvent extraction methods are not appropriate: headspace (HS) composition depends on the intrinsic physicochemical analyte properties (volatility, polarity, partition coefficient(s)) and matrix effects. Method development, design, and expression of the results are therefore challenging. This review article focuses on volatile vapor-phase quantitation methods (internal standard normalization, standard addition, stable isotope dilution assay, multiple headspace extraction) and their suitability in different applications. Because of the analyte informative role, the different ways of expressing results (normalized chromatographic area, percent normalized chromatographic areas, and absolute concentrations) are discussed and critically evaluated with examples of quality markers in chamomile, process contaminants (furan and 2-methylfuran) in roasted coffee, and key-aroma compounds from high-quality cocoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
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28
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Bubola M, Lukić I, Radeka S, Sivilotti P, Grozić K, Vanzo A, Bavčar D, Lisjak K. Enhancement of Istrian Malvasia wine aroma and hydroxycinnamate composition by hand and mechanical leaf removal. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:904-914. [PMID: 30009493 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf removal is a viticultural practice that promotes the biosynthesis of several important grape constituents by improving fruit zone microclimate. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of hand and mechanical leaf removal, applied at the pea-size stage of berry development, on fruit zone microclimate, volatile aroma compounds, hydroxycinnamates and sensory characteristics of Istrian Malvasia (Vitis vinifera L.) wines. Three different sunlight exposure conditions were applied: hand leaf removal (HLR), mechanical leaf removal (MLR) and untreated control (UC). RESULTS Both leaf removal treatments, and especially the more intense HLR, significantly increased the concentration of varietal thiol 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, monoterpenes, β-damascenone and esters. The higher concentration of these aromas contributed to the improvement of wine sensory quality, as expressed by more enhanced floral, fruity and tropical sensory attributes in leaf removal treatments. Hydroxycinnamates were increased only by HLR, a treatment with a greater degree of fruit exposure to sunlight than MLR. CONCLUSION Leaf removal applied at the pea-size stage of berry development in a season characterized by abundant rainfall improves both the chemical composition and sensory quality of Istrian Malvasia wine, even when performed by machine, implying that this technique might be successfully applied in large-scale viticultural production. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Lukić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
| | - Sanja Radeka
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Andreja Vanzo
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenija
| | - Dejan Bavčar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenija
| | - Klemen Lisjak
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenija
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29
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Voce S, Pizzamiglio G, Mosetti D, Bigot G, Lonardi A, Comuzzo P, Sivilotti P. Effects of leaf removal on aromatic precursor dynamics during maturation of Ribolla Gialla grapes ( Vitis vinifera L.). BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191303008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf removal is a viticultural practice applied in order to improve fruit-zone microclimate and berry quality. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of post-flowering leaf removal on maturation and biosynthesis of terpenes and and C13-norisoprenoids in Ribolla Gialla grapes. In the seasons 2015 and 2016, basic maturation parameters were nearly unaffected by leaf removal. Contrarily, in the second season, 2016, one week before harvest, the concentration of several aroma compounds was significantly improved by leaf removal. In conclusion, the trial here showed that leaf removal improves the concentration of aroma compounds in the grapes, but the selection of the date of harvest is more crucial in order to maintain them during vinification.
