1
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Effect of Controlled Oxygen Supply during Crushing on Volatile and Phenol Compounds and Sensory Characteristics in Coratina and Ogliarola Virgin Olive Oils. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030612. [PMID: 36766141 PMCID: PMC9914216 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In virgin olive oil industries, the technological choices of the production plant affect the biochemical activities that take place in the olives being processed throughout the entire process, thereby affecting the quality of the final product. The lipoxygenase pool enzymes that operated their activity during the first phases of the process need the best conditions to work, especially concerning temperature and oxygen availability. In this study, a system was equipped to supply oxygen in the crusher at a controllable concentration in an industrial olive oil mill at pilot plant scale, and four oxygen concentrations and two cultivars, Coratina and Ogliarola, were tested. The best concentration for oxygen supply was 0.2 L/min at the working capacity of 0.64 Ton/h. Further, using this addition of oxygen, it was possible to increase the compound's concentration, which is responsible for the green, fruity aroma. The effect on volatile compounds was also confirmed by the sensory analyses. However, at the same time, it was possible to maintain the concentration of phenols in a good quality olive oil while also preserving all the antioxidant properties of the product due to the presence of phenols. This study corroborates the importance of controlling oxygen supply in the first step of the process for process management and quality improvement in virgin olive oil production.
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2
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Cecchi L, Parenti A, Bellumori M, Migliorini M, Mulinacci N, Guerrini L. Clustering monovarietal extra virgin olive oil according to sensory profile, volatile compounds and
k
‐mean algorithm. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of NEUROFARBA University of Florence Via Ugo Schiff 6 Sesto F.no Florence 50019 Italy
| | - Alessandro Parenti
- Department of Agricultural Food and Forestry Systems Management (DAGRI) University of Florence Piazzale Delle Cascine 16 Florence 50144 Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA University of Florence Via Ugo Schiff 6 Sesto F.no Florence 50019 Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A. Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa Firenze 50028 Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA University of Florence Via Ugo Schiff 6 Sesto F.no Florence 50019 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guerrini
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐Forestali (TESAF) Università degli Studi di Padova via dell'Università 16 PD Legnaro 35020 Italy
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3
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High vacuum applied during malaxation in oil industrial plant: Influence on virgin olive oil extractability and quality. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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The Use of a Cooling Crusher to Reduce the Temperature of Olive Paste and Improve EVOO Quality of Coratina, Peranzana, and Moresca Cultivars: Impact on Phenolic and Volatile Compounds. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA new technology used to reduce the temperature of olive paste was applied to the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) mechanical extraction process. The performance of a cooling crusher that was able to counteract the thermal increase that occurs during olive fruit grinding was analyzed to evaluate the effects on the development of volatile compounds and the concentration of hydrophilic phenols in the final product. The volatile profiles and phenolic fraction of EVOOs extracted from three different cultivars (Coratina, Peranzana, and Moresca) were positively affected by the use of lower temperatures during the crushing phase. The volatile fractions showed increases in the total aldehydes, mainly related to the concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal, and reductions in the total alcohols, mainly due to 1-penten-3-ol, 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol contents. The use of a lower temperature reduced the level of oxidative processes, protecting the phenolic compounds in the Moresca and Peranzana EVOOs by 17.8 and 12.1%, respectively.
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5
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Cold Storage and Temperature Management of Olive Fruit: The Impact on Fruit Physiology and Olive Oil Quality—A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold storage of olive fruit has been the subject of study for over more than 50 years. From the 1990s on, an increasing amount of knowledge is build-up about the impact of the conservation on the physiological response of the fruit as well as on the quality of the extracted oil therefrom. This review offers a comprehensive synopsis of this research, discusses the most important influential factors and summarizes the results on the influence of the studied parameters on both the fruit and the oil. Currently, changing climatic conditions, new harvesting techniques and a more demanding consumer market are triggering the need to broaden this strict focus on conservation. A more dynamic view on the effects of temperature from the moment the fruit is harvested up to the oil extraction process, reveals the necessity to manage this crucial influential factor more diversely. An overview of how this management can take form is structured through a focus on the different phases of the postharvest processing and the widely different harvesting scales. Future prospects of research are presented based on the actual state of the art of cold storage research as well as on the necessities that come forward from a broader fruit temperature management perspective.
