Application of propyl gallate alleviates pericarp browning in harvested longan fruit by modulating metabolisms of respiration and energy

Regulation of sucrose metabolism, sugar transport and pentose phosphate pathway by PacC in apple fruit colonized by Penicillium expansum

A critical transcription factor, PacC, modulates the expression of fungal pH signaling. Although PacC-mediated environmental pH has been reported to regulate the growth and pathogenicity of postharvest pathogens, the involvement of PacC in sucrose metabolism, sugar transport, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in different zones of decayed fruit remains unclear. Our work showed that the inoculation with a PePacC deletion strain of Penicillium expansum (ΔPePacC) accelerated sucrose catabolism and glucose and fructose accumulation in different zones of apple fruit. This was attributed to an increase in sucrose metabolism enzyme activities and up-regulation of the sugar transporter protein-related gene expression. Moreover, ΔPePacC inoculation increased the PPP-related enzyme activities and the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and NADP+. In conclusion, PacC modulates sucrose metabolism, sugar transport, and the PPP in apple fruit by mediating dynamic changes in environmental pH, thereby enhancing fruit disease resistance.

Tert-Butylhydroquinone retards longan fruit deterioration by regulating membrane lipid and energy metabolisms

Longan fruit deteriorates rapidly after harvest, which limits its storability. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) on quality maintenance, membrane lipid metabolism, and energy status of longan fruit during 25 °C storage. Compared with control fruit, TBHQ treatment maintained better marketable fruit rate and suppressed activities of phospholipase D (PLD), lipase, and lipoxygenase (LOX), and downregulated expressions of DlPLD, DlLOX, and Dllipase. TBHQ also increased the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (U/S) and the index of unsaturated fatty acids (IUFA). In addition, higher levels of ATP, ADP, energy charge, NADP+/ NADPH as well as higher activities of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and NADK were also observed in TBHQ-treated fruit. These results suggested that TBHQ may maintain postharvest quality of longan fruit by regulating membrane lipid and energy metabolisms.

tert-Butylhydroquinone alleviates a postharvest pericarp browning of longan fruit by regulating antioxidant metabolism

Harvested longan fruit is prone to pericarp browning, which restricts preservation quality and shortens fruit shelf life. The antioxidant system can defend against oxidative stress-mediated quality deterioration such as fruit browning. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) on anti-browning ability of longan fruit in association with redox metabolism. The results indicated that the application of 0.02% TBHQ significantly suppressed the progression of pericarp browning. In comparison with control, TBHQ treatment decreased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical (O2 -⋅), and malondialdehyde, and retained high levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), total phenolics as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging rate. Enhanced enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), but decreased activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were also observed in TBHQ-treated fruit. Gene expression analysis indicated that redox metabolism-related genes, including DlSOD, DlCAT, DlGR, and DlAPX, were upregulated after TBHQ treatment. Correlation analysis suggested that antioxidants, including AsA, GSH, CAT, APX, SOD, and DHAR, were negatively correlated to reactive oxygen species production and percarp browning. These results suggest that TBHQ is effective in alleviating pericarp browning by increasing antioxidant capacity of longan fruit.

Hydrogen sulfide attenuates chilling injury in loquat fruit by alleviating oxidative stress and maintaining cell membrane integrity

The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on chilling injury (CI), reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, sugar metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and membrane lipid metabolism in loquat fruit throughout the refrigerated period were investigated in this study. The findings indicated that H2S application restrained the increase in internal browning (IB), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and electrolyte leakage, while sustaining higher total phenolic and total flavonoid levels, and lower soluble quinone content in loquat fruit. Besides, H2S promoted antioxidant accumulation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities by the regulation of ROS metabolism, along with increasing fructose and glucose levels and reducing power by activating sugar metabolism and PPP. Furthermore, H2S treatment retarded the degradation of phospholipids and fatty acids in loquat fruit by modulating membrane lipid metabolism relevant enzyme activities. These findings indicated that H2S application mitigated CI in loquat fruit by alleviating oxidative stress and maintaining cell membrane structural integrity.

Metabolomic insights into the browning inhibition of fresh-cut apple by hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to effectively inhibit the browning of fresh-cut apples, but the mechanism at a metabolic level remains unclear. Herein, non-targeted metabolomics was used to analyze metabolic changes in surface and internal tissues of fresh-cut apple after H2S treatment. The results showed that prenol lipids were the most up-accumulated differential metabolites in both surface and inner tissue of fresh-cut apple during browning process, which significantly down-accumulated by H2S treatment. H2S treatment reduced the consumption of amino acid in surface tissue. Regarding inner tissue, H2S activated defense response through accumulation of lysophospholipid signaling and induced the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. We therefore propose that H2S inhibited the surface browning of fresh-cut apple by reducing the accumulation of prenol lipids, directly delaying amino acid consumption in surface tissue and indirectly regulating defense response in inner tissue, which provides fundamental insights into browning inhibition mechanisms by H2S.

