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Zhou X, Tian T, Li X, Liu S, Zhang Q. A high-accuracy measurement procedure for salbutamol, ractopamine, and clenbuterol in pork by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 459:140357. [PMID: 39003851 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In-depth research into the precise evaluation of enzymatic digestion efficiency and the selection of a suitable deuterium-labelled internal standard remains a gap in the accurate determination of β2-agonists in animal-derived food by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS). In this study, the enzymatic digestion conditions were optimized by monitoring the presence of β2-agonist conjugates in positive samples, which proved to be reliable for ensuring complete enzymatic digestion. Comparative analysis of deuterium-labelled internal standards for salbutamol (SAL), ractopamine (RAC), and clenbuterol (CLB) revealed that CLB-D6 and SAL-D9 were less effective in compensating for matrix effects due to hydrogen‑deuterium exchange during MS fragment formation. Consequently, SAL-D3, RAC-D3 and CLB-D9 were chosen for the implementation of ID-LC-MS/MS. The developed method demonstrates high accuracy and precision, with the average recoveries ranging from 93.8% to 107.3% with RSD <6.1%, which can provide higher-order measurement results for β2-agonists in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiuqin Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Lijalem YG, Gab-Allah MA, Yu H, Choi K, Kim B. Development of a corn flour certified reference material for the accurate determination of zearalenone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3173-3183. [PMID: 38568232 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A certified reference material (CRM, KRISS 108-01-002) for zearalenone in corn flour was developed to assure reliable and accurate measurements in testing laboratories. Commercially available corn flour underwent freeze-drying, pulverization, sieving, and homogenization. The final product was packed in amber bottles, approximately 14 g per unit, and preserved at -70 °C. 13C18-Zearalenone was used as an internal standard (IS) for the certification of zearalenone by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC‒MS/MS) and for the analysis of α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalanone by LC‒MS/MS. The prepared CRM was sufficiently homogeneous, as the among-unit relative standard deviation for each mycotoxin ranged from 2.2 to 5.7 %. Additionally, the stability of the mycotoxins in the CRM was evaluated under different temperature conditions and scheduled test periods, including storage at -70°C, -20°C, and 4°C and room temperature for up to 12 months, 6 months, and 1 month, respectively. The content of each target mycotoxin in the CRM remained stable throughout the monitoring period at each temperature. Zearalenone content (153.6 ± 8.0 µg/kg) was assigned as the certified value. Meanwhile, the contents of α-zearalenol (1.30 ± 0.17 µg/kg), β-zearalenol (4.75 ± 0.33 µg/kg), and zearalanone (2.09 ± 0.16 µg/kg) were provided as informative values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Getachew Lijalem
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia, P. O. Box: 5722, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hyeonwoo Yu
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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3
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Li S, Zhang S, Li X, Zhou S, Ma J, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Yin X. Determination of multi-mycotoxins in vegetable oil via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry assisted by a complementary liquid-liquid extraction. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100887. [PMID: 38144739 PMCID: PMC10740109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of multi-mycotoxins in food commodities are highly desirable due to their potential toxic effects and mass consumption of foods. Herein, liquid chromatography-quadrupole exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry was proposed to analyze multi-mycotoxins in commercial vegetable oils. Specifically, the method featured a successive liquid-liquid extraction process, in which the complementary solvents consisted of acetonitrile and water were optimized. Resultantly, matrix effects were reduced greatly. External calibration approach revealed good quantification property for each analyte. Under optimal conditions, the recovery ranging from 80.8% to 109.7%, relative standard deviation less than 11.7%, and good limit of quantification (0.35 to 45.4 ng/g) were achieved. The high accuracy of proposed method was also validated. The detection of 20 commercial vegetable oils revealed that aflatoxins B1 and B2, zearalenone were observed in 10 real samples. The as-developed method is simple and low-cost, which merits the wide applications for scanning mycotoxins in oil matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Li
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Siyao Zhang
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shukun Zhou
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiong Yin
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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4
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Marins-Gonçalves L, Martins Ferreira M, Rocha Guidi L, De Souza D. Is chemical analysis suitable for detecting mycotoxins in agricultural commodities and foodstuffs? Talanta 2023; 265:124782. [PMID: 37339540 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the risks of mycotoxins to humans through consuming contaminated foods resulted in specific legislation that evaluates the presence, quantities, and type of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities and foodstuffs. Thus, to ensure compliance with legislation, food safety and consumer health, the development of suitable analytical procedures for identifying and quantifying mycotoxins in the free or modified form, in low-concentration and in complex samples is necessary. This review reports the application of the modern chemical methods of analysis employed in mycotoxin detection in agricultural commodities and foodstuffs. It is reported extraction methods with reasonable accuracy and those present characteristics according to guidelines of Green Analytical Chemistry. Recent trends in mycotoxins detection using analytical techniques are presented and discussed, evaluating the robustness, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity in the detection of different classes of mycotoxins. Sensitivity coming from modern chromatographic techniques allows the detection of very low concentrations of mycotoxins in complex samples. However, it is essential the development of more green, fast and more suitable accuracy extraction methods for mycotoxins, which agricultural commodities producers could use. Despite the high number of research reporting the use of chemically modified voltammetric sensors, mycotoxins detection still has limitations due to the low selectivity from similar chemical structures of mycotoxins. Furthermore, spectroscopic techniques are rarely employed due to the limited number of reference standards for calibration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorranne Marins-Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martins Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rocha Guidi
- Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Djenaine De Souza
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil.
