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Posadinu CM, Rodriguez M, Conte P, Piga A, Attene G. Fruit quality and shelf-life of Sardinian tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290166. [PMID: 38064465 PMCID: PMC10707699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The conservation and characterization of landraces have key roles in the safeguarding and valorization of agrobiodiversity. Indeed, these plant genetic resources represent an important crop heritage with quality and sensory characteristics that can be of great use to consumers and industry. In addition, the preservation of genetic resources from the risk of progressive genetic erosion, and the enhancement of their potential can contribute to food security and improve the nutritional value of food. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate a collection of Sardinian tomato landraces for parameters that have determinant roles in evaluating their responses to conservation, and therefore to consumer acceptance. Six Sardinian landraces and two commercial varieties were cultivated in a two-years off-season trial, harvested at two different maturity stages (turning, red-ripe) and characterized using 14 fruit-related quality parameters that define the marketability, nutritional value, and flavor of the fruit. Data were collected at intervals of 10 days, starting from the harvest date and over 30 days of storage under refrigeration. The simultaneous analysis of all the qualitative characteristics for the different genotypes allowed to clearly differentiate the local varieties from the commercial varieties and a few landraces emerged for their satisfactory performances, e.g. "Tamatta kaki" ad "Tamatta groga de appiccai". In particular, the "Tamatta groga de appiccai" showed satisfactory lycopene content at marketable stages (average 5.65 mg 100g-1 FF), a peculiar orange-pink color with the highest hue angle values (range: H°T0 = 72.55-H°T30 = 48.26), and the highest firmness among the landraces of the red-ripe group (range: EpT0 = 1.64-EpT30 = 0.54 N mm-1). These results highlight the potential of some of the Sardinian tomato landraces for developing new varieties or promoting their direct valorization in local markets and could considerably increase the effectiveness and efficiency of agrobiodiversity conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, University of Sassari, Alghero, Italy
| | - Paola Conte
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Piga
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Attene
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, University of Sassari, Alghero, Italy
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Odediran A, Yu J, Gu S. The effect of layers of high tunnel covering and soil mulching on tomato fruit quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7176-7186. [PMID: 37347845 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High tunnels (HT) and plastic mulch can increase yield, extend growing seasons, protect plants from harsh weather conditions, and produce more marketable and attractive tomatoes. However, plastic covering reduces solar radiation, which may affect the quality of tomatoes. This study investigated the effects of single-layer versus double-layer HT and plastic mulch versus bare soil on the quality of fully ripe tomato fruits. The study was conducted over 2 years (2021 and 2022). The fruit color (L*, a*, and b*), vitamin C, pH, total titratable acid (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), and lycopene content of the two tomato cultivars (Brandywine and Rebelski) were quantified. RESULTS The results showed that quality parameters varied with the plastic layers of HT, plastic mulch, and planting year. The double-layer HT only showed a slight but significant influence on the color of tomatoes of both cultivars in the same year (P < 0.05). Brandywine tomatoes grown in the double-layer HT had significantly lower pH and lycopene content than those grown in single-layer HT, regardless of mulching. The effect of plastic layers on TTA, TSS, and lycopene depended on whether the soil was mulched. Tomatoes grown on bare soil had higher TTA and TSS values than those grown on mulched soil in double-layer HT. Tomatoes grown in single-layer HTs had significantly higher vitamin C content than those in the double-layer HT for both cultivars regardless of mulching. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that double-layer HT is unnecessary for the improvement of the overall quality of tomatoes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Odediran
- Food and Nutritional Science Program, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jianmei Yu
- Food and Nutritional Science Program, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Sanjun Gu
- Cooperative Extension, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA
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Li LL, Li Z, Lou Y, Meiners SJ, Kong CH. (-)-Loliolide is a general signal of plant stress that activates jasmonate-related responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2099-2112. [PMID: 36444519 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The production of defensive metabolites in plants can be induced by signaling chemicals released by neighboring plants. Induction is mainly known from volatile aboveground signals, with belowground signals and their underlying mechanisms largely unknown. We demonstrate that (-)-loliolide triggers defensive metabolite responses to competitors, herbivores, and pathogens in seven plant species. We further explore the transcriptional responses of defensive pathways to verify the signaling role of (-)-loliolide in wheat and rice models with well-known defensive metabolites and gene systems. In response to biotic and abiotic stressors, (-)-loliolide is produced and secreted by roots. This, in turn, induces the production of defensive compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, benzoxazinoids, and cyanogenic glycosides, regardless of plant species. (-)-Loliolide also triggers the expression of defense-related genes, accompanied by an increase in the concentration of jasmonic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Transcriptome profiling and inhibitor incubation indicate that (-)-loliolide-induced defense responses are regulated through pathways mediated by jasmonic acid, H2 O2 , and Ca 2+ . These findings argue that (-)-loliolide functions as a common belowground signal mediating chemical defense in plants. Such perception-dependent plant chemical defenses will yield critical insights into belowground signaling interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Scott J Meiners
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, 61920, USA
| | - Chui-Hua Kong