6-BA Delays the Senescence of Postharvest Cabbage Leaves by Inhibiting Respiratory Metabolism

6-BA, a small molecule compound of cytokinins, has been proven to delay leaf senescence in different species, including Chinese flowering cabbage; however, its specific mechanism remains relatively unknown. In this study, the application of external 6-BA delayed leaf senescence in Chinese flowering cabbage, showing that 6-BA effectively prevented the decrease in the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and overall chlorophyll content and suppressed the expression of the senescence-associated gene BrSAG12 over a 7-day period of storage. Moreover, treatment with 6-BA decreased the respiratory rate, NAD(H) content, the activities of hexose phosphate isomerase (PHI), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), and ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the transcriptional abundance of related genes by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, 6-BA also increased the activity and expression levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphate gluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH). The group treated with 6-BA retained elevated levels of NADP (H), ATP, total ATPase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) activity, as well as the expression of respiratory enzymes. Molecular docking indicated that 6-BA hinders the glycolysis pathway (EMP), tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and cytochrome pathway (CCP), and sustains elevated levels of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) through interactions with the PHI, SDH, 6-PGDH, G6PDH, CCO, and AAO proteins, consequently delaying postharvest leaf senescence in Chinese flowering cabbage.

Biochemical and metabolomics analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying ascorbic acid and chitosan coating mediated energy homeostasis in postharvest papaya fruit

Papaya is a climacteric fruit that undergoes rapid ripening and quality deterioration during postharvest storage, resulting in significant economic losses. This study employed biochemical techniques and targeted metabolomics to investigate the impact of exogenous AsA + CTS application on the energy metabolism regulation of papaya fruit during postharvest storage. We found that AsA + CTS treatment significantly increased the levels of key metabolic compounds and enzymes, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the energy charge, as well as the succinic acid content and the activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), H+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase. Moreover, AsA + CTS coating augmented the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) activity and increased the NADH and NADPH concentrations. Regarding sugar metabolism, it increased the activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and raised d-glucose-6-phosphate levels. These findings suggest that AsA + CTS coating application can mitigate the metabolic deterioration and sustain a primary metabolism homeostasis in papaya fruit by enhancing the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), thereby preserving their quality attributes during postharvest storage.

Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the energy metabolism of selenite-rich amaranth

A series of pot trials were undertaken to examine the impact of four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), namely Glomus mosseae (G.m), Glomus etunicatum (G.e), Corymbiglomus tortuosum (C.t), and the combined application of Glomus etunicatum and Corymbiglomus tortuosum (G.e + C.t), on the energy metabolism of amaranth plants grown in soil enriched with selenite at a concentration of 0.5 mg kg-1 . The inoculation of four AMFs resulted in an increase in both amaranth biomass and selenium (Se) content in leaves. The activities of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase + 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were observed to decrease when AMFs were inoculated, as compared with the absence of AMF inoculation. The inoculation with G.m, C.t, and G.e + C.t resulted in an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity; however, the inoculation with G.m, G.e, and G.e + C.t led to an increase in ascorbate oxidase activity. Furthermore, the inoculation of all four AMFs resulted in an increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity and the concentrations of oxidized coenzyme I (NAD) and reduced coenzyme I (NADH). The polyphenol oxidase activity of amaranth plants increased when inoculated with G.m and G.e, whereas it decreased when inoculated with C.t and G.e + C.t. Furthermore, the application of all four AMF treatments resulted in a reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and energy charge. It was worth mentioning that there was a clear inverse relationship between the energy charge and the biomass, Se concentration in the leaves. The findings presented in this research indicated that AMF may have an impact on energy metabolism and ultimately the biomass of amaranth by influencing the uptake of Se.

Hydrogen peroxide induced changes in the levels of disease-resistant substances and activities of disease-resistant enzymes in relation to the storability of longan fruit

The influences of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the storability and metabolism of disease-resistant substances in fresh longan were investigated. Compared to the control samples, H2O2-treated longan exhibited a higher index of fruit disease, pericarp browning, and pulp breakdown, a higher rate of fruit weight loss, but lower chromaticity values (L*, a* and b*) in pericarp appearance, and a lower commercially acceptable fruit rate. Additionally, H2O2-treated longan showed a lower lignin content, lower activities of enzymes including phenylalnine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumaryl coenzyme A ligase (4-CL), cinnamate dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), chitinase (CHI), and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU). These data collectively suggest that H2O2 negatively impacted the storability of fresh longan. This can be attributed to H2O2's role in reducing the levels of disease-resistant substances and suppressing the activities of disease-resistant enzymes, implying that H2O2 reduced the postharvest storability of longan by compromising its disease resistance.

