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Zhu F. Modifications of whey proteins for emulsion based applications: Current status, issues and prospectives. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113935. [PMID: 38309906 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Whey proteins are a major group of dairy proteins with high potential for various food based applications. Whey protein isolate has a limited range of functionalities. This functional range can be expanded using diverse modification methods to suit specific applications. This review summarizes the recent advances in the modifications of whey proteins using chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods and their combinations as well as the modification effects on the physicochemical properties. The uses of these modified whey proteins in emulsion based food and beverage systems are described. The limitations in the studies summarized are critically discussed, while future research directions are suggested on how to better utilize whey proteins for emulsion based uses through modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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2
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Fuciños C, Rodríguez-Sanz A, García-Caamaño E, Gerbino E, Torrado A, Gómez-Zavaglia A, Rúa ML. Microfluidics potential for developing food-grade microstructures through emulsification processes and their application. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113086. [PMID: 37689862 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The food sector continues to face challenges in developing techniques to increase the bioavailability of bioactive chemicals. Utilising microstructures capable of encapsulating diverse compounds has been proposed as a technological solution for their transport both in food and into the gastrointestinal tract. The present review discusses the primary elements that influence the emulsification process in microfluidic systems to form different microstructures for food applications. In microfluidic systems, reactions occur within small reaction channels (1-1000 μm), using small amounts of samples and reactants, ca. 102-103 times less than conventional assays. This geometry provides several advantages for emulsion and encapsulating structure production, like less waste generation, lower cost and gentle assays. Also, from a food application perspective, it allows the decrease in particle dispersion, resulting in a highly repeatable and efficient synthesis method that also improves the palatability of the food products into which the encapsulates are incorporated. However, it also entails some particular requirements. It is important to obtain a low Reynolds number (Re < approx. 250) for greater precision in droplet formation. Also, microfluidics requires fluid viscosity typically between 0.3 and 1400 mPa s at 20 °C. So, it is a challenge to find food-grade fluids that can operate at the micro-scale of these systems. Microfluidic systems can be used to synthesise different food-grade microstructures: microemulsions, solid lipid microparticles, microgels, or self-assembled structures like liposomes, niosomes, or polymersomes. Besides, microfluidics is particularly useful for accurately encapsulating bacterial cells to control their delivery and release on the action site. However, despite the significant advancement in these systems' development over the past several years, developing and implementing these systems on an industrial scale remains challenging for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fuciños
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Alimentaria, Universidade de Vigo, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Andrea Rodríguez-Sanz
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Alimentaria, Universidade de Vigo, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Esther García-Caamaño
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Alimentaria, Universidade de Vigo, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Esteban Gerbino
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CCT-CONICET La Plata) RA-1900, Argentina
| | - Ana Torrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Alimentaria, Universidade de Vigo, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Andrea Gómez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CCT-CONICET La Plata) RA-1900, Argentina.
| | - María L Rúa
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Alimentaria, Universidade de Vigo, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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3
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Zhang J, Liu B, Li D, Radiom M, Zhang H, Cohen Stuart MA, Sagis LMC, Li Z, Chen S, Li X, Li Y. Ion-Induced Reassembly between Protein Nanotubes and Nanospheres. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3985-3995. [PMID: 37642585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Proteins used as building blocks to template nanostructures with manifold morphologies have been widely reported. Understanding their self-assembly and reassembly mechanism is important for designing functional biomaterials. Herein, we show that enzyme-hydrolyzed α-lactalbumin (α-lac) can self-assemble into either nanotubes in the presence of Ca2+ ions or nanospheres in the absence of Ca2+ in solution. Remarkably, such assembled α-lac nanotubes can be elongated by adding preassembled α-lac nanospheres and Ca2+ solution, which suggests that the self-assembled α-lac nanospheres undergo disassembly and reassembly processes into existing nanotube nuclei. By performing atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), it indicates that there is an equilibrium among nanotubes, nanospheres, hydrolyzed α-lac, and Ca2+ in solution. The structural transition between nanotubes and nanospheres is driven from a less stable structure into a more stable structure determined by the conditions. During the transition from nanospheres into nanotubes, the hydrolyzed α-lac in nanospheres transfers into helical ribbon form at both nanotube extremities. Then helical ribbons close into mature nanotubes, extending the length of the initial nuclei. Besides, by dilution or adding ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether) tetraacetic acid (EGTA), the decreased Ca2+ concentration in solution drives the Ca2+ dissociating from nanotubes into solution, leading to the transitions from nanotubes into nanospheres. The reversible transformation between nanotubes and nanospheres is achieved by adjusting the pH value from 7.5 to 5.0 and back to 7.5. This is because the stability of nanotubes decreases from pH 7.5 to 5 but increases from 5 to 7.5. Significantly, this approach can be used for the fabrication of various responsive nanomaterials from the same starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Zhang