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5
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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wei B, Feng X. Recent Insights into Sample Pretreatment Methods for Mycotoxins in Different Food Matrices: A Critical Review on Novel Materials. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030215. [PMID: 36977106 PMCID: PMC10053610 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins pollution is a global concern, and can pose a serious threat to human health. People and livestock eating contaminated food will encounter acute and chronic poisoning symptoms, such as carcinogenicity, acute hepatitis, and a weakened immune system. In order to prevent or reduce the exposure of human beings and livestock to mycotoxins, it is necessary to screen mycotoxins in different foods efficiently, sensitively, and selectively. Proper sample preparation is very important for the separation, purification, and enrichment of mycotoxins from complex matrices. This review provides a comprehensive summary of mycotoxins pretreatment methods since 2017, including traditionally used methods, solid-phase extraction (SPE)-based methods, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)-based methods, matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), QuEChERS, and so on. The novel materials and cutting-edge technologies are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Moreover, we discuss and compare the pros and cons of different pretreatment methods and suggest a prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Binbin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (X.F.); Fax: +86-18900911582 (B.W.); +86-18240005807 (X.F.)
| | - Xuesong Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (X.F.); Fax: +86-18900911582 (B.W.); +86-18240005807 (X.F.)
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6
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Vardali S, Papadouli C, Rigos G, Nengas I, Panagiotaki P, Golomazou E. Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Determination in Fish Feed Ingredients. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062519. [PMID: 36985489 PMCID: PMC10053411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-cost plant-based sources used in aquaculture diets are prone to the occurrence of animal feed contaminants, which may in certain conditions affect the quality and safety of aquafeeds. Mycotoxins, a toxic group of small organic molecules produced by fungi, comprise a frequently occurring plant-based feed contaminant in aquafeeds. Mycotoxin contamination can potentially cause significant mortality, reduced productivity, and higher disease susceptibility; thus, its timely detection is crucial to the aquaculture industry. The present review summarizes the methodological advances, developed mainly during the past decade, related to mycotoxin detection in aquafeed ingredients, namely analytical, chromatographic, and immunological methodologies, as well as the use of biosensors and spectroscopic methods which are becoming more prevalent. Rapid and accurate mycotoxin detection is and will continue to be crucial to the food industry, animal production, and the environment, resulting in further improvements and developments in mycotoxin detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vardali
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (E.G.)
| | - Christina Papadouli
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - George Rigos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounion, 19013 Attiki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nengas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounion, 19013 Attiki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Panagiotaki
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment—Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (E.G.)
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7
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AgPdNFs and AuNOs@GO nanocomposites for T-2 toxin detection by catalytic hairpin assembly. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:120. [PMID: 36884101 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most potent and toxic mycotoxin, produced by various Fusarium species that can potentially affect human health, and widely exists in field crops and stored grain. In this work, an electrochemical aptasensor with nonenzymatic signal amplification strategy for the detection of T-2 toxin is presented, using noble metal nanocomposites and catalytic hairpin assembly as signal amplification strategy. Silver palladium nanoflowers and gold octahedron nanoparticles@graphene oxide nanocomposites are used for synergistic amplification of electrical signals. Simultaneously, the catalytic hairpin assembly strategy based on artificial molecular technology was introduced to further amplify the signal. Under optimal conditions, T-2 toxin was measured within a linear concentration range 1 × 10-2 ~ 1 × 104 pg·mL-1 with an extremely low detection limit of 6.71 fg·mL-1. The aptasensor exhibited high sensitivity, good selectivity, satisfactory stability, and excellent reproducibility. Moreover, this method had high accuracy in detecting T-2 toxin in beer sample. The encouraging results show the potential application in foodstuff analysis. A dual signal amplification electrochemical biosensor for the detection of T-2 toxins was constructed, through the signal amplification of noble metal nanomaterials and CHA strategy.