Regulation of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway and Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle Concerning Aberrant Chilling Injury Behavior in Postharvest Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Postharvest abnormal chilling injury (CI) behavior in papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit is a rare phenomenon that may be associated with respiratory metabolism. This study thus aimed to investigate the impacts of storage temperatures (1 and 6 °C) on the respiratory metabolism of postharvest papaya and its impact on CI development. Results demonstrated that 1 °C storage reduced the activities of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), citrate synthase (CS), and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) and regulated the expression of corresponding enzymes in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle compared with 6 °C storage, resulting in a lower respiration rate of the EMP-TCA pathway and mitigating the development of CI. Meanwhile, lower contents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (hydrogen) (NAD(H)) were observed in papaya fruit stored at 1 °C. Notably, papaya fruit stored at 1 °C maintained higher activity and transcriptional levels of SDH and IDH during the whole storage period. These findings suggest that 1 °C storage reduced the respiration rate of the EMP-TCA pathway by reducing the expression level and activity of related enzymes, which is conducive to the reduction of respiration substrate consumption and finally alleviating the occurrence of CI.

Improving mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste by side-stream thermophilic reactor: Activation of methanogenic, key enzymes and metabolism

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a favorable way to convert organic pollutants, such as food waste (FW), into clean energy through microbial action. This work adopted a side-stream thermophilic anaerobic digestion (STA) strategy to improve a digestive system's efficiency and stability. Results showed that the STA strategy brought higher methane production as well as higher system stability. It quickly adapted to thermal stimulation and increased the specific methane production from 359 mL CH₄/g·VS to 439 mL CH₄/g·VS, which was also higher than 317 mL CH₄/g·VS from single-stage thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Further exploration of the mechanism of STA using metagenomic and metaproteomic analysis revealed enhanced activity of key enzymes. The main metabolic pathway was up-regulated, while the dominant bacteria were concentrated, and the multifunctional Methanosarcina was enriched. These results indicate that STA optimized organic metabolism patterns, comprehensively promoted methane production pathways, and formed various energy conservation mechanisms. Further, the system's limited heating avoided adverse effects from thermal stimulation, and activated enzyme activity and heat shock proteins through circulating slurries, which improved the metabolic process, showing great application potential.

Effect of nanopackaging on the quality of edible mushrooms and its action mechanism: A review

With higher demands for food packaging and the development of nanotechnology, nanopackaging is becoming a research hotspot in the field of food packaging because of its superb preservation effect, and it can effectively resist oxidation and regulates energy metabolism to maintain the quality and prolong the shelf life of mushrooms. Furthermore, under the background of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, nanomaterials could be a potential tool to prevent virus transmission because of their excellent antiviral activities. However, the investigation and application of nanopackaging are facing many challenges including costs, environmental pollution, poor in-depth genetic research for mechanisms and so on. This article reviews the preservation effect and mechanisms of nanopackaging on the quality of mushrooms and discusses the trends and challenges of using these materials in food packaging technologies with the focus on nanotechnology and based on recent studies.

Integration of transcriptome, miRNA and degradome sequencing reveals the early browning response in fresh-cut apple

Surface browning negatively impacts the shelf-life of fresh-cut apple. Herein, we found that the browning of fresh-cut apple aggravated rapidly after 24 h post-cutting, then the transcriptomic and miRNA expression profiles of fresh-cut apple immediately after cutting (T0) and 24 h post-cutting (T24) were analyzed to explore the molecular mechanism of early browning response. A total of 3156 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and 23 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified in T24 vs T0. Most DEGs related to respiratory, energy, antioxidant, lipid and secondary metabolism were activated in the early stage of browning. There were 63 target genes of 10 DEmiRNAs validated by degradome sequencing and among them, mdm-miR156aa_L + 1_1 targets 12-oxophytodienoate reductase, ptc-miR6478_R-1 targets patatin-like protein, mdm-miR156aa_L + 1_1 and mdm-miR156aa_L + 1_2 co-target SPLs might participate in the early browning response through regulating antioxidant, lipid and secondary metabolism. Our results will be beneficial for the technological innovation of browning amelioration for fresh-cut apple.

The influences of acidic electrolyzed water on quality and bacteria community of fresh-cut jackfruit in storage

This study evaluated the effects of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (AEW) on the quality and bacterial communities of fresh-cut jackfruit during storage. The result showed that AEW treatment, as compared to the CK group (without AEW treatment), could effectively inhibit the browning, maintain higher firmness and higher amounts of total titratable acidity (TTA) (0.21%), sugars (58.30 g/kg), ascorbic acids (28.72 mg/kg) and total phenolics (35.47 mg/kg) of fresh-cut jackfruits, and suppress the decrease of antioxidant ability during 4–8 days of storage. Additionally, the bacterial communities were significantly affected by AEW during storage. In particular, the AEW treated samples showed lower abundance of Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus than the CK group after storage of 8 day. And energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism has the significantly lower (p < 0.05) relative abundance in the AEW group than in CK group. These results suggested that AEW (pH: 4.2–4.5, ACC: 35–38 mg/L) treatment could maintain the quality of fresh-cut jackfruit during storage. It could be attributed to that AEW treatment affect the growth and metabolism of bacterial communities, resulting in the decrease of nutrients consumption.

