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Scimone G, Carucci MG, Risoli S, Pisuttu C, Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Petersen M. Ozone Treatment as an Approach to Induce Specialized Compounds in Melissa officinalis Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:933. [PMID: 38611462 PMCID: PMC11013203 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants are constantly subjected to environmental changes that deeply affect their metabolism, leading to the inhibition or synthesis of "specialized" compounds, small organic molecules that play a fundamental role in adaptative responses. In this work, Melissa officinalis L. (an aromatic plant broadly cultivated due to the large amounts of secondary metabolites) plants were exposed to realistic ozone (O3) dosages (80 ppb, 5 h day-1) for 35 consecutive days with the aim to evaluate its potential use as elicitor of specialized metabolite production. Ozone induced stomatal dysfunction throughout the whole experiment, associated with a low photosynthetic performance, a decrease in the potential energy conversion activity of PSII, and an alteration in the total chlorophyll content (-35, -36, -10, and -17% as average compared to the controls, respectively). The production of hydrogen peroxide at 7 days from the beginning of exposure (+47%) resulted in lipid peroxidation and visible injuries. This result suggests metabolic disturbance within the cell and a concomitant alteration in cell homeostasis, probably due to a limited activation of antioxidative mechanisms. Moderate accumulated doses of O3 triggered the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids and the up-regulation of the genes encoding enzymes involved in rosmarinic acid, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis. While high accumulated doses of O3 significantly enhanced the content of hydroxybenzoic acid and flavanone glycosides. Our study shows that the application of O3 at the investigated concentration for a limited period (such as two/three weeks) may become a useful tool to stimulate bioactive compounds production in M. officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scimone
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Carucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Samuele Risoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (M.G.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, D-35037 Marburg, Germany;
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2
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Chen Z, Li Y, Wang H, Tian H, Feng X, Tan L, Liu X. Synergistic effects of oxidized konjac glucomannan on rheological, thermal and structural properties of gluten protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125598. [PMID: 37423447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation is an effective way to prepare depolymerized konjac glucomannan (KGM). The oxidized KGM (OKGM) differed from native KGM in physicochemical properties due to different molecular structure. In this study, the effects of OKGM on the properties of gluten protein were investigated and compared with native KGM (NKGM) and enzymatic hydrolysis KGM (EKGM). Results showed that the OKGM with a low molecular weight and viscosity could improve rheological properties and enhance thermal stability. Compared to native gluten protein (NGP), OKGM stabilized the protein secondary structure by increasing the contents of β-sheet and α-helix, and improved the tertiary structure through increasing the disulfide bonds. The compact holes with shrunk pore size confirmed a stronger interaction between OKGM and gluten protein through scanning electron microscopy, forming a highly networked gluten structure. Furthermore, OKGM depolymerized by the moderate ozone-microwave treatment of 40 min had a higher effect on gluten proteins than that by the 100 min treatment, demonstrating that the excessive degradation of KGM weakened the interaction between the gluten protein and OKGM. These findings demonstrated that incorporating moderately oxidized KGM into gluten protein was an effective strategy to improve the properties of gluten protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Guizhou Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Hongmei Tian
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lulin Tan
- Guizhou Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Yu Y, Guan S, Li X, Sun B, Lin S, Gao F. Physicochemical and functional properties of egg white peptide powders under different storage conditions. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:732-741. [PMID: 36712210 PMCID: PMC9873857 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of different storage conditions (temperature and relative humidity) on the physicochemical and functional properties of egg white peptide powders (EWPPs). The samples (EWPPs) were stored for 28 d under four conditions (4 °C, 50% RH; 4 °C, 75% RH; 25 °C, 50% RH; 25 °C, 75% RH). Results showed that storage temperature and relative humidity had a significant effect on the physicochemical and functional properties of EWPPs. The contents of antioxidant amino acids such as histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and lysine were reduced significantly under different storage conditions, which resulted in the decrease of the antioxidant activity of EWPPs. Circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis indicated that the secondary structure of EWPPs changed from the regular structure to the irregular coiled structure during the storage. Additionally, the hydrophobic groups of the EWPPs originally embedded inside the molecules were exposed to the surface of the molecules during the storage, which led to an aggregation of EWPPs molecule and a decrease in solubility of EWPPs. The aggregation of EWPPs molecules resulted in a decrease in emulsification, emulsification stability, foaming ability and foaming stability of the EWPPs. Therefore, different storage conditions do have an impact on the physicochemical and functional properties of EWPPs. Lower temperature and humidity storing conditions were beneficial to retain the functional property of the EWPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, NO. 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, NO. 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingfang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, NO. 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingyu Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Commercial University, Harbin, 130062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Songyi Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, NO. 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 People’s Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seafood of Ministry of Education, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, NO. 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 People’s Republic of China
