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Hu Q, Sun J, Yu H, Feng R, Zhang J, Zhou H, Ji S. Simultaneous Screening of 172 Veterinary Drugs by Modified QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS in TCM Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:439-443. [PMID: 38576204 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the screening of 172 veterinary drugs in traditional Chinese medicine Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The samples were pretreated by a modified QuEChERS method. A Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 column (1.8 μm, 3.0 × 150 mm2, Agilent) was used for the separation of analytes by gradient elution. All analytes were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring mode. Good linearity with R ≥ 0.99 was exhibited for all analytes within the respective range. The recoveries of all monitored analytes ranged from 55.4 to 127.6% at three spiked levels (limit of quantitation-LOQ, 2-fold LOQ, 10-fold LOQ), with relative standard deviations <17.8%. The estimated LOQ levels were 0.2-20 μg/kg. The application of this method provides a reference for the safety control of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui Feng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shen Ji
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
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2
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Jia T, Ouyang S, Chen W, Zhang T, Lu M, Zhou X, Lei H, Wei X. Develop an external standard method for high-flux determination of veterinary drug residues liquid milk without solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2024; 433:137269. [PMID: 37690137 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
To get rid of the singularity of the detection of veterinary drug residues in liquid milk, a high-throughput determination was developed for 126 VDRs in 17 categories in liquid milk based on the one-step extraction coupled with LC-HRMS (UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS). The results showed that adding 2.5 mL of 0.1 mol/L Na2EDTA-McIlvaine in acetonitrile-methanol extractant (50:50, V/V) could effectively improve the response intensity of veterinary drug residues in liquid milk, reduce the matrix effect and eliminate the need for expensive SPE purification. The established external standard quantitative method has a LOD of 0.01-0.30 μg/L for all categories of veterinary drug residues, good linearity in the concentration range of LOQ of 0.03-1.00 μg/L, and correlation coefficients (r2) were all greater than 0.995. The spike recoveries at all three levels were between 80.30% and 119.95%. The positive detection rate of this method in 128 actual samples was 8.59%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaolun Ouyang
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Wenrui Chen
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengqi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiuying Zhou
- Zhongshan Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Inspection Institute, Zhongshan 528403, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Amorim VE, Morais H, Ferreira ACS, Pardal MA, Cruzeiro C, Cardoso PG. Application of a robust analytical method for quantifying progestins in environmental samples from three Portuguese Estuaries. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115967. [PMID: 38159385 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the last years, progestins have raised special concerns for their documented negative effects on aquatic species, yet little is known about their environmental levels in surface waters and bioaccumulation in the trophic web. This study aimed to 1) adapt an extraction method for quantifying progestins in freeze-dried matrices, 2) validate the analytical procedure for three matrices: bivalve, polychaete, and crustacean, and 3) characterize levels of the four most prescribed synthetic progestins in key species across three Portuguese estuaries. Through the validated method, progestins were only quantifiable for the crustacean. Values were generally low, peaking with drospirenone values in Ria de Aveiro (1.33 ± 0.26 ng/g ww) and Tagus estuary (1.42 ± 0.55 ng/g ww), while Ria Formosa exhibited the lowest progestin concentrations (< 1 ng/g ww). This study enabled the development of a precise extraction and analytical method for quantifying steroid hormones in three distinct biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Amorim
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Morais
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A C Silva Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Wine Biotechnology (IWBT), Department of Viticulture and Oenology (DVO), University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Cork Supply Portugal, S.A., Rua Nova do Fial 102, 4535 São Paio de Oleiros, Portugal
| | - M A Pardal
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Cruzeiro
- Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - P G Cardoso
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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4
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Huang Z. Trace analysis of steroid hormones in tear films via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:386-390. [PMID: 38126427 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) method for the analysis of seven steroid hormones in human tears. Tear samples were collected using Schirmer strips and extracted with methanol. The analytes were then subjected to a "one-step" clean-up process using solid phase extraction, and subsequently separated on a C18 column by UPLC. Detection was performed using an Orbitrap MS detector, operated at a resolution of 17 500 FWHM in parallel reaction monitoring mode with an HESI ion source under positive ionization. Our data showed the sensitivity with limits of detection for steroid hormones in tears ranging from 0.12 to 0.86 pg μL-1, and high correlation coefficients in the corresponding concentration range exceeding 0.99. The results also had high accuracy with spiking recoveries for spiked tear samples ranging from 78.2% to 96.7% and relative deviations of less than 15%. Furthermore, we successfully applied our method to detect the pg μL-1 level of steroid hormones in real human tear samples. Our findings showed the potential of this UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS method for the accurate and sensitive determination of steroid hormones in human tears, providing a valuable tool for ophthalmic and endocrine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Dong X, Zeng Q, Dai L, Ren X, Cao W, Ju H, Wei Q. Signal "On-Amplified-Off" Strategy Based on Hafnium Dioxide Nanomaterials as Electrochemiluminescence Emitters for Progesterone Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12184-12191. [PMID: 37530603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