Ultrasonic treatment decreases Lyophyllum decastes fruiting body browning and affects energy metabolism

Lyophyllum decastes is a common mushroom that is prone to browning during prolonged storage. In this study, the effects of ultrasonic treatment on metabolic gene expression, enzyme activity, and metabolic compounds related to L. decastes browning were investigated. Treatment of the fruiting body at 35 kHz and 300 W for 10 min reduced the browning index of L. decastes by 21.0 % and increased the L* value by 11.1 %. Ultrasonic treatment of the fruiting body resulted in higher levels of total phenols, flavonoids, and 9 kinds of amino acid with catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities maintained at high levels. Higher cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities may be ascribed to increased antioxidant capacity. Moreover, ultrasonication retained higher adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations with an increased energy charge, while there were lower levels of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and reduced and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH and NAD⁺), respectively. Meanwhile, lower lignin contents were observed, along with retarded polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities. Lower PPO activity reduced the fruiting body enzymatic browning rate through decreased expression of LdPpo1, LdPpo2, and LdPpo3 during storage at 4 °C for 16 days. This activity may be used to determine the effectiveness of ultrasonication.

Cytological and proteomic evidence reveals the involvement of mitochondria in hypoxia-induced quality degradation in postharvest citrus fruit

Hypoxia frequently occurs in postharvest logistics, which greatly influences fruit storability. Here, we for the first time studied the dynamic variations of mitochondrial morphology in living citrus fruit cells, and revealed that waxing treatment-induced hypoxia strongly triggered mitochondrial fission and fragmentation. Correspondingly, hypoxia caused a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential and mobility. Besides, impairment of energetic and redox status was also found in waxed fruit. The proteomic changes of mitochondria after waxing treatment were also characterized. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified 167 key hypoxia-responsive proteins, which were mainly involved in fatty acid, amino acid and organic acid metabolism. Metabolite analysis verified that waxing treatment promoted the accumulation of several hypoxic metabolites, such as ethanol, acetaldehyde, succinic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the cytological and proteomic responses of mitochondria to hypoxia during fruit storage.

Physiological Responses and Metabonomics Analysis of Male and Female Sargassum thunbergii Macroalgae Exposed to Ultraviolet-B Stress

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is a major environmental stress that suppresses or activates defense responses in organisms. UV-B radiation affecting growth and development in intertidal species have been researched for a long time, but a series of unknown knowledge remain in the male and female macroalgae comparison. To compare the different responses of male and female Sargassum thunbergii macroalgae under UV-B radiation, PSII photochemical efficiency determination, metabolomic analysis, and main carbon-based metabolites (including soluble sugar, total amino acid, and lipid) content measuring have been performed in our experiments. Results showed that males have significantly superiority performance in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of F _v/F _m, Y(II), and Y(NO) either low or high UV-B radiation treatments. Metabolomics analysis revealed that carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathways in male and female S. thunbergii were significant components responding to enhanced UV-B radiation. Based on measuring, female S. thunbergii lipid content expressed higher than males without any stimulation. Additionally, under low UV-B radiation stimulation, females total amino acid content shown significantly higher than control group and their lipid content also significantly higher than males. Under high UV-B radiation, males soluble sugar, total amino acid, and lipid content significantly varied from females, which meant that enhancing UV-B stress might altered mainly carbon-based metabolites flowing directions. The present study elucidated the potential role of enhanced UV-B radiation in regulating macroalgae physiological responses, metabolites changing, and reflecting differences between male and female S. thunbergii, contributing to understanding of brown-macroalgae diecious adopting mechanisms in defending intertidal UV-B stresses.

ε-Poly-l-Lysine Enhances Fruit Disease Resistance in Postharvest Longans (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) by Modulating Energy Status and ATPase Activity

ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) holds a strong antibacterial property and is widely used for food preservation. However, the application of ε-PL to enhance fruit disease resistance in postharvest longans (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) has not been explored. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of ε-PL treatment on disease occurrence and energy metabolism of longans infected with Phomopsis longanae Chi (P. longanae). It was found that, in comparison with P. longanae-inoculated longans, ε-PL could decrease the fruit disease index and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) content, increase the amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and energy charge, and enhance the activities of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (such as H⁺-, Mg²⁺-, and Ca²⁺-ATPase) in the mitochondria, protoplasm, and vacuole. The results suggest that the higher levels of ATPase activity and energy status played essential roles in disease resistance of postharvest longan fruit. Therefore, the ε-PL treatment can be used as a safe and efficient postharvest method to inhibit the disease occurrence of longan fruit during storage at room temperature.