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Pisuttu C, Risoli S, Moncini L, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Sarrocco S. Sustainable Strategies to Counteract Mycotoxins Contamination and Cowpea Weevil in Chickpea Seeds during Post-Harvest. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:61. [PMID: 36668881 PMCID: PMC9865523 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination and pest infestation of foods and feeds represent a pivotal threat for food safety and security worldwide, with crucial implications for human and animal health. Controlled atmosphere could be a sustainable strategy to reduce mycotoxins content and counteract the vitality of deleterious organisms in foodstuff. Ozone treatment (O3, 500 ppb for 30, 60 or 90 min) and high nitrogen concentration (N2, 99% for 21 consecutive days) were tested in the post-harvest management of four batches of Cicer arietinum grains to control the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi and their secondary metabolites, as well as pest (i.e., Callosobruchus maculatus) infestation. At the end of the treatment, O3 significantly decreased the incidence of Penicillium spp. (by an average of -50%, independently to the time of exposure) and reduced the patulin and aflatoxins content after 30 min (-85 and -100%, respectively). High N2 concentrations remarkably reduced mycotoxins contamination (by an average of -94%) and induced pest mortality (at 100% after 5 days of exposure). These results confirm the promising potential of O3 and N2 in post-harvest conservation strategies, leading to further investigations to evaluate the effects on the qualitative characteristics of grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Risoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moncini
- Biotechnical Instruments in Agriculture and Forestry Research Centre (CRISBA), ISIS “Leopoldo II di Lorena”, Cittadella dello Studente, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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5
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An Efficient Processing Strategy to Improve the Flavor Profile of Egg Yolk: Ozone-Mediated Oxidation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010124. [PMID: 36615317 PMCID: PMC9822375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ozone treatment on egg yolk volatiles and fatty acids. The composition and content of volatile substances and the fatty acid content of the egg yolk were changed significantly after ozonation. With proper ozone treatment (30 min), the aldehyde content in the egg yolk increased from 78.08% to 94.63%, and the relative content of dibutyl amine decreased from 1.50% to 0.00%. There were no significant differences among the types of fatty acids in the egg yolks after being treated with ozone, but there were differences in their relative contents. The results of SDS-PAGE showed no significant difference in yolk protein composition and contents among the groups. SEM results showed that moderate ozone treatment (20 min and 30 min) led to a regular and dense network structure of egg yolk. These results provided a theoretical basis for expanding the application of ozone technology in the egg yolk processing industry.
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Nickhil C, Mohapatra D, Kar A, Giri SK, Verma US, Muchahary S. Gaseous ozone treatment of chickpea grains: Effect on functional groups, thermal behavior, pasting properties, morphological features, and phytochemicals. J Food Sci 2022; 87:5191-5207. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chowdaiah Nickhil
- ICAR‐Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Nabibagh Bhopal India
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology Tezpur University, Tezpur Assam India
| | | | - Abhijit Kar
- Division of Food Science and Post‐Harvest Technology Indian Agricultural Research Institute Pusa Campus New Delhi India
| | - Saroj Kumar Giri
- ICAR‐Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Nabibagh Bhopal India
| | - Uttam Singh Verma
- Division of Food Science and Post‐Harvest Technology Indian Agricultural Research Institute Pusa Campus New Delhi India
| | - Sangita Muchahary
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology Tezpur University, Tezpur Assam India
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Dash DR, Singh SK, Singha P. Recent advances on the impact of novel non-thermal technologies on structure and functionality of plant proteins: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3151-3166. [PMID: 36218326 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2130161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The recent trend in consumption of plant-based protein over animal protein opens up a new avenue for sustainable agriculture practice, less environmental impact and greenhouse gas emission. The modification of plant-based proteins by novel non-thermal technologies includes the structural transformation followed by the modulation of their functional properties that are exploited to develop a protein ingredient system for application in food formulation. This review explores the impact of non-thermal process technologies on structural modification of plant proteins followed by improvement in protein's function in food formulation. Novel concepts articulating the impact of non-thermal technologies on structural and functional modification of plant proteins affecting it's digestibility and bioavailability are addressed. Limitations and prospects of applying non-thermal technologies in developing an alternative plant-based protein food system are also summarized. Non-thermal processes are considered as the emerging technologies that results in conformational changes in secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of plant proteins which helps in modification of functional properties without jeopardizing the organoleptic properties and bioactivity of the protein. However, extensive future study is needed to optimize the non-thermal process parameters along with the finding of new protein sources to achieve healthy and sustainable plant-based food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Ranjan Dash
