1
|
Balić D, Dijanić T, Agičić M, Barić J, Kaltenbrunner M, Krajina H, Hochegger R, Škrivanko M, Kožul K. A Large-Scale Outbreak of Trichinellosis from Infected Wild Boar Meat in Croatia and the Role of Real-Time PCR Assays in Confirming the Source of the Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2995. [PMID: 38138139 PMCID: PMC10745464 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinellosis in Croatia posed a significant health concern during the 1990s, followed by a notable improvement in the epidemiological situation. However, in 2017, there was a resurgence, with 37 recorded cases in 3 outbreaks and 3 sporadic cases. The source of this epidemic was homemade meat products derived from wild boar meat, leading to 26 infections. METHODS At the beginning of the outbreak and during the treatment of the patients, the medical and epidemiological records prepared throughout the investigation and over the course of patient treatment were reviewed. The recovery of the first-stage (L1) larvae from suspect meat products was achieved by artificial digestion. The molecular identification of the isolated larvae was performed by multiplex PCR. The molecular identification of the meat used to prepare the meat products was performed by real-time PCR assays. RESULTS The epidemic started in early 2017. In total, 71 exposed persons were documented: 26 with clinical symptoms and 3 hospitalised in two cities in different counties. The L1 burden in three different meat products was from 5.25 to 7.08 larvae per gram (LPG), and T. spiralis was determined as the aetiological agent of the outbreak. The molecular and biological identification confirmed that implicated meat products were made solely from wild boar meat. CONCLUSIONS Although trichinellosis is no longer a frequent occurrence in Croatia, several cases are still registered nearly every year. Wild boar meat poses an important risk factor for human health if compulsory testing is not conducted before consumption, especially if the meat products are consumed without proper thermal processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davor Balić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department Vinkovci-National Reference Laboratory for Parasites (Genus Trichinella), 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Dijanić
- Public Health Institute of Osijek-Baranja County, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Agičić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department Vinkovci-National Reference Laboratory for Parasites (Genus Trichinella), 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Josip Barić
- State Inspectorate of the Republic of Croatia, Osijek Regional Office-Vinkovci Branch Office, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Maria Kaltenbrunner
- AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Krajina
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department Vinkovci-National Reference Laboratory for Parasites (Genus Trichinella), 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Rupert Hochegger
- AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Škrivanko
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department Vinkovci-National Reference Laboratory for Parasites (Genus Trichinella), 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Karlo Kožul
- Public Health Institute of Osijek-Baranja County, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ke-Xin Y, Xiang C, Qing-Qing H, Yi-An Y, Xiao-Ming W, Ai-Chun X, Jian G, Feng G. Development of a tetra-primer ARMS-PCR for identification of sika and red deer and their hybrids. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1947-1956. [PMID: 37589879 PMCID: PMC10667387 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of deer-derived components is significant in food and drug authenticity. Over the years, several methods have been developed to authenticate these products; however, identifying whether female deer products are hybrids is challenging. In this study, the zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) gene sequences of sika deer (Cervus nippon), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and their hybrid offspring were amplified and sequenced, the X221 and X428 species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci were verified, and a tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (T-ARMS-PCR) assay was developed to identify the parent-of-origin of female sika deer, red deer, and their hybrid deer. The T-ARMS-PCR developed based on the X221 locus could identify sika deer, red deer, and their hybrid offspring according to the presence or absence of PCR product sizes of 486 bp, 352 bp, and 179 bp, respectively, just as X428 locus could identify sika deer, red deer, and their hybrid offspring according to the presence or absence of PCR product sizes of 549 bp, 213 bp, and 383 bp, respectively. Forty products labeled deer-derived ingredients randomly purchased were tested using this assay, and the results showed that the identification results based on the two SNP loci were utterly consistent with the actual sources. In addition, this method was found to be accurate, simple, convenient, and with high specificity, thus providing an essential technical reference for deer product species identification. It is also an important supplement to the identification methods of the original ingredients of existing deer products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ke-Xin
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chen Xiang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Inspection and Testing, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Hu Qing-Qing
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yao Yi-An
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wang Xiao-Ming