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Egea I, Estrada Y, Faura C, Egea-Fernández JM, Bolarin MC, Flores FB. Salt-tolerant alternative crops as sources of quality food to mitigate the negative impact of salinity on agricultural production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1092885. [PMID: 36818835 PMCID: PMC9935836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1092885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An increase of abiotic stress tolerance and nutritive value of foods is currently a priority because of climate change and rising world population. Among abiotic stresses, salt stress is one of the main problems in agriculture. Mounting urbanization and industrialization, and increasing global food demand, are pressing farmers to make use of marginal lands affected by salinity and low-quality saline water. In that situation, one of the most promising approaches is searching for new sources of genetic variation like salt-tolerant alternative crops or underexploited crops. They are generally less efficient than cultivated crops in optimal conditions due to lower yield but represent an alternative in stressful growth conditions. In this review, we summarize the advances achieved in research on underexploited species differing in their genetic nature. First, we highlight advances in research on salt tolerance of traditional varieties of tomato or landraces; varieties selected and developed by smallholder farmers for adaptation to their local environments showing specific attractive fruit quality traits. We remark advances attained in screening a collection of tomato traditional varieties gathered in Spanish Southeast, a very productive region which environment is extremely stressing. Second, we explore the opportunities of exploiting the natural variation of halophytes, in particular quinoa and amaranth. The adaptation of both species in stressful growth conditions is becoming an increasingly important issue, especially for their cultivation in arid and semiarid areas prone to be affected by salinity. Here we present a project developed in Spanish Southeast, where quinoa and amaranth varieties are being adapted for their culture under abiotic stress targeting high quality grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Egea
- Department Of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yanira Estrada
- Department Of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Faura
- Department Of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Maria C. Bolarin
- Department Of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Flores
- Department Of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Liu W, Zhang Z, Zhang T, Qiao Q, Hou X. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in different organs of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037582. [PMID: 36438133 PMCID: PMC9682152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is a perennial anti-cancer medicinal plant as unique phytochemical composition podophyllotoxin, and it has special effects on the treatments of pneumonic, cervical and testicular cancers. Besides the podophyllotoxin, phenolic substances play a key role in the clinical practice. However, few reports were available in terms of the phenolic compositions and antioxidant activity. In this work, main phenolic compounds were quantified by RP-HPLC in seven organs from S. hexandrum. Simultaneously, the sodium borohydride/chloranil-based (SBC) method and the Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method were used to determine total flavonoids and total phenols contents, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the different organs was further assessed by three methods (DPPH method, ABTS method and FRAP method). Phenolic compositions/total flavonoids contents/total phenols contents/antioxidant activity was observed to have significant differences among different organs (P<0.05), but have a consistent changing rule viz. rhizome>root>fruit>flower>leaf>stem>petiole. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was employed and indicated that a positive correlation existed between phenolic compositions contents and antioxidant activity. Obviously, rhizome had high phenolic compositions contents and strong antioxidant activity with the low DPPHIC50 value of 23.52 μg/mL, high ABTS value of 1137.82 μmol equiv. Trolox/g and high FRAP value of 685.76 μmol equiv. Trolox/g. Therefore, rhizome is recommended as a preponderant medicinal part, and root is proposed as an alternative raw material resource for natural antioxidant agents in functional food, medicine and chemicals. This study can provide a new insight into the utilization extension of S. hexandrum resources.
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Raza B, Hameed A, Saleem MY. Fruit nutritional composition, antioxidant and biochemical profiling of diverse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genetic resource. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035163. [PMID: 36311077 PMCID: PMC9608662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop consumed globally, by the virtue of its antioxidant-rich phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. Identifying genotypes with high antioxidant capacities and nutritionally rich phytochemicals is imperative for improving human health. The present study aimed to analyze 21 antioxidant and nutritional compounds in 93 geographically diverse, high yielding, better quality, stress tolerant tomato genotypes (hybrids, parental lines, inbred lines, and advanced lines). Significant variation (p < 0.05) was detected for investigated traits among the tested genotypes. Principal component analysis revealed the hybrids NIAB-Jauhar, Iron-lady F1, NBH-258, Ahmar F1, NIAB-Gohar, the parents H-24, B-25, AVTO1080, Astra and AVTO1003, as well as the lines LBR-17, AVTO1315, AVTO1311 and Lyp-1 revealed superior performance for the traits such as chlorophylls, lycopene, total carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, protease, alpha-amylase and total flavonoid content. Whereas the hybrids Surkhail F1, NBH-204, NBH-229, NBH-151, NBH-196, NBH-152, NBH-261, NBH-228, NIAB-Jauhar, NBH-256 and NBH-255, the lines 21354, AVTO1315, Newcherry, LA4097, AVTO1311 and UAF-1 together with the parents Naqeeb, NCEBR-5, M-82 and LBR-10 exhibited significant contribution to the traits such as total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid, esterase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, the semi-determinate and determinate tomato genotypes together with the categories parent and line with positive factor scores of 3.184, 0.015, 0.325 and 0.186 in PC- I, exhibited better performance for the trait such as total chlorophylls, lycopene, total carotenoids, total oxidant status, protease, alpha-amylase, total antioxidant capacity, esterase and total flavonoid content. Whereas again the semi-determinate and indeterminate tomato genotypes along with the category hybrid with positive factor scores of 2.619, 0.252 and 0.114 in PC- II, exhibited better performance for the traits such as total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, chlorophyll b, malondialdehyde content, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Hybrid vigor was observed in the hybrids for investigated traits. The aforementioned tomato genotypes showing outstanding performance in the respective traits can be exploited in the breeding programs to improve nutritional quality of tomato that can further improve human health.