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6
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Veneziani G, Nucciarelli D, Taticchi A, Esposto S, Selvaggini R, Tomasone R, Pagano M, Servili M. Application of Low Temperature during the Malaxation Phase of Virgin Olive Oil Mechanical Extraction Processes of Three Different Italian Cultivars. Foods 2021; 10:1578. [PMID: 34359448 PMCID: PMC8304241 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaxation step, one of the most important phases of the virgin olive oil (VOO) mechanical extraction process involved in the development of the main quality characteristics of the final product, was carried out at a low temperature (18 °C). The rapid control of malaxer temperature was handled with the same chiller as that of the heat exchanger used in a semi-industrial extraction plant. Low temperature was used during the full olive paste kneading process and also for half of this process, which showed that there was a significant impact on the phenolic and volatile contents of VOO. Trials were conducted on three different cultivars (Canino, Moraiolo and Peranzana), and their phenolic and volatile concentrations showed different quantitative and qualitative effects due to the prolonged use of low temperature after the crushing phase, as a function of the different genetic origins of the olives. The process of phenolic compound solubilization into the oily phase was negatively influenced by the use of low temperature during the entire malaxation period for all the cultivars, whereas the volatile fraction showed an improvement in VOO flavor mainly due to the oil extracted from Canino olives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Veneziani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.V.); (D.N.); (A.T.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Davide Nucciarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.V.); (D.N.); (A.T.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Agnese Taticchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.V.); (D.N.); (A.T.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sonia Esposto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.V.); (D.N.); (A.T.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Selvaggini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.V.); (D.N.); (A.T.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Tomasone
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research, Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (R.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Mauro Pagano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research, Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (R.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.V.); (D.N.); (A.T.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
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7
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Tamborrino A, Taticchi A, Romaniello R, Perone C, Esposto S, Leone A, Servili M. Assessment of the olive oil extraction plant layout implementing a high-power ultrasound machine. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 73:105505. [PMID: 33714088 PMCID: PMC7960535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the effects of installation and operation of a high-power ultrasound machine (HPU) for the treatment of olive paste by using ultrasound technology in order to evaluate the best way installation and the best definition of the operating conditions of the machine. The study was conducted installing in an industrial olive oil mill a continuous processing ultrasound machine, which used a frequency of 20 kHz able to work at 3200 kg h-1 as feed capacity. Checking of performance has been carried out by the assessment of the different operating and process conditions, assessing in particular the impact of the ultrasound treatment before and after the malaxation phase on performance indicators of the continuous olive oil plant (plant extractability, olive paste rheological characteristic) and on selected chemical properties of the olive oil extracted (quality parameters, antioxidant content, and volatile profiles). In the tested conditions, high-power ultrasound treatment did not produce significant effect on the legal parameters (free acidity, peroxide index and spectrophotometric indexes), while a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds was generally observed; higher enhancements were more evident when the high-power ultrasound treatment was carried out before the malaxation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Tamborrino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Agnese Taticchi
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Perugia via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Romaniello
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Claudio Perone
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Sonia Esposto
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Perugia via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Leone
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Perugia via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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8
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Adjustment of Olive Fruit Temperature before Grinding for Olive Oil Extraction. Experimental Study and Pilot Plant Trials. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting at high temperatures and bulk transport can negatively influence the quality of olives and lead to undesirable alterations in the extracted oil. Cooling the fruit in the field would be the most logical solution, but it means that the olives arrive too cold at the mill for immediate processing. In this work, the use of warm water in the washing tub to warm up the fruit before grinding instead of flash heat treatment on the paste was assessed in two experiments. In the first one, at the laboratory level, the temperature after milling was determined in three olive cultivars, previously stored at 5 or 10 °C, and then submerged at different water temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C) for 15, 30, 45, and 60 s. In the second one, two batches of olives were cooled in the field at 5 °C and then conditioned with washing water to obtain a paste at the entrance of the pilot plant malaxer at 27 °C. The temperature of the olives was measured at five points from the discharging up to their entering, as paste, into the malaxer. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the method as the temperature of the ground olives was kept at the desired temperature (28 ± 1 °C). The trials highlight the potential for automating an even more precise adjustment of the temperature of the olives before milling once the washing tub is equipped with a safe heating system.