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xu Ai-Chun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ge Jian
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Guan Feng
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Griffiths KR, McLaughlin JLH, Hall F, Partis L, Hansen SC, Tulloch R, Burke DG. Development of Seven New dPCR Animal Species Assays and a Reference Material to Support Quantitative Ratio Measurements of Food and Feed Products. Foods 2023; 12:3839. [PMID: 37893732 PMCID: PMC10606771 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory testing methods to confirm the identity of meat products and eliminate food fraud regularly rely on PCR amplification of extracted DNA, with most published assays detecting mitochondrial sequences, providing sensitive presence/absence results. By targeting single-copy nuclear targets instead, relative quantification measurements are achievable, providing additional information on the proportions of meat species detected. In this Methods paper, new assays for horse, donkey, duck, kangaroo, camel, water buffalo and crocodile have been developed to expand the range of species that can be quantified, and a previously published reference assay targeting the myostatin gene has been modified to include marsupials and reptiles. The accuracy of this ratio measurement approach was demonstrated using dPCR with mixtures of meat DNA down to 0.1%. However, the limit of detection (LOD) of this approach is not just determined by the assay targets, but by the samples themselves, with food or feed ingredients and processing impacting the DNA yield and integrity. In routine testing settings, the myostatin assay can provide multiple quality control roles, including monitoring the yield and purity of extracted DNA, identifying the presence of additional meats not detected by the suite of species-specific assays and potentially estimating a sample-specific LOD based on measured copy numbers of the myostatin target. In addition to the myostatin positive control assay, a synthetic DNA reference material (RM) has been designed, containing PCR targets for beef, pork, sheep, chicken, goat, kangaroo, horse, water buffalo and myostatin, to be used as a positive template control. The availability of standardised measurement methods and associated RMs significantly improves the reliability, comparability and transparency of laboratory testing, leading to greater confidence in results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate R. Griffiths
- Bioanalysis Section, National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, Sydney, NSW 2070, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
A comprehensive overview of emerging techniques and chemometrics for authenticity and traceability of animal-derived food. Food Chem 2023; 402:134216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
Dobrovolny S, Uhlig S, Frost K, Schlierf A, Nichani K, Simon K, Cichna-Markl M, Hochegger R. Interlaboratory Validation of a DNA Metabarcoding Assay for Mammalian and Poultry Species to Detect Food Adulteration. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081108. [PMID: 35454695 PMCID: PMC9027865 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat species authentication in food is most commonly based on the detection of genetic variations. Official food control laboratories frequently apply single and multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and/or DNA arrays. However, in the near future, DNA metabarcoding, the generation of PCR products for DNA barcodes, followed by massively parallel sequencing by next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, could be an attractive alternative. DNA metabarcoding is superior to well-established methodologies since it allows simultaneous identification of a wide variety of species not only in individual foodstuffs but even in complex mixtures. We have recently published a DNA metabarcoding assay for the identification and differentiation of 15 mammalian species and six poultry species. With the aim to harmonize analytical methods for food authentication across EU Member States, the DNA metabarcoding assay has been tested in an interlaboratory ring trial including 15 laboratories. Each laboratory analyzed 16 anonymously labelled samples (eight samples, two subsamples each), comprising six DNA extract mixtures, one DNA extract from a model sausage, and one DNA extract from maize (negative control). Evaluation of data on repeatability, reproducibility, robustness, and measurement uncertainty indicated that the DNA metabarcoding method is applicable for meat species authentication in routine analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dobrovolny
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, Spargelfeldstrasse 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Steffen Uhlig
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstrasse 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.F.); (A.S.); (K.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Kirstin Frost
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstrasse 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.F.); (A.S.); (K.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Anja Schlierf
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstrasse 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.F.); (A.S.); (K.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Kapil Nichani
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstrasse 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.F.); (A.S.); (K.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Kirsten Simon
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstrasse 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.F.); (A.S.); (K.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Margit Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.C.-M.); (R.H.)