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30
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Xie S, Tang Y, Wang P, Song C, Duan B, Zhang Z, Meng J. Influence of natural variation in berry size on the volatile profiles of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot and Cabernet Gernischt grapes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201374. [PMID: 30231031 PMCID: PMC6145503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted during the 2014 and 2015 vintages on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot and Cabernet Gernischt to investigate whether natural variation in berry size could affect grape aromatic compounds. Grape berries were separated into three size categories based on their diameter: small, middle and large. The results showed that berry size exerted a significant influence on the volatile profiles of both winegrape varieties. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that the volatile profiles of middle berries were different from those of large and small berries. Middle berries had the greatest abundance of aroma compounds, followed by small and large berries. Especially, C6/C9 compounds, norisoprenoids, terpenoids showed markedly different concentrations among differently sized Merlot berries and C6/C9 compounds, terpenoids among differently sized Cabernet Gernischt berries. Middle berries of both grape varieties may possess the greatest intensity of fresh-green, fruity and floral aromas due to the high odour activity values (OAVs) of decanal, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-β-damascenone and β-ionone in middle sizes of Merlot berries and the high OAVs of (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-β-damascenone in middle sizes of Cabernet Gernischt berries. This knowledge could be important for winemakers to conduct targeted berry sorting, thereby improving the aromatic quality of grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Xie
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonghong Tang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changzheng Song
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingbing Duan
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (JM)
| | - Jiangfei Meng
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (JM)
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31
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Brizuela NS, Bravo-Ferrada BM, Curilén Y, Delfederico L, Caballero A, Semorile L, Pozo-Bayón MÁ, Tymczyszyn EE. Advantages of Using Blend Cultures of Native L. plantarum and O. oeni Strains to Induce Malolactic Fermentation of Patagonian Malbec Wine. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2109. [PMID: 30237792 PMCID: PMC6135894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The malolactic fermentation (MLF) of Patagonian Malbec wine inoculated with blend cultures of selected native strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni was monitored during 14 days, analyzing the strains ability to modify the content of some organic acids and to change the volatile compounds profile. The performance of the LAB strains was tested as single and blends cultures of both species. An implantation control by RAPD PCR was also carried out to differentiate among indigenous and inoculated strains. The L. plantarum strains UNQLp11 and UNQLp155 and the O. oeni strain UNQOe73.2 were able to remain viable during the monitoring time of MLF, whereas the O. oeni strain UNQOe31b showed a decrease of five log CFU at day 14. The four strains assayed showed a similar behavior in wine whether they were inoculated individually or as blend cultures. All strains were able to consume L-malic acid, particularly the L. plantarum strains, which showed the highest consumption values at day 14, both as single or blend cultures. The changes in the volatile compounds profile of Malbec wine samples, before and after MLF, were determined by HS-SPME and GC-MS technique. Wines inoculated with blend cultures containing strain UNQLp155 showed a decrease in the total alcohols content and an increase in the total esters content. On the other hand, wines inoculated with single cultures of strains UNQLp155, UNQOe31b or UNQOe73.2 showed no significant decrease in the total alcohols concentration but a significant increase in the total esters content. When strain UNQLp11 was inoculated as single or as blend culture with strain UNQOe31b, wines exhibited an increase in the total alcohols content, and a decrease in the total esters content. The content of diethyl succinate showed the greatest increase at final of MLF, and a particular synergistic effect in its synthesis was observed with a blend culture of strains UNQLp155 and UNQOe73.2. These results suggest that the use of blend cultures formulated with strains belonging to L. plantarum and O. oeni species could offer an interesting advantage to induce MLF in Malbec wines, contributing to diversify their aromatic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Brizuela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Bárbara M Bravo-Ferrada
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Curilén
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Nacional del Comahue y PROBIEN, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia Delfederico
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Adriana Caballero
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Nacional del Comahue y PROBIEN, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Liliana Semorile
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - M Ángeles Pozo-Bayón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Elizabeth Tymczyszyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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32
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Wu Y, Zhang W, Duan S, Song S, Xu W, Zhang C, Bondada B, Ma C, Wang S. In-Depth Aroma and Sensory Profiling of Unfamiliar Table-Grape Cultivars. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071703. [PMID: 30002321 PMCID: PMC6100037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an in-depth analysis of aroma profiles and sensory attributes, employing solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) to identify the key compounds driving consumer preference in 19 unfamiliar cultivars. In combination with popular cultivars, we identified a total of 100 compounds in all table grapes, of which 26 key volatiles were correlated with consumer liking. Based on this relationship, five aroma combinations (AC) were formulated, wherein 33 compounds contributed to aroma intensity, and thus, were viewed as active volatiles. The fruity, floral, and sweet aromas were further divided into secondary aromatic series, of which the apple, citrus, orange, rose, geranium, violet, and honey aromas constituted the predominant series in unfamiliar cultivars. Xiangyue and Heikuixiang emerged as the preferred table grapes according to our analysis. By comparison, the popular cultivars showed relatively fewer volatiles, but their contents were much greater than the large number of volatiles identified in the unfamiliar cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Wu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shuyan Duan
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shiren Song
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wenping Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Caixi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Bhaskar Bondada
- Wine Science Center, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Agro-products, Processing Technology of Shandong, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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33
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Effects of Basal Defoliation on Wine Aromas: A Meta-Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040779. [PMID: 29597302 PMCID: PMC6017958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal defoliation, as one of the most common viticulture management practices to modify fruit zone microclimates, has been widely applied aiming at improving wine quality. Wine aroma contributes greatly to wine quality, yet the effects of basal defoliation on wine aromas show discrepancies according to previous studies. This study is a meta-analysis performed to dissect the factors related to the influence of basal defoliation on volatile compounds in wine. Timing of basal defoliation plays an important role in the concentration of varietal aromas in wine. Pre-veraison defoliation induces an increase in β-damascenone and linalool as well as a reduction in 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP). The effects of basal defoliation on certain volatile compounds relative to fermentation aromas in wine (1-hexanol, β-phenylethanol, 2-phenylethyl acetate, decanoic acid, and ethyl octanoate) depend on grape maturity. There are also other factors, such as cultivar and climate conditions, that might be responsible for the effect of basal defoliation on wine aromas. The concentrations of isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, hexanoic acid, and octanoic acid as well as ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl isovalerate, and ethyl decanoate in wine are not markedly affected by basal defoliation. Due to limited studies included in this meta-analysis, more trials are needed to confirm the current findings.