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9
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Cecchi L, Migliorini M, Mulinacci N. Virgin Olive Oil Volatile Compounds: Composition, Sensory Characteristics, Analytical Approaches, Quality Control, and Authentication. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2013-2040. [PMID: 33591203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds strongly contribute to both the positive and negative sensory attributes of virgin olive oil, and more and more studies have been published in recent years focusing on several aspects regarding these molecules. This Review is aimed at giving an overview on the state of the art about the virgin olive oil volatile compounds. Particular emphasis was given to the composition of the volatile fraction, the analytical issues and approaches for analysis, the sensory characteristics and interaction with phenolic compounds, and the approaches for supporting the Panel Test in virgin olive oil classification and in authentication of the botanical and geographic origin based on volatile compounds. A pair of detailed tables with a total of approximately 700 volatiles identified or tentatively identified to date and tables dealing with analytical procedures, sensory characteristics of volatiles, and specific chemometric approaches for quality assessment are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, 50028 Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
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10
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Marx ÍM, Rodrigues N, Veloso AC, Casal S, Pereira JA, Peres AM. Effect of malaxation temperature on the physicochemical and sensory quality of cv. Cobrançosa olive oil and its evaluation using an electronic tongue. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Gila A, Sánchez-Ortiz A, Jiménez A, Beltrán G. The ultrasound application does not affect to the thermal properties and chemical composition of virgin olive oils. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 70:105320. [PMID: 32890985 PMCID: PMC7786558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of high power ultrasound treatment (40 kHz) on virgin olive oil (VOO) for different times (0, 15, 30 min) were studied, in order to verify if extent modifications in their chemical composition and thermal properties. The effects of the different ultrasound treatments on VOOs were determined considering the following parameters: quality index (free acidity, K232 and K270), lipid profile (fatty acids and triglycerides composition) minor components (phenols, tocopherols, pigments and volatiles) and thermal properties (crystallization and melting) by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). During the ultrasound treatments, bubbles growth was present in the VOO due to the phenomenon of cavitation and a slight increase of the temperature was observed. In general, the ultrasound treatments did not cause alterations on VOO parameters evaluated (oxidation state, lipid profile, minor components and thermal profiles). However, a slight decrease was observed in some volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Gila
- IFAPA Centro "Venta del Llano", Junta de Andalucía, P.O. Box 50, Mengíbar, Jaén E-23620, Spain.