| | - Rupert Hochegger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, Spargelfeldstrasse 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (M.C.-M.); (R.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hsiao C, Lin HH, Kang SR, Hung CY, Sun PY, Yu CC, Toh KL, Yu PJ, Ju YT. Development of 16 novel EST-SSR markers for species identification and cross-genus amplification in sambar, sika, and red deer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265311. [PMID: 35363791 PMCID: PMC8975116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer genera around the globe are threatened by anthropogenic interference. The translocation of alien species and their subsequent genetic introgression into indigenous deer populations is particularly harmful to the species of greatest conservation concern. Products derived from deer, including venison and antler velvet, are also at risk of fraudulent labeling. The current molecular markers used to genetically identify deer species were developed from genome sequences and have limited applicability for cross-species amplification. The absence of efficacious diagnostic techniques for identifying deer species has hampered conservation and wildlife crime investigation efforts. Expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers are reliable tools for individual and species identification, especially in terms of cross-species genotyping. We conducted transcriptome sequencing of sambar (Rusa unicolor) antler velvet and acquired 11,190 EST-SSRs from 65,074 newly assembled unigenes. We identified a total of 55 unambiguous amplicons in sambar (n = 45), which were selected as markers to evaluate cross-species genotyping in sika deer (Cervus nippon, n = 30) and red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 46), resulting in cross-species amplification rates of 94.5% and 89.1%, respectively. Based on polymorphic information content (>0.25) and genotyping fidelity, we selected 16 of these EST-SSRs for species identification. This marker set revealed significant genetic differentiation based on the fixation index and genetic distance values. Principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE analysis revealed distinct clusters of species and clearly identified red-sika hybrids. These markers showed applicability across different genera and proved suitable for identification and phylogenetic analyses across deer species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hsiao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Lin
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Pingdong, Taiwan
| | | | - Chien-Yi Hung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Sun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Cheng Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Lin Toh
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ten Ju
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zenke P, Zorkóczy OK, Lehotzky P, Ózsvári L, Pádár Z. Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030246. [PMID: 35158570 PMCID: PMC8833381 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reasons behind illegal hunting can be widely different. There are also tricky methods that hunters use in the attempt to legalize their illegally-acquired trophies, specifically, introducing them in later seasons, and registering the eviscerated corpses as hinds. During certain periods of the year, hunters are only able to acquire a license for the shooting of female deer exclusively, with the male-hunting season beginning later. The eviscerated and decapitated carcass of the animal delivered to the wild game processing house cold store can be falsely registered as a female based on phenotype. If the hunting association suspects that the animal’s sex has been falsely reported, a forensic genetic investigation can be proposed. In other criminal events, there are no carcasses at all. When several biological remains left on the crime scene need to be tested, a fast and cost-effective detection of a given species or species-group might be substantial before subsequent analysis. Therefore, sex and species detection can provide an early-stage credibility to the resolution of illegal activities related to trophy animals, and additionally may disclose potential poaching disputes. Abstract Molecular sexing techniques are widely applied in conservation biology, although the range of forensically validated methods is fairly limited. The primary aim of this work was to develop forensically validated assays, using two PCR panels for sex and species assignment for the abundant antlered European game species: red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). Segments of the SRY and Amelogenin X/Y genes for sex determination, additionally species-specific cytochrome b regions for species detection were targeted and separately amplified in two multiplex reactions. These assays can reliably analyze trace amounts of DNA. The results of both can easily be visualized and interpreted practically, either on agarose gel or by capillary electrophoresis. These simple, fast molecular assays are able to affect the early-stage resolution of disputed or unsolved poaching cases, without the need of individualization or sequencing of forensic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zenke
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
| | - Orsolya Krisztina Zorkóczy
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Pál Lehotzky
- Hungarian Hunters’ National Chamber, Medve u. 34-40., H-1027 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Ózsvári
- Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Pádár
