A UHPLC-HRMS based metabolomics and chemoinformatics approach to chemically distinguish 'super foods' from a variety of plant-based foods

Drug metabolism and transport mediated the hepatotoxicity of Pleuropterus multiflorus root: a review

Pleuropterus multiflorus root (PMR, Polygoni Multiflori Radix) is an herbal medicine widely used in East Asia, particularly China. However, the potential hepatotoxicity has hindered its rational and safe application of PMR in clinical practice. Recently, the hepatotoxic study of PMR have made great progress, especially drug metabolism and transport-mediated liver injury. In this review, we summarized the advancement of drug metabolism and transport regluated hepatic injury of PMR, pointed out the key role of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in regulating hepatic injury of PMR, and emphasized the main hepatotoxic substances, toxicity promoter, and hepatic toxic substance-toxicity promoter interactions in PMR. On this basis, the clinical prospect of preventing and treating hepatic injury of PMR from the perspective of metabolism and transporter was discussed, to provide a useful reference and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of hepatic injury of PMR.

Application of Natural Functional Additives for Improving Bioactivity and Structure of Biopolymer-Based Films for Food Packaging: A Review

The global trend towards conscious consumption plays an important role in consumer preferences regarding both the composition and quality of food and packaging materials, including sustainable ones. The development of biodegradable active packaging materials could reduce both the negative impact on the environment due to a decrease in the use of oil-based plastics and the amount of synthetic preservatives. This review discusses relevant functional additives for improving the bioactivity of biopolymer-based films. Addition of plant, microbial, animal and organic nanoparticles into bio-based films is discussed. Changes in mechanical, transparency, water and oxygen barrier properties are reviewed. Since microbial and oxidative deterioration are the main causes of food spoilage, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of natural additives are discussed, including perspective ones for the development of biodegradable active packaging.

An integrative review of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria): Traditional uses, phytochemical composition, market trends, and emerging applications

The increasing trade and popularity of açaí prompt this review. Therefore, it is imperative to provide an overview of the fruit's characteristics and the available data on its marketing, research, and products derived from its pulp and seeds to comprehend the current state of the açaí industry. Concerning food applications, it was observed that there is still room for developing processes that effectively preserve the bioactive compounds of the fruit while also being economically feasible, which presents an opportunity for future research. A notable research trend has been focused on utilizing the fruit's seeds, a byproduct of açaí processing, which is still considered a significant technological challenge. Furthermore, the studies compiled in this review attest to the industry's considerable progress and ongoing efforts to demonstrate the various properties of açaí, driving the sector's exponential growth in Brazil and worldwide.

A comparison of feature extraction capabilities of advanced UHPLC-HRMS data analysis tools in plant metabolomics

Data analysis of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) is an essential and time-consuming step in plant metabolomics and feature extraction is the fundamental step for current tools. Various methods lead to different feature extraction results in practical applications, which may puzzle users for selecting adequate data analysis tools to deal with collected data. In this work, we provide a comprehensive method evaluation for some advanced UHPLC-HRMS data analysis tools in plant metabolomics, including MS-DIAL, XCMS, MZmine, AntDAS, Progenesis QI, and Compound Discoverer. Both mixtures of standards and various complex plant matrices were specifically designed for evaluating the performances of the involved method in analyzing both targeted and untargeted metabolomics. Results indicated that AntDAS provide the most acceptable feature extraction, compound identification, and quantification results in targeted compound analysis. Concerning the complex plant dataset, both MS-DIAL and AntDAS can provide more reliable results than the others. The method comparison is maybe useful for the selection of suitable data analysis tools for users.

An efficient method for qualitation and quantitation of multi-components of the herbal medicine Qingjin Yiqi Granules

Qingjin Yiqi Granules (QJYQ) is a Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) prescription for the patients with post-COVID-19 condition. It is essential to carry out the quality evaluation of QJYQ. A comprehensive investigation was conducted by establishing deep-learning assisted mass defect filter (deep-learning MDF) mode for qualitative analysis, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring method (UHPLC-sMRM) for precise quantitation to evaluate the quality of QJYQ. Firstly, a deep-learning MDF was used to classify and characterize the whole phytochemical components of QJYQ based on the mass spectrum (MS) data of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Secondly, the highly sensitive UHPLC-sMRM data-acquisition method was established to quantify the multi-ingredients of QJYQ. Totally, nine major types of phytochemical compounds in QJYQ were intelligently classified and 163 phytochemicals were initially identified. Furthermore, fifty components were rapidly quantified. The comprehensive evaluation strategy established in this study would provide an effective tool for accurately evaluating the quality of QJYQ as a whole.

Microbial Metabolites Annotation by Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics

Since the discovery of penicillin, microbial metabolites have been extensively investigated for drug discovery purposes. In the last decades, microbial derived compounds have gained increasing attention in different fields from pharmacognosy to industry and agriculture. Microbial metabolites in microbiomes present specific functions and can be associated with the maintenance of the natural ecosystems. These metabolites may exhibit a broad range of biological activities of great interest to human purposes. Samples from either microbial isolated cultures or microbiomes consist of complex mixtures of metabolites and their analysis are not a simple process. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics encompass a set of analytical methods that have brought several improvements to the microbial natural products field. This analytical tool allows the comprehensively detection of metabolites, and therefore, the access of the chemical profile from those biological samples. These analyses generate thousands of mass spectra which is challenging to analyse. In this context, bioinformatic metabolomics tools have been successfully employed to accelerate and facilitate the investigation of specialized microbial metabolites. Herein, we describe metabolomics tools used to provide chemical information for the metabolites, and furthermore, we discuss how they can improve investigation of microbial cultures and interactions.