| | - Araceli Sánchez-Ortiz
- IFAPA Centro "Venta del Llano", Junta de Andalucía, P.O. Box 50, Mengíbar, Jaén E-23620, Spain
| | - Antonio Jiménez
- IFAPA Centro "Venta del Llano", Junta de Andalucía, P.O. Box 50, Mengíbar, Jaén E-23620, Spain
| | - Gabriel Beltrán
- IFAPA Centro "Venta del Llano", Junta de Andalucía, P.O. Box 50, Mengíbar, Jaén E-23620, Spain
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12
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Taticchi A, Esposto S, Veneziani G, Minnocci A, Urbani S, Selvaggini R, Sordini B, Daidone L, Sebastiani L, Servili M. High vacuum-assisted extraction affects virgin olive oil quality: Impact on phenolic and volatile compounds. Food Chem 2020; 342:128369. [PMID: 33143966 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High vacuum technology has been incorporated into a new assisted extraction system applied to virgin olive oil (VOO) processing, which was tested at a lab-scale pilot plant to evaluate its impact on the physicochemical properties of the olive paste and oil. The vacuum system induced changes in the mechanical and structural properties of the olive cells, improving the coalescence of the oil droplets due to substantial cellular and intracellular mass transfer during the process, as shown by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) analysis. The effects on the quality characteristics of VOOs extracted from three cultivars at different malaxation temperatures were evaluated. A significant increase in the phenolic content, from 25.2% to 48.6%, was observed. The content of volatile compounds responsible for the VOO flavor decreased as a function of malaxation temperature. The reduction of some volatile molecules related to the VOO off-flavor (ethanol, ethyl acetate and acetic acid) was also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Taticchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Esposto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Veneziani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Minnocci
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Urbani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Selvaggini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Sordini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Daidone
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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13
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Impact of the malaxation temperature on the phenolic profile of cv. Cobrançosa olive oils and assessment of the related health claim. Food Chem 2020; 337:127726. [PMID: 32795854 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds contribute to the bioactive properties of olive oil. However, olive oils can only support a health claim concerning the protection against oxidative stress depending on the polyphenolic concentration, requiring effective measures during extraction to preserve/enhance their concentrations. The effect of the malaxation temperature (22, 28 and 34 °C) on the phenolic profile was studied for industrially extracted cv. Cobrançosa oils. Higher malaxation temperatures decreased the contents of the majority of the chromatographically detected compounds (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA), enabling oils' differentiation. This decreasing trend was observed for hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol bound forms, determinant for the health claim, which were also negatively affected by temperature, despite revealing that all the industrially extracted oils tested supported the health claim. The observed constant free to bound forms ratio showed that the temperature range tested had a minor effect on bound-forms hydrolysis, being both free and bound forms equally affected by temperature.
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14
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Jimenez-Lopez C, Carpena M, Lourenço-Lopes C, Gallardo-Gomez M, Lorenzo JM, Barba FJ, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J. Bioactive Compounds and Quality of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Foods 2020; 9:E1014. [PMID: 32731481 PMCID: PMC7466243 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is responsible for a large part of many health benefits associated to Mediterranean diet as it is a fundamental ingredient of this diet. The peculiarities of this golden, highly valued product are in part due to the requirements that must be met to achieve this title, namely, it has to be obtained using exclusively mechanical procedures, its free acidity cannot be greater than 0.8%, it must not show sensory defects, and it has to possess a fruity taste. (2) Methods: All these characteristics are key factors to EVOO quality, thus the chemical composition of these many health-promoting compounds, such as unsaturated fatty acids (which are also the major compounds, especially oleic acid), as well as minor components such as tocopherols or phenolic compounds (which behave as natural antioxidants) must be preserved. (3) Results: Due to the presence of all these compounds, the daily consumption of EVOO entails health benefits such as cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor properties or acting as regulator of the intestinal microbiota, among others. (4) Conclusions: Taking all together, conserving EVOO chemical composition is essential to preserve its properties, so it is worth to control certain factors during storage like exposure to light, temperature, oxygen presence or the chosen packaging material, to maintain its quality and extend its shelf-life until its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jimenez-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (C.L.-L.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Catarina Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Maria Gallardo-Gomez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Meat Technology Centre Foundation, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Faculty of Pharmacy, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (C.L.-L.)