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8
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Jalaludin I, Lubman DM, Kim J. A guide to mass spectrometric analysis of extracellular vesicle proteins for biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:844-872. [PMID: 34747512 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (small extracellular vesicles) in living organisms play an important role in processes such as cell proliferation or intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes have been extensively investigated for biomarker discoveries for various diseases. An important aspect of exosome analysis involves the development of enrichment methods that have been introduced for successful isolation of exosomes. These methods include ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, polyethylene glycol-based precipitation, immunoaffinity-based enrichment, ultrafiltration, and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation among others. To confirm the presence of exosomes, various characterization methods have been utilized such as Western blot analysis, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, optical methods, zeta potential, visual inspection, and mass spectrometry. Recent advances in high-resolution separations, high-performance mass spectrometry and comprehensive proteome databases have all contributed to the successful analysis of exosomes from patient samples. Herein we review various exosome enrichment methods, characterization methods, and recent trends of exosome investigations using mass spectrometry-based approaches for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Jalaludin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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9
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Development of a certified reference material for the accurate determination of type B trichothecenes in corn. Food Chem 2023; 404:134542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Accurate determination of four tetracycline residues in chicken meat by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463818. [PMID: 36720185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method based on isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC‒MS/MS) was developed to accurately determine four representative tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline) in chicken meat. Tetracyclines are known to have a great tendency for epimerization and keto-enol tautomerism, which often provoke major challenges in their determination. Since this isomerization was found to be unavoidable during the whole chain of the current analysis, the total content (µg kg‒1) of individual tetracycline was quantified as a sum of each parent compound and its respective isomeric forms. Using this approach in combination with IDMS analysis, more consistent, accurate, and reproducible measurement results for the four tetracyclines in chicken meat were acquired. LC-MS/MS conditions and sample preparation processes were comprehensively optimized to minimize the chelating effect of tetracyclines and possible co-extracted interferences. Details of the sample preparation scheme, LC‒MS/MS detection, calculation equation, and method validation are described in this article. The method provided very good accuracy (97.7-102.6%) for all analytes across the concentration range of 10-200 µg kg‒1, with relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day precision of less than 4%. The limits of quantification were below 0.2 µg kg‒1, demonstrating the high sensitivity of the method. Furthermore, the measurement uncertainty was generally below 5.5%. Hence, the established method exhibits high-order metrological quality with superior performance over various existing methodologies. Moreover, this method can provide references for general food testing laboratories close to and far below the established maximum residue limits (100 µg kg‒1) for animal muscle tissues.