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Investigation of physicochemical properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of edible films based on chitosan/casein containing Origanum vulgare L. essential oil and its effect on quality maintenance of cherry tomato. Food Chem 2022; 396:133650. [PMID: 35839728 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Edible coatings prevent physicochemical and biological food deterioration. Using bioactive compounds like essential oils can enrich films. In this study, edible films from chitosan (C), casein (Z) and oregano (OEO) were developed, and their physicochemical, barrier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and structural properties (FTIR, SEM) were investigated. The C1Z3 ratio had good mechanical and inhibitory properties, and OEO improves flexibility, barrier, hydrophobic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The physicochemical and microbiological properties of cherry tomatoes were affected by C1Z3 and C1Z3O1.5 coatings. Coated fruits were stored at 4 °C for 32 days. The best results for weight loss, shrinkage, and titratable acidity were found to be 17.88%, 31.12%, and 0.15% in C1Z3O1.5 coated cherry tomatoes, respectively.The TMAB of C1Z3O1.5 coated fruits was less than detectable and the fungal growth was inhibited for 28 days. Accordingly, by adding OEO to chitosan/casein coatings, the spoilage process of cherry tomatoes was delayed for long-term storage.
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Cruz-Carrión Á, Calani L, Ruiz de Azua MJ, Mena P, Del Rio D, Arola-Arnal A, Suárez M. Impact of Seasonal Consumption of Local Tomatoes on the Metabolism and Absorption of (Poly)Phenols in Fischer Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102047. [PMID: 35631187 PMCID: PMC9144325 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming (poly)phenol-rich fruits and vegetables, including tomato, is associated with health benefits. The health effects of tomato (poly)phenolic compounds have been attributed to their metabolites rather than parent compounds and their bioavailability can be modulated by several factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seasonal consumption of local tomatoes on their (poly)phenol bioavailability. For this, (poly)phenol absorption and metabolism were evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and linear ion trap mass spectrometric (uHPLC-MSn) after chronic tomato consumption in Fischer rats exposed to three photoperiods mimicking the seasonal daylight schedule. Tomatoes from two locations in Spain (LT, local tomatoes and NLT, non-local tomatoes) were used in this in vivo feeding study. The bioavailability of tomato (poly)phenols depended on the photoperiod to which the rats were exposed, the metabolite concentrations significantly varying between seasons. In-season tomato consumption allowed obtaining the highest concentration of total circulating metabolites. In addition, the origin of the tomato administered generated marked differences in the metabolic profiles, with higher serum concentrations reached upon NLT ingestion. We concluded that in-season tomato consumption led to an increase in (poly)phenol circulation, whereas LT consumption showed lower circulating metabolites than NLT ones. Thus, the origin of the tomato and the seasonal daylight schedule affect the bioavailability of tomato (poly)phenols, which could also affect their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cruz-Carrión
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (Á.C.-C.); (M.J.R.d.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Luca Calani
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.C.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Ma. Josefina Ruiz de Azua
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (Á.C.-C.); (M.J.R.d.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Pedro Mena
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.C.); (D.D.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (A.A.-A.); Tel.: +39-05-2190-3970 (P.M.); +34-977-55-8630 (A.A.-A.)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.C.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (Á.C.-C.); (M.J.R.d.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (A.A.-A.); Tel.: +39-05-2190-3970 (P.M.); +34-977-55-8630 (A.A.-A.)
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (Á.C.-C.); (M.J.R.d.A.); (M.S.)