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15
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Divella R, Daniele A, Savino E, Paradiso A. Anticancer Effects of Nutraceuticals in the Mediterranean Diet: An Epigenetic Diet Model. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 17:335-350. [PMID: 32576579 PMCID: PMC7367609 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies support the association between nutrition and development or progression of different malignancies such as colon, breast, and prostate cancer, defining these tumors as diet-associated cancer. The Mediterranean diet shows inverse associations with metabolic diseases, cardiovascular pathologies and various types of cancer. Many bioactive nutrients of the Mediterranean diet have been identified as factors protective against these types of pathologies. The epigenome has been identified as the primary goal of modulations in gene expression related to these molecular nutrients. In fact, they can modify the epigenome and can be incorporated into the 'epigenetic diet', which translates into a diet regimen that can be used therapeutically for health or preventative purposes. Most epigenetic changes are influenced by lifestyle and nutrition. Epigenetic therapy is a new area for the development of nutraceuticals whose absence of toxicity can represent a valid asset in cancer prevention strategies. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics and nutraceuticals have led to the identification of superfoods capable of favorably conditioning gene expression. In this review, we highlight the importance of nutraceuticals present in the Mediterranean diet as epigenetic modifiers both in the mechanisms of tumor onset and as protective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Divella
- Institutional BioBank, Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Daniele
- Institutional BioBank, Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Eufemia Savino
- Clinical and Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Paradiso
- Institutional BioBank, Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
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16
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Pulsed Electric Fields for the Treatment of Olive Pastes in the Oil Extraction Process. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app10010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of pulsed electric field (PEF) technology to improve the extractability and enhance the oil quality in an industrial olive oil extraction process. Using a PEF device on olive pastes significantly increased the extractability from 79.5% for the control, up to 85.5%. The PEF system did not modify the primary legal quality parameters or total concentrations of phenols, aldehydes, and esters. On the contrary, the non-thermal treatment slightly enhanced the dialdehydic forms of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA-EDA) and tyrosol (p-HPEA-EDA), and decreased the total saturated and unsaturated C5 and C6 alcohols of the PEF EVOO (Extra Virgin Olive Oil) compared to the control test. This study confirmed that PEF technology can improve olive oil extraction and quality.
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17
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Dourou AM, Brizzolara S, Meoni G, Tenori L, Famiani F, Luchinat C, Tonutti P. The inner temperature of the olives (cv. Leccino) before processing affects the volatile profile and the composition of the oil. Food Res Int 2019; 129:108861. [PMID: 32036874 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of pre-processing decreasing temperature (19, 15 and 10 °C) of olive fruit (cv. Leccino) harvested at three developmental stages (semi-ripe, ripe, advanced ripening) have been evaluated on oil in terms of basic quality parameters, composition, organoleptic traits, and aroma profiles. A total of 40 metabolites (volatiles and non-volatiles) were identified by 1H NMR and GC/MS analyses. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that samples obtained from ripe and advanced ripe olives cooled at 10 and 15 °C better correlated with C6 aldehydes, mainly associated with herbal/green olfactory traits. Compounds responsible for sweet/fruity traits were more abundantly present in oil extracted from 19 °C olive samples. Decreasing pulp temperature before crushing also resulted in reduced presence of 1-penten-3-ol, 1-penten-3-one, acetic acid and ethyl alcohol, associated with specific defects of the oil. Results indicate that slightly lowering fruit temperature just before crushing modulates oil composition by reducing oil off flavours while enhancing green and fresh attributes in particular when ripe olives are processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia-Maria Dourou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Brizzolara
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaia Meoni
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Firenze, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50100 Firenze, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Firenze, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 5001 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Pietro Tonutti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Servili M, Veneziani G, Taticchi A, Romaniello R, Tamborrino A, Leone A. Low-frequency, high-power ultrasound treatment at different pressures for olive paste: Effects on olive oil yield and quality. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 59:104747. [PMID: 31472431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound technology was employed to test its action on the extraction of olive oil at the industrial scale. Because of its mechanical effects, ultrasound waves were applied to the olive paste, between the crushing and malaxing operations. Comparative experiments were performed between traditional extraction processes and the innovative extraction process, with the addition of the ultrasound treatment. Different levels of pressure were tested on olive paste, using four different olive cultivars. Pressure level played an important role in olive oil extractability. When ultrasound was subjected to olive paste with a pressure of about 3.5 bar, there was a significant increase of extractability compared to the traditional process. On the other hand, there was no significant effect between ultrasound treatment and traditional technology on extractability when ultrasound at a pressure level of 1.7 bar was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Servili