The influence of weevil herbivory on leaf litter chemistry in dioecious willows

Leaf litter inputs can influence the structure and function of both terrestrial and adjacent aquatic ecosystems. Dioecy and herbivory are two factors that together have received little attention, yet have the potential to affect the quantity, quality, and timing of riparian litterfall, litter chemistry, and litter decomposition processes. Here, we explore litter chemistry differences for the dioecious Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis Sanson ex. Bong), which is establishing on primary successional habitats at Mount St. Helens (WA, USA) and is heavily infested with a stem-boring weevil (Cryptorhynchus lapathi). Weevil-attacked branches produced summer senesced litter that had significantly higher %N, lower C:N ratios, and lower condensed tannins than litter from branches that were unattacked by the weevil and senesced naturally in the autumn. Weevils more often attack female willows; however, these common litter chemicals did not significantly differ between males and females within the weevil-attacked and -unattacked groups. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to isolate compounds in litter from 10 Sitka willow individuals with approximately 1500-1600 individual compounds isolated from each sample. There were differences between weevil-attacked litter and green leaf samples, but at this level, there was no clustering of male and female samples. However, further exploration of the isolated compounds determined a suite of compounds present only in either males or females. These findings suggest some variation in more complex litter chemistry between the sexes, and that significant differences in weevil-attacked litter chemistry, coupled with the shift in seasonality of litter inputs to streams, could significantly affect in-stream ecological processes, such as decomposition and detritivore activity.

Development of derivatization reagents bearing chiral 4-imidazolidinone for distinguishing primary amines from other amino acids and application to the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of miso

We designed and synthesized three novel derivatization reagents bearing chiral 4-imidazolidinone, namely succinimidyl 2-(3-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-1-methyl, ethyl, and -phenyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl)acetates (CIMs), for use in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The CIMs were able to discriminate primary amines from other compounds such as secondary amines and phenols, based on their unique m/z reduction of precursor ion to form product ion in MS/MS. As amino acid derivatization reagents, the CIMs were compared in terms of enantioseparation of amino acid and detection sensitivity. CIM_a-OSu with 1-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidinone moiety gave the best optical resolution and detection sensitivity among the CIM reagents. Next, we applied (R)-CIM_a-OSu to determine amino acids in miso by LC-triple-quadrupole MS. The proposed method achieved simultaneous determination of 20 l-amino acids and two d-amino acids (d-alanine and d-serine) in the sample with a high sensitivity (limits of detection 5-238 fmol, signal-to-noise ratio 3.3). After derivatization with CIM_a-OSu, it was possible to determine whether each peak in the chromatogram was a component of primary amine or not, by using a high-resolution orbitrap MS instrument.

Comprehensive metabolism study of swertiamarin in rats using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry

Swertiamarin, a natural ingredient with potent pharmacological activities in the iridoid glycoside family, had been reported to have significant therapeutic effects on a variety of human diseases.In this study, a systematic and efficient strategy based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was established to reveal the metabolic profile of swertiamarin in rat urine, plasma, and faeces.First of all, post-acquisition data-mining methods, including multiple mass defect filters (MMDFs) and high-resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs), were developed to screen the metabolite candidates of swertiamarin from the complete mass scan data sets.Second, according to the diagnostic product ions (DPIs), neutral loss fragments (NLFs), chromatographic retention time, accurate mass measurement and calculated Clog P values, all metabolite candidates were rapidly identified.As a consequence, 49 metabolites altogether, including archetype compound, were preliminarily characterised. The corresponding in vivo biotransformation processes, such as dehydration, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, methylation, sulphonation, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) formation, N-heterocyclisation and their composite reactions, were all discovered in the study.In conclusion, our results not only detailedly elucidated many new metabolites and metabolic pathways of swertiamarin, but also provided a reference for further study of its pharmacological mechanism and evaluation of its safety.

Nontarget Screening and Toxicity Evaluation of Diol Esters of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins Reveal Intraspecies Difference of Prorocentrum lima

High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis with the assistance of molecular networking was used to investigate intracellular toxin profiles of five Prorocentrum lima (P. lima) strains sampled from the north Yellow Sea and South China Sea. Mice were used as a model species for testing the acute toxicity of intracellular okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs) in free and esterified states. Results showed that OA and DTX1 esterified derivatives were detected in all P. lima samples, accounting for 55%-96% of total toxins in five strains. A total of 24 esters and 1 stereoisomer of DTX1 (35S DTX1) were identified based on molecular networking and MS data analysis, 15 esters of which have been reported first. All P. lima strains displayed specific toxin profiles, and preliminary analysis suggested that toxin profiles of the five P. lima strains might be region-related. Moreover, acute toxicity in mice suggested higher toxicity of esters compared with free toxins, which highlights the importance and urgency of attention to esterified toxins in P. lima.