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Yadav A, Kumar N, Upadhyay A, Sethi S, Singh A. Edible coating as postharvest management strategy for shelf-life extension of fresh tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.): An overview. J Food Sci 2022; 87:2256-2290. [PMID: 35502679 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is considered as one of the most grown horticultural crops having a short shelf-life due to its climacteric nature of ripening, susceptibility to postharvest microbial decay, and mechanical damage, resulting in huge postharvest losses. Recently, the use of edible coatings has been seen as a promising environment friendly and sustainable technology for preserving the quality attributes and prolonging the shelf-life of tomato during storage. Although a lot of literature is available on the aspects of edible coating for fresh produce, especially stone and tropical fruits, but there is no dedicated comprehensive review that specifically addresses the requirements of edible coatings for whole fresh tomato. This review aims to provide the information about the desirable coating property requirements specific to tomato and summarizes or analyzes the recent studies conducted on the application of edible coating on tomato. The article also deals with recent trends on utilization of bioactive compounds as well as nanotechnological approaches for improving the performance and functionality of coating materials used for tomato. However, the edible coating technology for tomato is still at infancy state, and adoption of technology on a commercial scale requires economic viability and large-scale consumer acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Yadav
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute if Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Ashutosh Upadhyay
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Shruti Sethi
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India
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Lima GPP, Gómez HAG, Seabra Junior S, Maraschin M, Tecchio MA, Borges CV. Functional and Nutraceutical Compounds of Tomatoes as Affected by Agronomic Practices, Postharvest Management, and Processing Methods: A Mini Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:868492. [PMID: 35464011 PMCID: PMC9020222 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes and their by-products are indisputable sources of substances with antioxidants properties. Several factors limit the production and influence the nutritional and antioxidant quality of tomato fruit. However, consumers can benefit from the effects of environmental factors, such as water and hydric stress, UV radiation, agronomic practices, among others, which lead to changes in the content of secondary metabolites in tomatoes. Molecules as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and biogenic amines are often formed in response to environmental adversities. In this way, the consumption of tomato fruits or their by-products with higher levels of antioxidants may be important adjuvants in the prevention or reduction of diseases. In this mini-review, we will present how pre- and postharvest conditions may influence the content of some bioactive compounds in tomatoes. Furthermore, we will present how some heat processing methods may change the antioxidant content, as well as, the functional and nutritional properties of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Héctor Alonzo Gómez Gómez
- Academic Department of Food, Faculty of Technological Sciences, National University of Agriculture, Catacamas, Honduras
| | | | - Marcelo Maraschin
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Tecchio
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Cristine Vanz Borges
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe (UNIARP), Caçador, Brazil
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Cruz-Carrión Á, Calani L, de Azua MJR, Mena P, Del Rio D, Suárez M, Arola-Arnal A. (Poly)phenolic composition of tomatoes from different growing locations and their absorption in rats: A comparative study. Food Chem 2022; 388:132984. [PMID: 35453013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to address whether the growing location of tomato could generate a different (poly)phenol profile able to affect both in vivo absorption and (poly)phenol metabolite pattern upon tomato consumption. uHPLC-MSn analyses allowed to obtain a detailed (poly)phenol profile of tomatoes from two locations in Spain, quantifying 57 (poly)phenolic compounds. However, local and non-local tomatoes showed a different concentration of their native (poly)phenols, which could be attributed to diverse cultivation origin. Rat serum was analysed after an acute tomato feeding. Seven phenolic metabolites were quantified through uHPLC-MSn. Pharmacokinetic parameters were further evaluated, revealing different serum concentrations of (poly)phenolic metabolites between tomatoes. The maximum peak serum concentrations, reached mainly after 2 h after ingestion, led to suppose that serum metabolites were mostly derived from absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The growing location of tomatoes affected both the content of native (poly)phenols and their in vivo absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cruz-Carrión
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Luca Calani
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ma Josefina Ruiz de Azua
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pedro Mena