Analysis on quality differences associated with metabolomics of rambutan during different temperature storage

This study aimed to understand how temperatures differentially impact the crucial quality indices and metabolites in rambutan during storage. Rambutan browned quickly at room temperature from 0 d (control). After ten days at 5 ℃, browning index and lightness were 4.2% and 147.5%, compared with rambutan stored at 1 ℃, which was the best quality achieved. An UPLC-MS/MS was performed to uncover the metabolism underlying those quality differences, followed by the analysis of KEGG pathways. Results showed that 276 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) screened were enriched in 18 KEGG pathways. The pathways related to carbohydrates, aliphatic metabolites, and organic acids were highly active in rambutan stored at room temperature, whereas the pathways related to amino acids biosynthesis and nucleotides were highly active in rambutan stored at 1 ℃, 5 ℃. These findings indicated that increased scopoline was associated with serious browning at room temperature. L-leucine and L-isoleucine both increased in response to low temperature and reduced browning. Glutathione and ascorbate decreased to 4.89% and 4.36%, compared with 0 d (CK) in rambutan with severe browning stored at 1 ℃ for ten days. However, no significant changes in those two metabolites were observed in rambutan stored at optimal 5 °C for ten days. Thus glutathione and ascorbate could be used as potential indicators of browning degree. Our study provided a metabolic insight into the role of temperature on rambutan quality and browning.

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) retards the senescence of Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum by regulating the cellular energy status and membrane lipid metabolism

1-MCP is an ethylene inhibitor which can delay the ripening and senescence of fruits and vegetables effectively. Pteridium aquilinum var. Latiusculum (PA) is one of the wild vegetables which is famous and nutrient in China. However, the mechanism of PA preservation treated with 1-MCP has not been reported. Consequently, the effects of postharvest 1-MCP treatment on the changes in quality, energy metabolism, and membrane lipid metabolism of PA were investigated in this study. The results indicated that 1-MCP treatment could effectively inhibit the decreases in firmness, titratable acid (TA) content and the increases in weight loss rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, membrane permeability, and membrane lipid metabolism-related enzymes in PA. The cellular energy charge (EC) and the levels of ATP, ATP/ADP, and ATP/AMP, the activities of energy metabolism-related enzymes, NAD+, and NADH were maintained, and the decreases in unsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids in the membrane of PA cells were effectively retarded by 1-MCP treatment. A positive correlation was observed between cellular ATP levels and the ratio of unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids, while negative correlations were observed between the ratio of unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids and both lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability. These results indicated that higher levels of energy status, unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratios, and lipid metabolism in the membrane could preserve the membrane integrity of postharvest PA and effectively extend its shelf life.

Chemistry of enzymatic browning in longan fruit as a function of pericarp pH and dehydration and its prevention by essential oil, an alternative approach to SO2 fumigation

Background

Longan fruit is a rich source of bioactive compounds; however, enzymatic browning of pericarp and microbial decay have limited its postharvest life. SO₂ has widely been used to overcome these limitations; however, due to safety and regulatory concerns, alternative means should be identified. In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of thymol (TH) essential oil were investigated against the enzymatic browning and decay of longan fruit.

Methods

Fruits were coated with TH (4%) for 5 min, sealed in polyethylene (PE) packages and stored at 4 °C for 42 d. Fruits immersed in distilled water (DW) and stored in PE were used as control.

Results

TH extended the postharvest life of longan to 42 d than 28 d in DW. TH residues decreased from 142 to 11.17 mg kg^-1, while no residues were found at day 42. TH significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the respiration rate, inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activities, sustained high phenols/flavonoids and prevented pericarp browning (BI) than DW. TH also effectively (P ≤ 0.05) maintained the color values, firmness of peel and aril, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), inhibited decay incidence (DI) and resulted in lower ethanol content than DW. BI as a function of pericarp pH was highly correlated; pH and BI (r = 0. 97), with PPO (r = 0.93) and with water loss (r = 0.99). A high coefficient of correlation of BI was found with the pericarp pH, enzymes, phenolic, water loss and decay incidence with ethanol. TH could be the best alternative to SO₂ and other synthetic preservatives.

Exogenous 2,4-Epibrassinolide Treatment Maintains the Quality of Carambola Fruit Associated With Enhanced Antioxidant Capacity and Alternative Respiratory Metabolism

Brassinosteroids act by delaying fruit ripening. The effects of different concentrations of 2,4-epibrassinolide (eBL) treatments on carambola fruit ripening were investigated. The results show that treatment of 2.8 mg L-1, eBL with 10 min effectively delays ripening and maintains the quality of carambola fruit. This is achieved by retarding color changes and firmness losses while maintaining high level of soluble protein content and vitamin C, and low organic acid content. eBL-delayed senescence may be due to the inhibition of respiration rate and enhanced antioxidant system. It is noteworthy that eBL treatment markedly reduces the content of fructose-6-phosphate (6-P-F) and enhances the activity of cytochrome oxidase (CCO), and the total activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and 6-phosphate gluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH). eBL treatment induces the IAA and GA contents but reduces that of ABA. In general, senescence retardation and quality improvement by eBL treatment may be due to the enhanced antioxidant capacity and altered respiratory pathways.