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaltenbrunner M, Hochegger R, Cichna-Markl M. Design of Mismatch Primers to Identify and Differentiate Closely Related (Sub)Species: Application to the Authentication of Meat Products. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2392:65-82. [PMID: 34773615 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1799-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are powerful molecular markers for the identification and differentiation of closely related organisms. A variety of methods can be used to determine the allele that is present at a specific locus in the genome, including real-time PCR by using an allele-specific primer. In order to increase the selectivity for the target allele, deliberate mismatch bases at the 3' end of the allele-specific primer may be introduced. This strategy has already been used for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms and plants. We have recently developed real-time PCR assays involving mismatch primers for the identification and differentiation of closely related deer species (red deer, fallow deer, sika deer) or the discrimination of wild boar and domestic pig in game meat products. These methods are applicable to detect meat species adulteration in food products.In this chapter, we offer a protocol for the design of PCR primer/probe systems suitable for meat species authentication in food. We address the retrieval and alignment of sequences, primer design by using a commercial software and the introduction of deliberate mismatch bases. In addition, we describe how the suitability of primer/probe systems can be tested in silico and in practice. We use the design of PCR primer/probe systems for wild boar and domestic pig as example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kaltenbrunner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Hochegger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Identification of Mammalian and Poultry Species in Food and Pet Food Samples Using 16S rDNA Metabarcoding. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112875. [PMID: 34829156 PMCID: PMC8620145 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of more appreciated animal species by animal species of lower commercial value is a common type of meat product adulteration. DNA metabarcoding, the combination of DNA barcoding with next-generation sequencing (NGS), plays an increasing role in food authentication. In the present study, we investigated the applicability of a DNA metabarcoding method for routine analysis of mammalian and poultry species in food and pet food products. We analyzed a total of 104 samples (25 reference samples, 56 food products and 23 pet food products) by DNA metabarcoding and by using a commercial DNA array and/or by real-time PCR. The qualitative and quantitative results obtained by the DNA metabarcoding method were in line with those obtained by PCR. Results from the independent analysis of a subset of seven reference samples in two laboratories demonstrate the robustness and reproducibility of the DNA metabarcoding method. DNA metabarcoding is particularly suitable for detecting unexpected species ignored by targeted methods such as real-time PCR and can also be an attractive alternative with respect to the expenses as indicated by current data from the cost accounting of the AGES laboratory. Our results for the commercial samples show that in addition to food products, DNA metabarcoding is particularly applicable to pet food products, which frequently contain multiple animal species and are also highly prone to adulteration as indicated by the high portion of analyzed pet food products containing undeclared species.
Collapse
|
10
|
Druml B, Uhlig S, Simon K, Frost K, Hettwer K, Cichna-Markl M, Hochegger R. Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection and Quantification of Roe Deer to Detect Food Adulteration-Interlaboratory Validation Involving Laboratories in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112645. [PMID: 34828926 PMCID: PMC8623729 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Game meat products are particularly prone to be adulterated by replacing game meat with cheaper meat species. Recently, we have presented a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the identification and quantification of roe deer in food. Quantification of the roe deer content in % (w/w) was achieved relatively by subjecting the DNA isolates to a reference real-time PCR assay in addition to the real-time PCR assay for roe deer. Aiming at harmonizing analytical methods for food authentication across EU Member States, the real-time PCR assay for roe deer has been tested in an interlaboratory ring trial including 14 laboratories from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Participating laboratories obtained aliquots of DNA isolates from a meat mixture containing 24.8% (w/w) roe deer in pork, roe deer meat, and 12 meat samples whose roe deer content was not disclosed. Performance characteristics included amplification efficiency, level of detection (LOD95%), repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of quantitative results. With a relative reproducibility standard deviation ranging from 13.35 to 25.08% (after outlier removal) and recoveries ranging from 84.4 to 114.3%, the real-time PCR assay was found to be applicable for the detection and quantification of roe deer in raw meat samples to detect food adulteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Druml
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Uhlig
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstraße 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.S.); (K.F.); (K.H.)