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Milad Radiom
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard Martin C Sagis
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zekun Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shanan Chen
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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Li Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Shi X, Li S, Yang M, Zhang T, Xiao H, Du Z. A Comprehensive Review of Self-Assembled Food Protein-Derived Multicomponent Peptides: From Forming Mechanism and Structural Diversity to Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37486612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Food protein-derived multicomponent peptides (FPDMPs) are a natural blend of numerous peptides with various bioactivities and multiple active sites that can assume several energetically favorable conformations in solutions. The remarkable structural characteristics and functional attributes of FPDMPs make them promising codelivery carriers that can coassemble with different bioactive ingredients to induce multidimensional structures, such as fibrils, nanotubes, and nanospheres, thereby producing specific health benefits. This review offers a prospective analysis of FPDMPs-based self-assembly nanostructures, focusing on the mechanism of formation of self-assembled FPDMPs, the internal and external stimuli affecting peptide self-assembly, and their potential applications. In particular, we introduce the exciting prospect of constructing functional materials through precursor template-induced self-assembly of FPDMPs, which combine the bioactivity and self-assembly capacity of peptides and could dramatically broaden the functional utility of peptide-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanglin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zhiyang Du
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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Romo M, Castellari M, Bou R, Gou P, Felipe X. Separation of α-Lactalbumin-Enriched Fractions from Caprine and Ovine Native Whey Concentrate by Combining Membrane and High-Pressure Processing. Foods 2023; 12:2688. [PMID: 37509780 PMCID: PMC10378926 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey from goat and sheep have been gaining attention in the last few years for their nutritional properties. Unfortunately, β-Lg, not found in human milk, may trigger infant allergies if used in infant food formulations, so there is a growing interest in developing ingredients derived from whey with higher α-La/β-Lg ratios. The objective of this work was to study the effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on caprine and ovine native whey concentrates (NWC) in order to obtain α-Lactalbumin (α-La)-enriched fractions. NWCs were treated at 600 MPa (23 °C) for 2, 4, and 15 min and two pH conditions were studied (physiological pH and pH 4.60). The concentration of β-Lg in supernatant fraction after HPP significantly decreased after 2 min of treatment, while the concentration of α-La was unchanged in both goat and sheep samples. Longer HPP processing times (up to 15 min) progressively increased α-La purification degree but also decreased the α-La yield. Caprine and ovine NWCs treated at physiological pH provided better α-La yield, α-La purification degree, and higher β-Lg precipitation degrees than the corresponding acidified samples, while the corresponding NWC supernatant (NWCsup) showed lower values for both surface hydrophobicity and total free thiol indices, suggesting a higher extent of protein aggregation. Effects of sample acidification and the HPP treatment were opposite to those previously reported on bovine NWC, so further characterization of caprine and ovine β-Lg should be carried out to understand their different behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Romo
- Food Processing and Engineering Programme, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Granja Camps i Armet s/n, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain
| | - Massimo Castellari
- Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Granja Camps i Armet s/n, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain
| | - Ricard Bou
- Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Granja Camps i Armet s/n, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Gou
- Food Processing and Engineering Programme, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Granja Camps i Armet s/n, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Felipe
- Food Processing and Engineering Programme, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Granja Camps i Armet s/n, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain
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6
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Separation of α-Lactalbumin Enriched Fraction from Bovine Native Whey Concentrate by Combining Membrane and High-Pressure Processing. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030480. [PMID: 36766009 PMCID: PMC9914712 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey exhibits interesting nutritional properties, but its high β-Lactoglobulin (β-Lg) content could be a concern in infant food applications. In this study, high-pressure processing (HPP) was assessed as a β-Lg removal strategy to generate an enriched α-Lactalbumin (α-La) fraction from bovine native whey concentrate. Different HPP treatment parameters were considered: initial pH (physiological and acidified), sample temperature (7-35 °C), pressure (0-600 MPa) and processing time (0-490 s). The conditions providing the best α-La yield and α-La purification degree balance (46.16% and 80.21%, respectively) were 4 min (600 MPa, 23 °C), despite the significant decrease of the surface hydrophobicity and the total thiol content indexes in the α-La-enriched fraction. Under our working conditions, the general effects of HPP on α-La and β-Lg agreed with results reported in other studies of cow milk or whey. Notwithstanding, our results also indicated that the use of native whey concentrate could improve the β-Lg precipitation degree and the α-La purification degree, in comparison to raw milk or whey. Future studies should include further characterization of the α-La-enriched fraction and the implementation of membrane concentration and HPP treatment to valorize cheese whey.