The Involvement of Energy Metabolism and Lipid Peroxidation in Lignin Accumulation of Postharvest Pumelos

Lignification is especially prominent in postharvest pumelo fruit, which greatly impairs their attractiveness and commercial value. This study investigated the energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation and their relationship with accumulated lignin content in juice sacs of “Hongroumiyou” (HR) during 90 d of storage at 25 °C. The results indicated that, the alterations of energy metabolism in juice of sacs of postharvest pumelos was featured by a continuous decline in energy charge and ATP/ADP; an increase in succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity before 30 d and increases in activities of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and F₀F₁-ATPase before 60 d; but declines in activities of Ca²⁺-ATPase and H⁺-ATPase. Additionally, enhanced contents of H₂O₂, O₂⁻, and –OH scavenging rate; increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content; and transformation of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) to saturated fatty acids (USFA) and reduced USFA/SFA (U/S) could result in lipid peroxidation and membrane integrity loss. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that lignin accumulation was in close relation to energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation in juice sacs of postharvest pumelos. These results gave evident credence for the involvement of energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation in the lignin accumulation of HR pumelo fruit during postharvest storage.

A Machine Learning Method for the Detection of Brown Core in the Chinese Pear Variety Huangguan Using a MOS-Based E-Nose

The brown core is an internal disorder that significantly affects the palatability and economic value of Chinese pears. In this study, a framework that includes a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) (BP-ELMNN) was proposed for the detection of brown core in the Chinese pear variety Huangguan. The odor data of pear were collected using a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) electronic nose (E-nose). Principal component analysis was used to analyze the complexity of the odor emitted by pears with brown cores. The performances of several machine learning algorithms, i.e., radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), BPNN, and ELM, were compared with that of the BP-ELMNN. The experimental results showed that the proposed framework provided the best results for the test samples, with an accuracy of 0.9683, a macro-precision of 0.9688, a macro-recall of 0.9683, and a macro-F1 score of 0.9685. The results demonstrate that the use of machine learning algorithms for the analysis of E-nose data is a feasible and non-destructive method to detect brown core in pears.

Exogenous phytosulfokine α (PSKα) applying delays senescence and relief decay in strawberry fruits during cold storage by sufficient intracellular ATP and NADPH availability

Herein, we employed exogenous phytosulfokine α (PSKα) for delaying senescence and lessening decay in strawberry fruits during storage at 4 °C for 18 days. Our results showed that the strawberry fruits treated with 150 nM PSKα exhibited lower expression of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene, leading to a higher intracellular NAD⁺ availability, beneficial for a sufficient provision of intracellular NADP⁺ with the activity of NAD kinase (NADK). Moreover, higher activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD) may be the reason for the sufficient intracellular availability of NADPH in strawberry fruits treated with 150 nM PSKα. In addition, strawberry fruits treated with 150 nM PSKα exhibited a sufficient availability of ATP resulted from higher activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). Therefore, our results indicate that exogenous PSKα could be beneficial for delaying senescence and reducing decay in strawberry fruits during cold storage.

Effects of acidic electrolyzed water treatment on storability, quality attributes and nutritive properties of longan fruit during storage

The aim of this study was to use acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) to treat longan fruit and evaluate the effects of AEW treatment on storability, quality attributes and nutritive properties of longans during storage. The data indicated that, as compared to the control samples, AEW treatment could effectively reduce the respiration rate and pericarp cell membrane permeability, retard the occurrences of pericarp browning, pulp breakdown and fruit disease, keep a higher rate of commercially acceptable fruit. Additionally, AEW treatment could suppress the decrease of chromaticity values of L*, a* and b* of the fruit surface, keep higher amounts of pericarp carotenoid, chlorophyll, flavonoid and anthocyanin, maintain higher amounts of pulp total soluble solid (TSS), total soluble sugars, sucrose and vitamin C. These results demonstrated that AEW treatment at pH of 2.5, ACC of 80 mg/L could maintain higher quality attributes and nutritive properties, and display better storability of harvested longans.

Hydrogen peroxide reduced ATPase activity and the levels of ATP, ADP, and energy charge and its association with pulp breakdown occurrence of longan fruit during storage

The effects of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on the contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), the level of energy charge, and the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in pulp of harvested longan fruit, and its association with longan pulp breakdown occurrence were studied. The results showed that, compared to the control longans, H₂O₂-treated longans exhibited a higher index of pulp breakdown, a higher amount of AMP, but lower levels of ATP, ADP and energy charge. H₂O₂-treated longans also exhibited lower activities of Mg²⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, and H⁺-ATPase in mitochondrial membrane, vacuolar membrane, and plasma membrane as compared to the control longans. Above findings demonstrated that H₂O₂ caused longan pulp breakdown by depleting energy and lowering the ATPase activity, indicating H₂O₂-induced pulp breakdown in harvested longan fruit was due to energy deficit.