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Mesa T, Polo J, Casadesús A, Gómez Í, Munné-Bosch S. Application of a Biostimulant (Pepton) Based in Enzymatic Hydrolyzed Animal Protein Combined With Low Nitrogen Priming Boosts Fruit Production Without Negatively Affecting Quality in Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:828267. [PMID: 35310666 PMCID: PMC8924539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.828267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improved nutrient use efficiency together with the use of biostimulants have been little explored thus far to improve fruit yield and quality in economically relevant crops. The aim of this study was to determine the additive or synergistic effects, if any, of the application of an enzyme hydrolyzed animal protein biostimulant (Pepton) combined with priming with low nitrogen (N) in the production and quality of greenhouse tomatoes. Biostimulant treatment (Pepton at a dose equivalent of 4 kg/ha) was applied by ferti-irrigation for 2 months during the vegetative phase both in controls (watered with nutrient solution) and nutrient efficient crop (NEC), in which plants were primed with low N by exposing them to a 30% N deficiency for 2 months, and then recovered for 1 month before fruit production. Foliar water and N contents, pigments, maximum PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), and phytohormones [including abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and cytokinins] were measured prior and at 4 and 8 weeks after the first application. Fruit production and quality [as indicated by total soluble sugars (TSS) and acidity (TA), and the contents of lycopene, vitamin E, and vitamin C] were measured 1 month later at harvest. Priming with low N availability (NEC plants) doubled (p < 0.001) fruit production (due to an increase in the number of fruits), tended to increase (p = 0.057) by 20% the amount of TSS and increased (p < 0.05) the contents of lycopene (by 90%) and vitamin E (by 40%). Pepton displayed a tendency, almost significant, to improve (p = 0.054) total fruit production both in control and NEC plants, thus showing an additive effect to low N priming in boosting fruit production. Pepton maintained fruit quality in terms of sugar accumulation, total acidity and the contents of carotenoids, vitamins C and E. Pepton-related improvement in fruit production seemed to be related, at least partially, to an increased accumulation of cytokinins and photosynthetic pigments in leaves, which might favor vegetative vigor and ultimately fruit yield. In conclusion, Pepton application was effective in improving the yield of greenhouse tomatoes showing additive effect with low N priming, without negatively affecting fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Mesa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- R&D Department, APC Europe S.L., Granollers, Spain
| | - Andrea Casadesús
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Íñigo Gómez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Liu C, Wang X, Chen H, Xia H, Tu B, Li Y, Zhang Q, Liu X. Nutritional quality of different potassium efficiency types of vegetable soybean as affected by potassium nutrition. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pot experiments were conducted in 2017, 2019, and 2020 to examine the effects of potassium nutrition on the nutritional components of vegetable soybeans with different K efficiency at immature and mature stages. Two vegetable soybean varieties with higher K efficiency and two varieties with lower K efficiency were studied in the low available K soil under the condition of no K and normal K fertilization. The results indicated that almost all nutritional components in vegetable soybean were affected by K, genotypes, inter-annual differences, and their interactions. In general, no K fertilization increased protein and amino acid concentrations but decreased oil, soluble sugar, sucrose, K, Mg, and Fe concentrations in immature and mature vegetable soybean. The sensitivity of nutritional components to K nutrition differed among varieties. For instance, K high-efficiency varieties generally exhibited higher protein and amino acid concentrations without K application. K high-efficiency vegetable soybeans are low-K tolerance varieties to isoflavones. The results of this study provide insights for high yield and quality vegetable soybean breeding against soil K deficiency.
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RODRIGUES MHP, KUPSKI L, SOUZA TDD, ARIAS JLDO, D’OCA MM, FURLONG EB. Relations between nutrients and bioactive compounds of commercial tomato varieties by the Principal Component Analysis. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.60020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Soares de Oliveira C, Mascarenhas Maciel G, Carolina Silva Siquieroli A, Araújo Gomes D, Mendes Diniz N, Magno Queiroz Luz J, Yoshio Yada R. Artificial neural networks and genetic dissimilarity among saladette type dwarf tomato plant populations. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2021; 3:100056. [PMID: 35415642 PMCID: PMC8991817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
New dwarf tomato genotypes were obtained for future breeding programs. Germplasm has agronomic potential, nutritional quality, and pest resistance. ANNs are efficient for the study of genetic dissimilarity in dwarf tomato germplasm. The BC1F3 UFU 13-1 population showed greater genetic dissimilarity.
Studies have shown that dwarf plants have the potential for use in obtaining hybrids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic potential and genetic dissimilarity of saladette type dwarf tomato plant populations through the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs). The following traits were analyzed: mean fruit weight, transverse and longitudinal fruit diameter, fruit shape, pulp thickness, locule number, internode length, soluble solids content, and β-carotene, lycopene, and leaf zingiberene contents. A dendrogram obtained by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOM) agreed in the distinction of the BC1F3 populations from the dwarf donor parent. SOM was more consistent in identifying the genetic similarities among the BC1F3 dwarf tomato plant populations and allowed for the determination of weights of each variable in the cluster formation. The UFU SDi 13-1 BC1F3 population was revealed to be a promising option for obtaining saladette type dwarf tomato plant lines.