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Insights into whey protein-based carriers for targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive components. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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The kinetic mechanism of cations induced protein nanotubes self-assembly and their application as delivery system. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Radosavljević J, Stanić-Vučinić D, Stojadinović M, Radomirović M, Simović A, Radibratović M, Veličković TĆ. Application of Ion Exchange and Adsorption Techniques for Separation of
Whey Proteins from Bovine Milk. CURR ANAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411017666210108092338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The world production of whey was estimated to be more than 200 million tons per year.
Although whey is an important source of proteins with high nutritional value and biotechnological importance, it is still
considered as a by-product of the dairy industry with low economic value due to low industrial exploitation. There are
several challenges in the separation of whey proteins: low concentration, the complexity of the material and similar
properties (pI, molecular mass) of some proteins.
Methods:
A narrative review of all the relevant papers on the present methodologies based on ion-exchange and
adsorption principles for isolation of whey proteins, known to the authors, was conducted.
Results:
Traditional ion-exchange techniques are widely used for the separation and purification of the bovine whey
proteins. These methodologies, based on the anion or cation chromatographic procedures, as well as combination of
aforementioned techniques are still preferential methods for the isolation of the whey proteins on the laboratory scale.
However, more recent research on ion exchange membranes for this purpose has been introduced, with promising
potential to be applied on the pilot industrial scale. Newly developed methodologies based either on the ion-exchange
separation (for example: simulated moving bed chromatography, expanded bed adsorption, magnetic ion exchangers, etc.)
or adsorption (for example: adsorption on hydroxyapatite or activated carbon, or molecular imprinting) are promising
approaches for scaling up of the whey proteins’ purification processes.
Conclusion:
Many procedures based on ion exchange are successfully implemented for separation and purification of
whey proteins, providing protein preparations of moderate-to-high yield and satisfactory purity. However, the authors
anticipate further development of adsorption-based methodologies for separation of whey proteins by targeting the
differences in proteins’ structures rather than targeting the differences in molecular masses and pI. The complex
composite multilayered matrices, including also inorganic components, are promising materials for simultaneous
exploiting of the differences in the masses, pI and structures of whey proteins for the separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radosavljević
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Dragana Stanić-Vučinić
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Marija Stojadinović
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Mirjana Radomirović
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Ana Simović
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Milica Radibratović
- Center for Chemistry, University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Tanja Ćirković Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12‑16, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
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Dual-gating pH-responsive membranes with the heterogeneous structure for whey protein fractionation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Paladii IV, Vrabie EG, Sprinchan KG, Bologa MK. Whey: Review. Part 2. Treatment Processes and Methods. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375521060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fuciños C, Estévez N, Pastrana L, Tovar CA, Rúa ML. Biofunctionality assessment of α-lactalbumin nanotubes. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lima J, Bonfim-Rocha L, Barão C, Coimbra J, Cardozo-Filho L. Techno-Economic assessment of α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin fractionation from whey protein isolated solution using supercritical carbon dioxide in a continuous reactor. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fritz PA, Zhang P, Bruschinski T, Sahin S, de Smet LC, Chan-Park MB, Boom RM, Schroën CG. Steering protein and salt ad- and desorption by an electrical switch applied to polymer-coated electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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