Nanocomposite-based packaging affected the taste components of white Hypsizygus marmoreus by regulating energy status

The effects of nanocomposite-based packaging material (Nano-PM) on the taste components and mitochondrial energy metabolism of postharvest white Hypsizygus marmoreus (WHM), as well as the underlying influence mechanism were investigated. The results showed that the major taste components, including succinic acid and mannitol, remained at higher level in Nano-PM. The flavor 5'-nucleotides (5'-GMP and 5'-IMP) of WHM in Nano-PM were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with that in the normal packaging material (Normal-PM). Principal component analysis indicated that there was a distinction of flavor compounds (6 organic acids, 3 soluble sugars and 5 5'-nucleotides) of WHM between Nano-PM and Normal PM treatments during storage. Moreover, Nano-PM delayed the mitochondrial microstructure breakdown and the reduction of ATPase activity, and it maintained a higher ATP content and higher level of energy charge. Our results demonstrated that Nano-PM could affect the taste components of postharvest WHM partially by regulating the energy metabolism.

Analysis of metabolomics associated with quality differences between room-temperature- and low-temperature-stored litchi pulps

Studies on how temperature affects the postharvest quality of litchi have focused mainly on pericarp browning but rarely on the metabolites in postharvest litchi pulp. In this study, the differences in respiration rates, total soluble solid content, and titratable acid content demonstrated that room and low temperatures have different effects on the quality of "Feizixiao" litchi pulp. UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis was performed to compare the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in litchi pulp after 8 days of storage at room temperature (RT-8 d) with those in litchi pulp after 28 days of storage at low temperature (LT-28 d). Nineteen carbohydrates (phosphohexoses, sorbitol, and mannose), fifteen acids, seven amino acids, nine energy metabolites and nucleotides, and six aliphatic and secondary metabolites were identified as common DEMs in RT-8 d and LT-28 d pulps. These findings indicated active fructose and mannose metabolism and increased catabolism of nicotinate, nicotinamide, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate. Four carbohydrates (mainly phosphohexoses), five acids, ten amino acids, three aliphatic and secondary metabolites, and one hormone were identified as unique DEMs in RT-8 d pulp, the consumption of key metabolites in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and accumulation of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Active consumption of nucleotide metabolites and biosynthesis of aliphatics in LT-28 d pulp were indicated by unique DEMs (eleven carbohydrates, four acids, seven amino acids, seven energy metabolites and nucleotides, and six aliphatic and secondary metabolites). These results provided an unambiguous metabolic fingerprint, thereby revealing how room and low temperatures differentially influenced the quality of litchi pulp.

Effects of chitosan treatment on the storability and quality properties of longan fruit during storage

Effects of various concentrations of Kadozan (chitosan) treatment on storability and quality properties of harvested 'Fuyan' longans were investigated. Compared to the control samples, Kadozan treated-longans displayed lower fruit respiration rate, lower pericarp cell membrane permeability, pericarp browning index, pulp breakdown index, fruit disease index, and weight loss, but higher rate of commercially acceptable fruit, higher levels of pericarp chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonoid and total phenolics, higher amounts of pulp total soluble sugar, sucrose, total soluble solids, and vitamin C. These results revealed Kadozan treatment could increase storability and retain better quality of harvested longan fruit. Among different concentrations of Kadozan, the dilution of 1:500 (V_Kadozan: V_{Kadozan + Water}) showed the best results in storability and maintained the best quality of longans during storage. These findings demonstrated that Kadozan could be a facile and eco-friendly postharvest handling approach for increasing storability and lengthening shelf-life of harvested 'Fuyan' longan fruit.

The role of ROS-induced change of respiratory metabolism in pulp breakdown development of longan fruit during storage

Compared to the control longans, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-treated longans exhibited higher index of pulp breakdown, higher fruit respiration rate, higher activities of pulp phosphohexose isomerase (PGI), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), but lower activity of pulp nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK). H₂O₂-treated longans also exhibited lower total activities of pulp glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH), lower levels of pulp NADP(H), but higher levels of pulp NAD(H). These data indicated that H₂O₂-stimulated longan pulp breakdown was owing to a decreased proportion of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the increased proportions of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and cytochrome pathway (CCP) in total respiratory pathways. These findings further revealed that H₂O₂ could enhance respiration rate, and thus accelerate pulp breakdown occurrence and shorten the shelf life of longan fruit.

Melatonin treatment maintains nutraceutical properties of pomegranate fruits during cold storage

In this study, the mechanism activated by melatonin treatment at 100 µM for maintaining nutraceutical properties in pomegranate fruits during storage at 4 °C for 120 days was investigated. Our results showed that the higher G6PDH and 6PGDH activities in pomegranate fruits treated with melatonin may be responsible for sufficient supply of intracellular NADPH. Also, higher AA and GSH accumulation in pomegranate fruits treated with melatonin may ascribe to higher APX and GR activities coincided with lower AAO activity. In addition, pomegranate fruits treated with melatonin exhibited significantly higher PAL activity resulting in higher phenols and anthocyanins accumulation as well as higher DPPH scavenging capacity. Additionally, higher AOX gene expression in pomegranate fruits treated with melatonin may be beneficial for ROS scavenging molecules accumulation. Therefore, maintaining nutraceutical properties of pomegranate fruits treated with melatonin may ascribe to sufficient intracellular NADPH supply by promoting G6PDH and 6PGDH activities during cold storage.