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Cruz-Carrión Á, Ruiz de Azua MJ, Bravo FI, Aragonès G, Muguerza B, Suárez M, Arola-Arnal A. Tomatoes consumed in-season prevent oxidative stress in Fischer 344 rats: impact of geographical origin. Food Funct 2021; 12:8340-8350. [PMID: 34328156 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) constitute an important source of health-promoting compounds including bioactive antioxidants, such as flavonoids, that can differ in terms of composition and quantity depending on the conditions that tomatoes are cultivated. Otherwise, biological rhythms modulate oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of seasonally consumed tomatoes from two different geographical origins (local LT or non-local NLT) in Fischer 344 rats. The results show that LT and NLT have a specific phenolic signature and that each tomato gives a particular response toward biomarkers evaluated, which in turn showed a photoperiod-dependent effect. Remarkably, when tomatoes were administered in-season they improved or sustained antioxidant biomarkers, thus reducing oxidative stress values. It is noteworthy that the protective effect of tomatoes against oxidative stress depends on the geographical origin of the crop. Therefore, tomatoes consumed in-season may improve health by preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cruz-Carrión
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Ma Josefina Ruiz de Azua
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Francisca Isabel Bravo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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17
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Comparison of major nutrients and minerals between organic and conventional tomatoes. A review. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Yang J, Chen YZ, Yu-Xuan W, Tao L, Zhang YD, Wang SR, Zhang GC, Zhang J. Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of vanillin on gray mold and black rot of cherry tomatoes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104859. [PMID: 33993955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin is a natural antimicrobial agent; however, there are few reports on its antifungal effect on postharvest pathogenic fungi. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro antifungal activities of vanillin against gray mold (caused by B. cinerea) and black rot (caused by A. alternata) of cherry tomato fruit and to explain its possible mechanism of action. Vanillin strongly inhibits Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). In vivo experiments showed that 4000 mg L-1 vanillin treatment inhibited cherry tomato gray mold and black rot occurrence. Besides, intercellular electrolytes, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars leakage indicated that 50 or 100 mg L-1 vanillin treatment increased Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata membrane permeability. The increase of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents confirmed that 50 or 100 mg L-1 vanillin treatment damages the pathogen membranes. Importantly, vanillin treatment inhibited the pathogenicity-related enzyme activities of the two pathogens to reduce their infection ability, among them PL enzyme activity in A. alternata was most inhibited, reducing by 94.7 % at 6 h treated with 100 mg L-1 vanillin. The hyphae morphology of the two pathogens changed, the mycelia were severely damaged, and the hyphae surface was deformed, shrunk, or even broken after 100 mg L-1 vanillin treatment. In summary, vanillin had a substantial inhibitory effect on postharvest gray mold and black rot in cherry tomato fruit. Therefore, vanillin can be an effective alternative to prevent and control cherry tomato postharvest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yun-Ze Chen
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Wu Yu-Xuan
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Li Tao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yun-Di Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Shu-Ren Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Guo-Cai Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Recovery and Reconstruction, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, PR China
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19
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Simultaneous determination of carotenoids with different polarities in tomato products using a C30 core-shell column based approach. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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He Q, Guo M, Jin TZ, Arabi SA, Liu D. Ultrasound improves the decontamination effect of thyme essential oil nanoemulsions against Escherichia coli O157: H7 on cherry tomatoes. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108936. [PMID: 33161345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel and effective decontamination technologies to ensure the microbiological safety of fresh produce has gained considerable attention, mainly driven by numerous outbreaks. This work presented the first approach regarding to the application of the previously reported hurdle technologies on the sanitization of artificially contaminated cherry tomatoes. Thyme (Thymus daenensis) essential oil nanoemulsion (TEON, 8.28 nm in diameter with a narrow size distribution) was formulated via ultrasonic nanoemulsification, showing remarkably improved antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, compared to the coarse emulsion. The antimicrobial effect of ultrasound (US), thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (TEON) and the combination of both treatments was assessed against E. coli O157:H7. The remarkable synergistic effects of the combined treatments were achieved, which decontaminated the E. coli populations by 4.49-6.72 log CFU/g on the surface of cherry tomatoes, and led to a reduction of 4.48-6.94 log CFU/sample of the total inactivation. TEON combined with US were effective in reducing the presence of bacteria in wastewater, which averted the potential detrimental effect of cross-contamination resulted from washing wastewater in fresh produce industry. Moreover, the treatments did not noticeably alter the surface color and firmness of cherry tomatoes. Therefore, ultrasound combined with TEON is a promising and feasible alternative for the reduction of microbiological contaminants, as well as retaining the quality characteristics of cherry tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingming Guo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Tony Z Jin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | | | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
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21
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Nuñez-Gómez V, Baenas N, Navarro-González I, García-Alonso J, Moreno DA, González-Barrio R, Periago-Castón MJ. Seasonal Variation of Health-Promoting Bioactives in Broccoli and Methyl-Jasmonate Pre-Harvest Treatments to Enhance Their Contents. Foods 2020; 9:E1371. [PMID: 32993199 PMCID: PMC7599945 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli is a source of bioactive compounds that provide an important nutritional value. The content of these compounds can vary depending on agronomic and environmental conditions, as well as on elicitation. In this study, three crop trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of the cultivation season, the application of different dosages of methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) on the overall quality and on the total content of bioactive compounds of 'Parthenon' broccoli cultivated under the field conditions of southeastern Spain. Color parameters, chlorophyll content, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were measured to evaluate the overall quality. Moreover, individual carotenoids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and high performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector coupled to mass spectrometer using electro spray ionization (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn). The content of total carotenoids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were higher in autumn compared with spring, showing increases of 2.8-fold, 2-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. Moreover, a double application of MeJA increased the contents of total carotenoids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates by 22%, 32% and 39%, respectively, relative to the untreated samples. Considering our results, the controlled and timely application of 250 µM MeJA to the aerial parts of the plants four days before harvest, on two consecutive days, seems to be a valid agronomic strategy to improve the health-promoting capacity of Parthenon broccoli, without compromising its overall quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Nuñez-Gómez
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (V.N.-G.); (N.B.); (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.); (M.J.P.-C.)
| | - Nieves Baenas
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (V.N.-G.); (N.B.); (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.); (M.J.P.-C.)
| | - Inma Navarro-González
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (V.N.-G.); (N.B.); (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.); (M.J.P.-C.)
| | - Javier García-Alonso
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (V.N.-G.); (N.B.); (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.); (M.J.P.-C.)