| | - Kirsten Simon
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstraße 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.S.); (K.F.); (K.H.)
| | - Kirstin Frost
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstraße 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.S.); (K.F.); (K.H.)
| | - Karina Hettwer
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstraße 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (S.U.); (K.S.); (K.F.); (K.H.)
| | - Margit Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.C.-M.); (R.H.)
| | - Rupert Hochegger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety Vienna, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (M.C.-M.); (R.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tichy HV, Bruhs A, Palisch A. Development of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Systems for the Detection of So-Called "Superfoods" Chia and Quinoa in Commercial Food Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14334-14342. [PMID: 32648753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds are often referred to as a "superfood" or functional food as a result of the claims of numerous health benefits. This often resulted in a sudden increase in demand, which frequently exceeds existing supply capacities, fostering fraudulent practices, such as mislabeling and use of other species of inferior quality. To assess the authenticity of food products containing chia and quinoa, we developed real-time polymerase chain reaction systems for the detection of seeds of these plant species. The developed methodology using chia- and quinoa-specific primer-probe sets based on TaqMan technology was validated, and specificity, cross-reactivity, limit of detection, efficiency, and robustness were determined. The methods were successfully applied to 12 (chia) and 7 (quinoa) commercial samples, proving its suitability for the verification of the authenticity of chia- and quinoa-containing products in commercial trade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Bruhs
- AGROLAB LUFA GmbH, Doktor-Hell-Straße 6, 24107 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Palisch
- AGROLAB LUFA GmbH, Doktor-Hell-Straße 6, 24107 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sajali N, Wong SC, Abu Bakar S, Khairil Mokhtar NF, Manaf YN, Yuswan MH, Mohd Desa MN. Analytical approaches of meat authentication in food. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayatie Sajali
- School of Engineering and Technology University College of Technology Sarawak Sibu Sarawak Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Sie Chuong Wong
- Department of Basic Science and Engineering Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences UPM Bintulu Sarawak Campus Bintulu Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Suhaili Abu Bakar
- Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Nur Fadhilah Khairil Mokhtar
- Halal Products Research Institute Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Konsortium Institut Halal IPT Malaysia (KIHIM), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre Putrajaya Malaysia
| | - Yanty Noorzianna Manaf
- Halal Products Research Institute Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Konsortium Institut Halal IPT Malaysia (KIHIM), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre Putrajaya Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafis Yuswan
- Halal Products Research Institute Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Konsortium Institut Halal IPT Malaysia (KIHIM), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre Putrajaya Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Halal Products Research Institute Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Konsortium Institut Halal IPT Malaysia (KIHIM), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre Putrajaya Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matthes N, Pietsch K, Rullmann A, Näumann G, Pöpping B, Szabo K. The Barcoding Table of Animal Species (BaTAnS): a new tool to select appropriate methods for animal species identification using DNA barcoding. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6457-6461. [PMID: 32710387 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Food and feed products derived from animal materials have a long history of being adulterated. Methods for the identification of animal samples based on DNA barcoding are very potent tools to reveal species substitution. Since numerous DNA barcoding methods are available for different taxa, it is challenging to choose an appropriate and verified method for each sample in question. To overcome this obstacle the working group "Molecular biological methods for plant and animal species differentiation" developed the "Barcoding Table of Animal Species". This working group is established through the German food and feed law and is mandated to validate standard methods, especially for the official food and feed control laboratories in Germany. In this paper, a collection of currently available and verified DNA barcoding methods for the identification of animal species is presented as a Microsoft Excel® file-"The Barcoding Table of Animal Species (BaTAnS)". It consists of several components: The method collection, the results collection and a section for reporting new entries and problems. It is focusing on the validity and applicability of DNA barcoding methods to test food and feed products for correct species declaration. Each method is listed with its reference and is verified by at least two laboratories for their applicability. Since additional information will be available in future, this table will be updated regularly. The BaTAnS is an easy tool that helps to choose the right verified method to identify a certain specimen to taxon, genus or species level in food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Matthes