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34
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Brizuela NS, Bravo-Ferrada BM, Pozo-Bayón MÁ, Semorile L, Elizabeth Tymczyszyn E. Changes in the volatile profile of Pinot noir wines caused by Patagonian Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni strains. Food Res Int 2017; 106:22-28. [PMID: 29579921 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Patagonian L. plantarum and O. oeni strains to change the volatile profile of a sterile Pinot noir wine was studied through fermentation assays, at laboratory scale. Two strains of each LAB species were selected based on data regarding to their ability to survive in wine and to consume l-malic acid. Both O. oeni strains but only one L. plantarum (UNQLp 11) strain were able to remain viable, consuming l-malic acid through the fermentation assay with a concomitant increase of l-lactic acid. The volatile profile of Pinot noir wine, before and after LAB inoculation, was measured by using HS-SPME gas chromatography technique. This analysis showed that alcohols were the main volatile compounds after alcoholic fermentation and that after fermentation with the selected LAB strains, a decrease in the volatile alcohols concentration and an increase in the volatile esters concentration could be observed. The O. oeni UNQOe 73.2 strain produced the most notable change in the volatile profile, with the production of some important odorant esters at higher concentration, compared to O. oeni UNQOe 31b strain. Although, L. plantarum UNQLp 11 strain showed a better performance in the consumption of l-malic acid, this strain had a low capacity to modify the volatile compounds profile after incubation in red wine. The results found in the present work showed that different strains selected as potential malolactic starters could have different behavior when are incubated in real wine. Although L. plantarum UNQLp 11 strain showed a good consumption of l-malic acid, the O. oeni UNQOe 73.2 strain exhibited superior capacity to improve the flavor of wine due to its esterase activity that produce an increase of fruity and creamy odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Brizuela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (IMBA), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina.
| | - Bárbara M Bravo-Ferrada
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (IMBA), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - María Ángeles Pozo-Bayón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liliana Semorile
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (IMBA), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - E Elizabeth Tymczyszyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (IMBA), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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35
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Nicolli KP, Biasoto ACT, Souza-Silva ÉA, Guerra CC, Dos Santos HP, Welke JE, Zini CA. Sensory, olfactometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography analyses as appropriate tools to characterize the effects of vine management on wine aroma. Food Chem 2017; 243:103-117. [PMID: 29146315 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the influence of different vine management was evaluated in relation to volatile profile and sensory perception through GC×GC/TOFMS, QDA, GC-FID, GC/MS, and GC-O. GC×GC/TOFMS analyses and QDA have shown that a larger spacing between vine rows (2 rather than 1m), attachment of shoots upwards, and irrigation did not result in wine improvement. Conversely, wines elaborated with grapes from a vine with a lower bud load (20 per plant; sample M1) stood out among the other procedures, rendering the most promising wine aroma. GC×GC/TOFMS allowed identification of 220 compounds including 26 aroma active compounds also distinguished by GC-O. Among them, eight volatiles were important to differentiate M1 from other wines, and five out of those eight compounds could only be correctly identified and quantified after separation in second dimension. Higher levels of three volatiles may explain the relation of M1 wine with red and dry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine P Nicolli
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Érica A Souza-Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09972-270 Diadema, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliane E Welke
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, UFRGS, 91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia A Zini
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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