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo-25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Rocío González-Barrio
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (V.N.-G.); (N.B.); (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.); (M.J.P.-C.)
| | - Mª Jesús Periago-Castón
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (V.N.-G.); (N.B.); (I.N.-G.); (J.G.-A.); (M.J.P.-C.)
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22
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Pobiega K, Przybył JL, Żubernik J, Gniewosz M. Prolonging the Shelf Life of Cherry Tomatoes by Pullulan Coating with Ethanol Extract of Propolis During Refrigerated Storage. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCherry tomatoes are one of the most popular tomato varieties known for their bioactive compounds and sensory properties. One way to reduce the contamination of tomato is to coat them with natural or antimicrobial substances. In this study, an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was obtained, and its chemical composition was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined using the serial microdilution method. The antimicrobial activity of 5 and 10% EEP and pullulan films containing EEP (5 and 10%) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium solani, and Botrytis cinerea were compared. The influence of a pullulan coating containing EEP (5 and 10%) on reducing the number of bacteria and molds, physicochemical properties (weight loss (WL), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index, pH, and color), and sensory properties (color and brightness of skin, aroma, flavor, overall quality, and general preference) of cherry tomatoes during refrigerated storage was evaluated. Pullulan films with EEP inhibited the growth of microorganisms on cherry tomatoes. These coatings did not affect the TSS and pH values of tomatoes, but a slight decrease in TA and WL was observed. Cherry tomatoes coated with pullulan coatings containing EEP did not show any adverse changes in their sensory properties. It was found that the addition of EEP to the pullulan coatings enriched them with antimicrobial properties and enhanced their action while reducing the WL and maturation time of cherry tomatoes.
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23
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Rocchetti G, Senizza B, Putnik P, Bursać Kovačević D, Barba FJ, Trevisan M, Lucini L. Untargeted screening of the bound / free phenolic composition in tomato cultivars for industrial transformation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6173-6181. [PMID: 31250429 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato is one of the most important agricultural crops and it is characterized by a wide bioactive compound profile. However, little information is reported on its comprehensive polyphenol profile. In this work, 13 commercial tomato cultivars for industrial transformation were screened by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) for both free and bound phenolic profiles. Thereafter, the in vitro antioxidant activity of each cultivar was assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance activity (ORAC) assays. Multivariate statistics, i.e. orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were then used to model samples according to their distinct phenolic signatures, thus providing compounds that better discriminated between the distributions of the cultivars that were considered. RESULTS More than 350 phenolic compounds could be identified across the samples that were considered: flavonoids (such as flavones and flavanols), hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, and lower-molecular-weight phenolics were the most frequently observed classes of phenolics in tomato berries. Anthocyanins were the most abundant class among bound phenolics (being highest in the Leader F1 and Defender F1 cultivars), followed by tyrosols (mainly in Heinz cultivars). However, flavones and hydroxybenzoic acids were the most represented discriminant phenolics in the bound fraction. CONCLUSIONS Untargeted metabolomics allowed significant differences in phenolic composition to be outlined across the tomato cultivars that were analyzed. Such differences were particularly evident regarding the free-to-bound phenolic ratio, hence allowing differences in the bioaccessibility of phenolics to be postulated. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Senizza
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Francisco J Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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24
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Pinela J, Montoya C, Carvalho AM, Martins V, Rocha F, Barata AM, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of ex-situ conserved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) germplasm. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108545. [PMID: 31554103 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) local varieties represent a reservoir of genetic diversity for desirable quality traits. In this study, a representative collection of table tomato germplasm conserved ex-situ in the Portuguese Gene Bank was characterized for its polyphenols composition and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic acids, such as caffeic and p-coumaric acids bounded to a hexose and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, corresponded to 71-98% of the identified phenolic compounds; while the remaining fraction consisted of quercetin and kaempferol glycoside derivatives. Among the studied tomato accessions, it was possible to identify those that stand out for the analysed bioactive traits. These findings highlighted the interest of using Portuguese tomato germplasm in breeding programs or of reintroducing into cultivation these local varieties used for fresh consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - César Montoya
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Carvalho
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Valter Martins
- Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal (BPGV), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), IP, Quinta S. José, S. Pedro de Merelim, 4700-859 Braga, Portugal
| | - Filomena Rocha
- Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal (BPGV), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), IP, Quinta S. José, S. Pedro de Merelim, 4700-859 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Barata
- Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal (BPGV), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), IP, Quinta S. José, S. Pedro de Merelim, 4700-859 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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Contents, profiles and bioactive properties of free and bound phenolics extracted from selected fruits of the Oleaceae and Solanaceae families. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Schmidt HDO, Rockett FC, Pagno CH, Possa J, Assis RQ, de Oliveira VR, da Silva VL, Flôres SH, Rios ADO. Vitamin and bioactive compound diversity of seven fruit species from south Brazil. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3307-3317. [PMID: 30569496 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of native tropical fruits represents an important source of bioactive food and vitamins for consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of vitamins, bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of seven native fruits of the Myrtaceae family from south Brazil. RESULTS Sample 1 of Eugenia pyriformis presented the highest value of β-carotene (0.1021 g kg-1 ), lutein (0.0511 g kg-1 ), zeaxanthin (0.0370 g kg-1 ), and α-carotene (0.0112 g kg-1 ), of all analyzed samples. The three samples of Eugenia uniflora L presented the highest lycopene (0.1876, 0.1240 and 0.1615 g kg-1 ) and vitamin A content (0.106, 0.035 and 0.178 g kg-1 RAE) of all seven species analyzed. The cyanidin 3-glucoside was the most common anthocyanin found in fruits in the present study. Two samples of Plinia peruviana presented higher antioxidant capacity by the ABTS radical method (0.80 and 0.67 mol TEs kg-1 ) among the fruits analyzed. The samples of Campomanesia xanthocarpa analyzed stood out owing to the high content of vitamin C present (23.89, 36.83 and 35.05 g kg-1 ). The values of pantothenic acid in Plinia peruviana account for 20% of daily requirements. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the native fruits studied can provide an appreciable amount of vitamins and bioactive compounds. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena de Oliveira Schmidt
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Rockett
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Pagno
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jucelaine Possa
- Departament of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renato Q Assis
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Viviani R de Oliveira
- Departament of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanuska L da Silva
- Departament of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone H Flôres
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Oliveira Rios
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenue Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Sun C, Jin L, Cai Y, Huang Y, Zheng X, Yu T. l-Glutamate treatment enhances disease resistance of tomato fruit by inducing the expression of glutamate receptors and the accumulation of amino acids. Food Chem 2019; 293:263-270. [PMID: 31151610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is the most important disease in postharvest tomato fruit. Inducing resistance to fungal pathogens in the harvested fruit and vegetable is a promising approach to control postharvest losses. In the present study, the effect of l-glutamate on induction of resistance to B. cinerea and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. The results indicated that l-glutamate at 100 ppm was effective in reducing the gray mold of tomatoes after inoculation of the pathogen. Gene expressions of nine glutamate receptors, four pathogenesis-related proteins and the content of amino acids were affected by l-glutamate treatment. Furthermore, the metabolites of l-glutamate, including GABA, Met, Lys and Arg, could also induce significant resistance against B. cinerea in tomato fruit. Our findings suggested that l-glutamate treatment may represent a promising method for managing postharvest decay of tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifei Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Moles TM, de Brito Francisco R, Mariotti L, Pompeiano A, Lupini A, Incrocci L, Carmassi G, Scartazza A, Pistelli L, Guglielminetti L, Pardossi A, Sunseri F, Hörtensteiner S, Santelia D. Salinity in Autumn-Winter Season and Fruit Quality of Tomato Landraces. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31611885 PMCID: PMC6769068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato landraces, originated by adaptive responses to local habitats, are considered a valuable resource for many traits of agronomic interest, including fruit nutritional quality. Primary and secondary metabolites are essential determinants of fruit organoleptic quality, and some of them, such as carotenoids and phenolics, have been associated with beneficial proprieties for human health. Landraces' fruit taste and flavour are often preferred by consumers compared to the commercial varieties' ones. In an autumn-winter greenhouse hydroponic experiment, the response of three Southern-Italy tomato landraces (Ciettaicale, Linosa and Corleone) and one commercial cultivar (UC-82B) to different concentrations of sodium chloride (0 mM, 60 mM or 120 mM NaCl) were evaluated. At harvest, no losses in marketable yield were noticed in any of the tested genotypes. However, under salt stress, fresh fruit yield as well as fruit calcium concentration were higher affected in the commercial cultivar than in the landraces. Furthermore, UC-82B showed a trend of decreasing lycopene and total antioxidant capacity with increasing salt concentration, whereas no changes in these parameters were observed in the landraces under 60 mM NaCl. Landraces under 120 mM NaCl accumulated more fructose and glucose in the fruits, while salt did not affect hexoses levels in UC-82B. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed differential accumulation of glycoalkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and their derivatives in the fruits of all genotypes under stress. Overall, the investigated Italian landraces showed a different behaviour compared to the commercial variety UC-82B under moderate salinity stress, showing a tolerable compromise between yield and quality attributes. Our results point to the feasible use of tomato landraces as a target to select interesting genetic traits to improve fruit quality under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Michele Moles
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Rita de Brito Francisco
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antonio Lupini
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Luca Incrocci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Carmassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pardossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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