Changes in the sucrose metabolism in apple fruit following postharvest acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment

BACKGROUND

Apple (cv. Ralls) fruit were treated with 0.1 g L^-1 acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) for 10 min to evaluate the changes in enzyme activity and gene expression in the sucrose metabolism during storage at 20 °C with 30%-40% relative humidity.

RESULTS

The results showed that sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase synthesis (SS-s) activity was enhanced by ASM in apple fruit during the entire storage period. Sucrose synthase-cleavage (SS-c) and neutral invertase (NI) activity was suppressed by ASM treatment but acid invertase (AI) activity was increased in the middle period after ASM treatment. Acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment also significantly inhibited SPS and NI gene expression in apple fruit during storage. However, SS gene expression increased in the ASM-treated apple fruit. High levels of expression of the fructokinase (FK) and hexokinase (HK) genes were observed during the middle storage period in the ASM-treated fruit.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results suggest that ASM delays the senescence of apple fruit by regulating the sugar metabolism. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications

Niacin (also known as "vitamin B₃" or "vitamin PP") includes two vitamers (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) giving rise to the coenzymatic forms nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The two coenzymes are required for oxidative reactions crucial for energy production, but they are also substrates for enzymes involved in non-redox signaling pathways, thus regulating biological functions, including gene expression, cell cycle progression, DNA repair and cell death. In the central nervous system, vitamin B₃ has long been recognized as a key mediator of neuronal development and survival. Here, we will overview available literature data on the neuroprotective role of niacin and its derivatives, especially focusing especially on its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases), as well as in other neuropathological conditions (ischemic and traumatic injuries, headache and psychiatric disorders).

The Changes in Metabolisms of Membrane Lipids and Phenolics Induced by Phomopsis longanae Chi Infection in Association with Pericarp Browning and Disease Occurrence of Postharvest Longan Fruit

This study investigated the changes in metabolisms of membrane lipids and phenolics caused by Phomopsis longanae Chi infection in association with pericarp browning and fruit disease occurrence of postharvest longans. Compared with the uninoculated-longans, the longans inoculated by P. longanae exhibited higher cellular membrane permeability; higher PLD, lipase, and LOX activities; and higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and phosphatidic acid but lower levels of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs). Additionally, the longans inoculated by P. longanae showed higher activities of POD and PPO but a lower amount of total phenolics. These findings suggested that infection of P. longanae enhanced activities of PLD-, lipase-, and LOX- stimulated degradations of membrane lipids and USFAs, which destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane structure, resulting in enzymatic browning by contact of phenolics with POD and PPO, and resulting in reduction of resistance to pathogen infection and accordingly accelerated disease occurrence of postharvest longan fruit.

Phomopsis longanae Chi-Induced Change in ROS Metabolism and Its Relation to Pericarp Browning and Disease Development of Harvested Longan Fruit

Phomopsis longanae Chi is a major pathogenic fungus that infects harvested longan fruit. This study aimed to investigate the effects of P. longanae on reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and its relation to the pericarp browning and disease development of harvested longan fruit during storage at 28°C and 90% relative humidity. Results showed that compared to the control longans, P. longanae-inoculated longans displayed higher indexes of pericarp browning and fruit disease, higher O2 -. generation rate, higher accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), lower contents of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA), lower 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability and reducing power in pericarp. In addition, P. longanae-infected longans exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the first 2 days of storage, and lower activities of SOD, CAT, and APX during storage day 2-5 than those in the control longans. These findings indicated that pericarp browning and disease development of P. longanae-infected longan fruit might be the result of the reducing ROS scavenging ability and the increasing O2 -. generation rate, which might lead to the peroxidation of membrane lipid, the loss of compartmentalization in longan pericarp cells, and subsequently cause polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) to contact with phenolic substrates which result in enzymatic browning of longan pericarp, as well as cause the decrease of disease resistance to P. longanae and stimulate disease development of harvested longan fruit.

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl. reduced energy status and ATPase activity and its relation to disease development and pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl (L. theobromae) inoculation on the energy status and activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) during L. theobromae-induced disease development and pericarp browning of harvested 'Fuyan' longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cv. Fuyan) fruit. The results showed that, compared to the control longans, L. theobromae-inoculated longans displayed higher indices of fruit disease and pericarp browning, lower pericarp ATP and ADP contents, higher AMP content, lower level of energy charge, as well as lower activities of Ca²⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase and H⁺-ATPase in membranes of plasma, vacuole, and mitochondria. These results indicated that the infection of L. theobromae reduced energy status and ATPase activities, caused ions disorder, damaged the integrity and function of the cell and organelles including vacuole and mitochondria in pericarp of longan fruit, which contributed to L. theobromae-promoted disease development and pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit during storage.