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11
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Type B Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains and Their Products: Recent Advances on Occurrence, Toxicology, Analysis and Post-Harvest Decontamination Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:85. [PMID: 36828399 PMCID: PMC9963506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) are secondary toxic metabolites produced mainly by mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi and have been recognized as natural contaminants in cereals and cereal-based foods. The latest studies have proven the various negative effects of type B trichothecenes on human health. Due to the widespread occurrence of Fusarium species, contamination by these mycotoxins has become an important aspect for public health and agro-food systems worldwide. Hence, their monitoring and surveillance in various foods have received a significant deal of attention in recent years. In this review, an up-to-date overview of the occurrence profile of major type B trichothecenes and DON-3G in cereal grains and their toxicological implications are outlined. Furthermore, current trends in analytical methodologies for their determination are overviewed. This review also covers the factors affecting the production of these mycotoxins, as well as the management strategies currently employed to mitigate their contamination in foods. Information presented in this review provides good insight into the progress that has been achieved in the last years for monitoring type B trichothecenes and DON-3G, and also would help the researchers in their further investigations on metabolic pathway analysis and toxicological studies of these Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, P.O. Box 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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12
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Luo S, Liu Y, Guo Q, Wang X, Tian Y, Yang W, Li J, Chen Y. Determination of Zearalenone and Its Derivatives in Feed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and Isotope Dilution. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110764. [PMID: 36356014 PMCID: PMC9697342 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was established for the determination of zearalenone and its five derivatives in feed, including zearalanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol. An effective immunoaffinity column was prepared for sample purification, which was followed by the silane derivatization of the eluate after an immunoaffinity chromatography analysis for target compounds by GC-MS. Matrix effects were corrected by an isotope internal standard of zearalenone in this method. The six analytes had a good linear relationship in the range of 2-500 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were less than 1.5 μg/kg and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The average spike recoveries for the six feed matrices ranged from 89.6% to 112.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12.6%. Twenty actual feed samples were analyzed using the established method, and at least one target was detected. The established GC-MS method was proven to be reliable and suitable for the determination of zearalenone and its derivatives in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
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13
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Simultaneous determination of 21 organophosphorus flame retardants in rice by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Liu Y, Jin Y, Guo Q, Wang X, Luo S, Yang W, Li J, Chen Y. Immunoaffinity Cleanup and Isotope Dilution-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Six Major Mycotoxins in Feed and Feedstuff. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090631. [PMID: 36136569 PMCID: PMC9503004 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin and fumonisin B1 in feed and feedstuff was established. The sample was extracted with an acetonitrile–water mixture (60:40, v/v), purified by an immunoaffinity column, eluted with a methanol–acetic acid mixture (98:2, v/v), and reconstituted with a methanol–water mixture (50:50, v/v) after drying with nitrogen. Finally, the reconstituted solution was detected by LC-MS/MS and quantified by isotope internal standard method. The six mycotoxins had a good linear relationship in a certain concentration range, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99, the limits of detection were between 0.075 and 1.5 µg·kg−1, and the limits of quantification were between 0.5 and 5 µg·kg−1. The average spike recoveries in the four feed matrices ranged from 84.2% to 117.1% with relative standard deviations less than 11.6%. Thirty-six actual feed samples were analyzed for mycotoxins, and at least one mycotoxin was detected in each sample. The proposed method is reliable and suitable for detecting common mycotoxins in feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongpeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Sunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
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15
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Universal screening of 200 mycotoxins and their variations in stored cereals in Shanghai, China by UHPLC-Q-TOF MS. Food Chem 2022; 387:132869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Gholizadeh S, Mirzaei H, Khandaghi J, Mogaddam MRA, Javadi A. Ultrasound–assisted solvent extraction combined with magnetic ionic liquid based-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of mycotoxins from tea samples. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in cereal-derived products from Egypt. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Gab-Allah MA, Tahoun IF, Yamani RN, Rend EA, Shehata AB. Eco-friendly and sensitive analytical method for determination of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in cereal products using UPLC-MS/MS. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Lijalem YG, Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Development of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in corn. Food Chem 2022; 384:132483. [PMID: 35202990 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A method using isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS/MS) was developed for the accurate determination of zearalenone (ZEN) and its five major metabolites in corn. 13C- or 2H-labeled analogues of the target mycotoxins were used as internal standards. As the immunoaffinity columns used demonstrated selectivity to a specific chiral isomer of a racemic mixture of zearalanone-d6, a clean-up cartridge without stereoselectivity (Mycosep 226 column) was selected for the same recovery of the analyte and its internal standard with adequate elimination of matrix interferences. The method demonstrated sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision over a concentration range of 20-400 µg/kg. The limit of detections and limit of quantifications were 0.14-0.33 µg/kg and 0.45-1.11 µg/kg, respectively. The accuracy values were 96.7%-103.6%, with intra and inter-day precisions of less than 3% and 4%, respectively. The expanded measurement uncertainty was less than 7% (with a 95% confidence level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Getachew Lijalem
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa P. O. Box: 5722, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Development of isotope dilution–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry as a candidate reference method for the accurate determination of patulin in apple products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1867-1879. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Tahoun IF, Gab-Allah MA, Yamani RN, Shehata AB. Development and validation of a reliable LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in maize and oats. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Gab-Allah MA, Mekete KG, Choi K, Kim B. Occurrence of major type-B trichothecenes and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in cereal-based products from Korea. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Determination of iron, nickel, and vanadium in crude oil by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry following microwave-assisted wet digestion. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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