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Thierfelderstraße 18, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Klaus Pietsch
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Bissierstr. 5, 79114, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anke Rullmann
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Karlsruhe, Weissenburgerstr. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gabriele Näumann
- Institute for Hygiene and Environment Hamburg, Markmannstr. 129b, 20539, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bert Pöpping
- FOCOS - Food Consulting Strategically, Zum Kälterhaus 6b, 63755, Alzenau, Germany
| | - Kathrin Szabo
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstr. 39-42, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Species Identification of Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus), Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus), and Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis) Using Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Multiplex PCR. Foods 2020; 9:foods9080982. [PMID: 32718080 PMCID: PMC7466337 DOI: 10.3390/foods9080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide consumers correct information on meat species, specific and sensitive detection methods are needed. Thus, we developed a capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex PCR assay to simultaneously detect red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and water deer (Hydropotes inermis). Specific primer sets for these three species were newly designed. Each primer set only amplified target species without any reactivity against non-target species. To identify multiple targets in a single reaction, multiplex PCR was optimized and combined with capillary electrophoresis to increase resolution and accuracy for the detection of multiple targets. The detection levels of this assay were 0.1 pg for red deer and roe deer and 1 pg for water deer. In addition, its applicability was demonstrated using various concentrations of meat DNA mixtures. Consequently, as low as 0.1% of the target species was detectable using the developed method. This capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of three types of deer meat could authenticate deer species labeled on products, thus protecting consumers from meat adulteration.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li YC, Liu SY, Meng FB, Liu DY, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhang JM. Comparative review and the recent progress in detection technologies of meat product adulteration. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2256-2296. [PMID: 33337107 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Meat adulteration, mainly for the purpose of economic pursuit, is widespread and leads to serious public health risks, religious violations, and moral loss. Rapid, effective, accurate, and reliable detection technologies are keys to effectively supervising meat adulteration. Considering the importance and rapid advances in meat adulteration detection technologies, a comprehensive review to summarize the recent progress in this area and to suggest directions for future progress is beneficial. In this review, destructive meat adulteration technologies based on DNA, protein, and metabolite analyses and nondestructive technologies based on spectroscopy were comparatively analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages, application situations of these technologies were discussed. In the future, determining suitable indicators or markers is particularly important for destructive methods. To improve sensitivity and save time, new interdisciplinary technologies, such as biochips and biosensors, are promising for application in the future. For nondestructive techniques, convenient and effective chemometric models are crucial, and the development of portable devices based on these technologies for onsite monitoring is a future trend. Moreover, omics technologies, especially proteomics, are important methods in laboratory detection because they enable multispecies detection and unknown target screening by using mass spectrometry databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Cheng Li
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Yan Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan-Bing Meng
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da-Yu Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Z, Li T, Yu W, Qiao L, Liu R, Li S, Zhao Y, Yang S, Chen A. Determination of content of camel milk in adulterated milk samples by normalized real-time polymerase chain reaction system based on single-copy nuclear genes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3465-3470. [PMID: 32170753 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with the traditional qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which only identifies the category of species, the quantitative PCR method provides a value, which is very important for appropriate penalty enforcement according to the extent of adulteration. However, most of the current quantitative PCR methods are based on mitochondrial genes, expressing different copy numbers in different cells and reducing the accuracy of quantitative results. In this study, single-copy nuclear housekeeping genes, instead of multicopy mitochondrial genes, were selected as both camel species-specific and reference genes to develop a novel normalized PCR system. RESULTS This system had an excellent linear correlation (R2 = 0.9614) between camel milk content and Ct ratio (specific/reference genes), and allowed quantitative determination of the content of camel milk in adulterated milk samples. The accuracy was effectively validated using simulated adulterated samples with recoveries ranging from 90% to 120% and coefficient of variation less than 10%, exhibiting sufficient parameters of trueness and precision. CONCLUSIONS The normalized PCR system based on single-copy nuclear genes is a simple, rapid and reliable method for the determination of the content of camel milk in adulterated milk samples, and also provides technical support for appropriate penalty enforcement. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- National Key laboratory of Reliability and Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- National Key laboratory of Reliability and Electrical Equipment, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ailiang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim MJ, Kim HY. A fast multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of pork, chicken, and beef in commercial processed meat products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Specific PCR method for detection of species origin in biochemical drugs via primers for the ATPase 8 gene by electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:634. [PMID: 31428871 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A PCR method is described to identify the species origin of various animal and human tissue-derived biochemical drugs. Four commercialized drugs, including spermary tablets, compound embryonic bovine liver extract tablets, spleen aminopeptide solution, and placenta polypeptide injection, were used as a proof-of-principle in this study. Primers were designed to amplify conservative regions of mitochondrial cytochrome b and ATPase 8 genes from beef, pork, lamb and human DNA, respectively. The specificity of primers for ATPase 8 gene is found to be higher than those for cytochrome b under the given experimental conditions. The amplicon sizes of ATPase 8 were 212, 271, 293 and 405 bp for pork, beef, lamb and human tissue, respectively. The minimum detectable concentration of DNA sample for species identification is 0.05-0.5 pg·μL-1. The species origin can be distinguished by this method in extremely low concentrations of template DNAs extracted. Conceivably, this PCR method for meat authentication may be extended to quality control of other biochemical drugs and raw materials. Graphical abstract A specific PCR method was developed for the detection of species origin in biochemical drugs via species-specific primers targeting mitochondrial ATPase 8 genes. The PCR products were separated by gel electrophoresis and species origins were indicated by comparison to references.
Collapse
|
19
|
PCR-RFLP identification of meat from red deer, sika deer, roe deer, fallow deer, mouflon, wild boar, hare and cattle. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Meat authentication is currently a key topic in relation to the quality and safety of food of animal origin at all levels of production and the global distribution chain. New polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) based on digestion of PCR products with two restriction enzymes, MboII and AciI, have been developed for the specific identification of raw and heat-processed meat from red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), mouflon (Ovis musimon), wild boar (Sus scrofa), hare (Lepus europaeus) and cattle (Bos taurus). The PCR primers were targeted in a well-conserved region of the cytochrome b (CYTB) gene to amplify a 378 bp region of all the analysed species. This simple, rapid and cost-effective method is suitable for identification of the meat of game species and their possible substitution by beef.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ballin NZ, Laursen KH. To target or not to target? Definitions and nomenclature for targeted versus non-targeted analytical food authentication. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
Wang X, Yan C, Wei M, Shi C, Niu S, Ma C. On-site Method for Beef Detection Based on Strand Exchange Amplification. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:337-341. [PMID: 30449835 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Meat screening plays a significant role in human health and religion. But the identification methods for beef were little reported. In this work, a simple colorimetric method based on denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification (SEA) was developed for the rapid and sensitive identification of beef. The whole strategy was performed on a portable metal bath and the distinguishable color between positive and negative controls was observed directly by the naked eyes. The feasibility using crude extraction samples by a heating treatment in PBS for 2 min was evaluated in duck spiked by beef. The result demonstrated that the developed method could identify as low as 1% (w/w) beef/duck within 50 min. Meanwhile, the results showed the method had a good repeatability and specificity. Therefore, this assay allows for the rapid, sensitive, specific detection of beef, and can be recommended as an effective, promising strategy for on-site meat identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| | - Chunyu Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| | - Manman Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University
| | - Shuyan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| | - Cuiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| |
Collapse
|