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Veneziani
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Taticchi
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - R Romaniello
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - A Tamborrino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Leone
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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19
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Veneziani G, Esposto S, Taticchi A, Selvaggini R, Sordini B, Lorefice A, Daidone L, Pagano M, Tomasone R, Servili M. Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Extracted Using Pulsed Electric Field Technology: Cultivar Impact on Oil Yield and Quality. Front Nutr 2019; 6:134. [PMID: 31555654 PMCID: PMC6737034 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main operators of the olive oil sector are continuously involved in the development of the olive oil mechanical extraction process with the common aim of increasing both the quality and the oil extraction yield coupled with the potential enhancement of the working efficiency of the olive mill. The pulsed electric field (PEF) is a recently studied technological innovation for the improvement of olive oil extraction technology. The impact of the PEF on the diffusion of oil and microconstituents, determined by the disruption effects on olive cell tissues carried out by the non-thermal method, was evaluated. A PEF can increase the permeability and breaking of the cell membranes with a consequent positive result on oil extractability and quality, mainly related to the compounds involved in the health and sensory properties of extra virgin olive oil. The PEF was tested on three Italian olive cultivars (Carolea, Coratina, and Ottobratica). The results showed a positive impact of the new technology on the oil yield, with an increase ranging from 2.3 to 6%, and on the concentration of hydrophilic phenols, with an increase ranging from 3.2 to 14.3%, with respect to the control tests. The data of the main compounds related to the health and sensory notes also showed high variability as a consequence of the genetic origins of the olive cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Veneziani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Esposto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Agnese Taticchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Selvaggini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Sordini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Lorefice
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Daidone
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Pagano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Roberto Tomasone
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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20
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Yahyaoui A, Rigane G, Mnif S, Salem RB, Acar A, Arslan D. Ultrasound Technology Parameters: Effects on Phenolics in Olive Paste and Oil in Relation to Enzymatic Activity. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Yahyaoui
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory LR17ES08, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, Chemistry Department, University of SfaxB.P “1171”, 3038 SfaxTunisia
| | - Ghayth Rigane
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory LR17ES08, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, Chemistry Department, University of SfaxB.P “1171”, 3038 SfaxTunisia
- Physic and Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology Faculty of Sidi Bouzid, University of KairouanB.P “380”, 9100 Sidi BouzidTunisia
| | - Sami Mnif
- Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes Laboratory, Biotechnology Center of Sfax, University of SfaxB.P “1177”, 3018 SfaxTunisia
| | - Ridha Ben Salem
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory LR17ES08, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, Chemistry Department, University of SfaxB.P “1171”, 3038 SfaxTunisia
| | - Ayşenur Acar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan UniversityKonya, 42031Turkey
| | - Derya Arslan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan UniversityKonya, 42031Turkey
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21
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Taticchi A, Selvaggini R, Esposto S, Sordini B, Veneziani G, Servili M. Physicochemical characterization of virgin olive oil obtained using an ultrasound-assisted extraction at an industrial scale: Influence of olive maturity index and malaxation time. Food Chem 2019; 289:7-15. [PMID: 30955668 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted extraction is an innovative technique applied to the extraction process for virgin olive oil (VOO), which is generally employed to increase plant efficiency and improve product quality. A high-power ultrasound (US) device was introduced at an industrial plant that can process at 2 tons/h to evaluate the technique's physicochemical impact on quality parameters of VOO that was caused by an intensive mass transfer induced by acoustic cavitation process and shockwaves. The impact on oil yield was also evaluated with respect to the ripening stage and malaxation time. No significant effects on the legal and commercial parameters of VOO (including quality indices, sterols, triterpene dialcohols, waxes and diacylglycerols) were found for olives at medium-early ripening stage. Significant physical changes, increased extraction yield (22.7%), enhanced phenol content (10.1%) were observed in US-VOO compared to control (C) oil extracted with a traditional process at an early maturity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Taticchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Selvaggini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Esposto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Sordini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Veneziani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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22