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Poonam Singha
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
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Bai YP, Zhou HM, Zhu KR, Li Q. Impact of thermally induced wall breakage on the structural properties of water-soluble polysaccharides in chickpeas. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:869-882. [PMID: 35367273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to elucidate the influence of wall breakage induced by thermal processing on the molecular, structural, and antioxidant activities of water-soluble polysaccharides in chickpeas. Different extents of cell wall disruption were observed by fluorescence microscopy in chickpea cotyledons. Moreover, a decreasing fluorescence intensity of cell wall fragments was observed in the flour residues upon heat fluidization, autoclaving, and microwave heating, and the polysaccharide extraction rates were increased by 31.47%, 25.52%, and 9.79%, respectively. Furthermore, WPUCP, WPHCP, WPMCP, and WPACP (water-soluble polysaccharides from unprocessed, heat fluidized, microwaved, and autoclaved chickpeas, respectively) were RG-I (rhamnogalacturonan-I)-enriched pectic polysaccharides composed of galactose, arabinose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose. After chickpea thermal processing, the degrees of branching decreased to 2.87, 3.79, and 2.53 in WPHCP, WPMCP, and WPACP, respectively, and the molecular weights were reduced by 46.46%, 24.83%, and 59.91%, respectively. Structural analysis showed that the semicrystalline regions of WPHCP, WPMCP, and WPACP were slightly damaged without changing the functional groups, but their thermal stability decreased. Interestingly, WPACP formed an ordered conformation (microporous network structure) through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of WPHCP, WPMCP, and WPACP were enhanced, and the strongest radical scavenging activity was observed for WPHCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hui-Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Ke-Rui Zhu
- Rui De Intelligent Technology (Huai'an) Co., Ltd, Huaian 223113, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Number Times Technology (Huai'an) Co., Ltd, Huaian 223113, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Sharma R, Bhandari M, Kaur K, Singh A, Sharma S, Kaur P. Molecular interactome and starch–protein matrix, functional properties, phytochemical constituents, and antioxidant activity of foxtail millet (
Setaria italica
) flour as influenced during gaseous ozonation. Cereal Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Sharma
- Department of Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Manisha Bhandari
- Department of Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Kulwinder Kaur
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Savita Sharma
- Department of Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Preetinder Kaur
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana Punjab India
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González-Balderas R, Velasquez-Orta S, Felix M, Bengoechea C, Yañez Noguez I, Orta Ledesma M. Identification and effect of ozone and ultrasound pretreatments on Desmodesmus sp. and Tetradesmus obliquus proteins. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Venkateswara Rao M, C K S, Rawson A, D V C, N V. Modifying the plant proteins techno-functionalities by novel physical processing technologies: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-22. [PMID: 34751062 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1997907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteins have recently gained market demand and momentum due to their environmentally friendly origins and health advantages over their animal-derived counterparts. However, their lower techno-functionalities, digestibility, bioactivities, and anti-nutritional compounds have limited their application in foods. Increased demand for physically modified proteins with better techno-functionalities resulted in the application of different thermal and non-thermal treatments to modify plant proteins. Novel physical processing technologies (NPPT) considered 'emerging high-potential treatments for tomorrow' are required to alter protein functionality, enhance bioactive peptide formations, reduce anti-nutritional, reduce loss of nutrients, prevention of damage to heat liable proteins and clean label. NPPT can be promising substitutes for the lower energy-efficient and aggressive thermal treatments in plant protein modification. These facts captivated the interest of the scientific community in designing novel functional food systems. However, these improvements are not verifiable for all the plant proteins and depend immensely on the protein type and concentration, other environmental parameters (pH, ionic strength, temperature, and co-solutes), and NPPT conditions. This review addresses the most promising approaches of NPPT for the modification of techno-functionalities of plant proteins. New insights elaborating the effect of NPPTs on proteins' structural and functional behavior in relation to other food components are discussed. The combined application of NPPTs in the field of plant-based bioactive functionalities is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madaraboina Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM)- Thanjavur (an Institute of National Importance; formerly IIFPT), Thanjavur, India
| | - Sunil C K
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM)- Thanjavur (an Institute of National Importance; formerly IIFPT), Thanjavur, India
| | - Ashish Rawson
- Department of Food Safety and Quality testing, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM)- Thanjavur (an Institute of National Importance; formerly IIFPT), Thanjavur, India
| | - Chidanand D V
- Department of Industry Academia Cell, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM)- Thanjavur (an Institute of National Importance; formerly IIFPT), Thanjavur, India
| | - Venkatachlapathy N
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM)- Thanjavur (an Institute of National Importance; formerly IIFPT), Thanjavur, India
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