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Tamborrino A, Romaniello R, Caponio F, Squeo G, Leone A. Combined industrial olive oil extraction plant using ultrasounds, microwave, and heat exchange: Impact on olive oil quality and yield. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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del Caño‐Ochoa S, Ruiz‐Aracama A, Guillén Lorén MD. Potential of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for a Discriminant Characterization of PDO VOOs. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía del Caño‐Ochoa
- Food TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyLascaray Research CenterUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Paseo de la Universidad n° 701006VitoriaSpain
| | - Ainhoa Ruiz‐Aracama
- Food TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyLascaray Research CenterUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Paseo de la Universidad n° 701006VitoriaSpain
| | - María D. Guillén Lorén
- Food TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyLascaray Research CenterUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Paseo de la Universidad n° 701006VitoriaSpain
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24
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Veneziani G, Esposto S, Minnocci A, Taticchi A, Urbani S, Selvaggini R, Sordini B, Sebastiani L, Servili M. Compositional differences between veiled and filtered virgin olive oils during a simulated shelf life. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Polari JJ, Garcí‐Aguirre D, Olmo‐García L, Carrasco‐Pancorbo A, Wang SC. Interactions Between Hammer Mill Crushing Variables and Malaxation Time During Continuous Olive Oil Extraction. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Polari
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | | | - Lucía Olmo‐García
- Faculty of SciencesDepartment of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of GranadaAve. Fuentenueva s/nE‐18071GranadaSpain
| | - Alegría Carrasco‐Pancorbo
- Faculty of SciencesDepartment of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of GranadaAve. Fuentenueva s/nE‐18071GranadaSpain
| | - Selina C. Wang
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
- Olive CenterUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
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26
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Three-factor approach for balancing the concentrations of phenols and volatiles in virgin olive oil from a late-ripening olive cultivar. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Veneziani G, Esposto S, Taticchi A, Urbani S, Selvaggini R, Sordini B, Servili M. Characterization of phenolic and volatile composition of extra virgin olive oil extracted from six Italian cultivars using a cooling treatment of olive paste. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Amirante R, Distaso E, Tamburrano P, Paduano A, Pettinicchio D, Clodoveo M. Acoustic cavitation by means ultrasounds in the extra virgin olive oil extraction process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Fregapane G, Salvador MD. Fate and Prediction of Phenolic Secoiridoid Compounds throughout the Different Stages of the Virgin Olive Oil Making Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E61. [PMID: 28771173 PMCID: PMC5618089 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the main phenolic secoiridoid compounds throughout the different stages of the virgin olive oil making process-crushing, malaxation and liquid-solid separation-is studied here, with the goal of making possible the prediction of the partition and transformation that take place in the different steps of the process. The concentration of hydroxytyrosol secoiridoids produced under the different crushing conditions studied are reasonably proportional to the intensity of the milling stage, and strongly depend on the olive variety processed. During malaxation, the content of the main phenolic secoiridoids is reduced, especially in the case of the hydroxytyrosol derivatives, in which a variety-dependent behaviour is observed. The prediction of the concentration of phenolic secoiridoids finally transferred from the kneaded paste to the virgin olive oil is also feasible, and depends on the phenolic content and amount of water in the olive paste. The determination of the phenolic compounds in the olive fruit, olive paste and olive oil has been carried out by LC-MS (Liquid-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry). This improved knowledge could help in the use of more adequate processing conditions for the production of virgin olive oil with desired properties; for example, higher or lower phenolic content, as the amount of these minor components is directly related to its sensory, antioxidant and healthy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fregapane
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - M Desamparados Salvador
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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