When consumed, excess progesterone (P4)─found in food and the environment─can lead to severe illnesses in humans. Therefore, quantitative analysis of P4 is critical for identifying its hazardous levels. In this study, a novel signal "on-amplified-off" P4 detection mode was proposed, which was based on the utilization of hafnium oxide (HfO2) as a unique electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter, produced by calcining UiO-66(Hf). This is the first time that HfO2 has been used as an ECL emitter. HfO2 displayed excellent conductivity and a high specific surface area, allowing it to connect with numerous aptamers and produce a "signal-on" effect. Ni-doped ZnO (Ni-ZnO) acted as a coreaction accelerator, enhancing the ECL strength of HfO2 by generating more tripropylamine radicals. cDNA was labeled with Ni-ZnO, and Ni-ZnO was linked to the aptamer via base complementary pairing, affording "signal-amplified". The presence of the target molecule P4 instigated a specific binding process with the aptamer, triggering the shedding of cDNA-Ni-ZnO and resulting in "signal-off". This novel "on-amplified-off" strategy effectively improved the sensitivity and specificity of P4 analysis, introducing a practical method for detecting biomolecules beyond the scope of this study, which holds immense potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qingze Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Li Dai
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Huang Y, Ye D, Yang J, Zhu W, Li L, Ding Y. Dual recognition elements for selective determination of progesterone based on molecularly imprinted electrochemical aptasensor. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341288. [PMID: 37230721 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical aptasensor (MIEAS) was constructed for selective progesterone (P4) detection based on SnO2-graphene (SnO2-Gr) nanomaterial and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). SnO2-Gr with a large specific area and excellent conductivity improved the adsorption capacity of P4. Aptamer, as biocompatible monomer, was captured by AuNPs on modified electrode through Au-S bond. An electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film consisted of p-aminothiophenol as chemical functional monomer and P4 as template molecule. Due to the synergetic effect of MIP and aptamer towards P4, this MIEAS exhibited better selectivity than the sensor with MIP or aptamer as single recognition element. The prepared sensor had a low detection limit of 1.73 × 10-15 M in a wide linear range from 10-14 M to 10-5 M. Satisfactory recovery obtained in tap water and milk samples proved that this sensor had great potential in environmental and food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Daixin Ye
- College of Sciences & Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Wenyi Zhu
- Shanghai University Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Yaping Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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7
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Jongedijk E, Fifeik M, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Polzer J, Blokland M, Sterk S. Use of high-resolution mass spectrometry for veterinary drug multi-residue analysis. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Are aptamer-based biosensing approaches a good choice for female fertility monitoring? A comprehensive review. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Pan XD, Han JL. Determination of steroid hormone residues in farmed fish using high-resolution orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4146-4152. [PMID: 36222091 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 15 steroid hormones in farmed fish by liquid chromatography-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry has been developed and validated. The method involved sample preparation with acetonitrile extraction and clean-up, and separation in the LC using a C18 column. The orbital ion trap MS was operated at a resolution of 35 000 FWHM in selected ion monitoring mode. An ion source with heated electrospray ionization was used in positive ionization mode. The samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction. The limit of quantification of steroid hormones in fish samples was 2 μg kg-1. Good linearity was observed since correlation coefficients were more than 0.99 for all compounds. Recoveries of spiked fish samples (2 μg kg-1 and 20 μg kg-1) ranged from 80.8% to 112.6% with relative deviations less than 15%. The method was successfully applied to detect steroid hormones in real farmed fish samples at the μg kg-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Physical-chemistry and Toxicity, Road No. 3399, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City, 310051, China.
| | - Jian-Long Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Physical-chemistry and Toxicity, Road No. 3399, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City, 310051, China.
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SHANG W, SUO D, LI T, DU Q, JIANG X, WANG P. [Metal-organic framework UiO-67-based enrichment and purification of progesterone residues in milk]. Se Pu 2022; 40:712-720. [PMID: 35903838 PMCID: PMC9404137 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.04002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone functions as an endocrine-disrupting compound. Imitating endogenous hormones disrupt the animals' hormone levels. The potential hazard of progesterone in milk cannot be neglected. Thus, research has focused on establishing an efficient and convenient pretreatment and analytical approach. In this study, a metal-organic framework (MOF) material UiO-67 was prepared, which possessed a large specific surface area and excellent stability. It was employed to enrich and purify trace progesterones in a complex milk matrix as a filler to integrate the solid phase extraction column. An approach based on MOF was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). This approach could simultaneously determine seven kinds of progesterone residues in milk. The element spectra of UiO-67 were first measured and analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemical interaction between UiO-67 and progesterone was proved by comparing the changes in binding energy and relative contents of functional groups, and the adsorption efficiency of 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L progesterones by UiO-67 was studied. The adsorption efficiencies of UiO-67 for 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L progesterones were 99.73%-99.95% and 88.87%-99.23%, respectively, according to the results. It proved the efficient adsorption of UiO-67 to progesterones and ensured that subsequent studies went smoothly. Furthermore, key parameters, such as the amount of sorbent, elution solvent type, and pH value, were examined and optimized to obtain optimal extraction recovery of the progesterones. Spiked concentrations of 50 μg/L were employed for extraction optimization. All experiments were performed three times. It also evaluated the matrix effect on mass spectrum signal of the progesterones. The optimized results showed that the seven progesterones could be satisfactorily recovered when the amount of adsorbent was 40 mg, pH value of the sample solution was 5, and elution solution was 5-mL acetone. Additionally, the matrix effect of progesterone in the milk sample was <20%. The matrix effect could be neglected using the aforementioned approach to extract and purify progesterones in milk. Finally, the seven progesterones showed good linearity between 1 and 100 μg/L under the optimized conditions, with linear correlation coefficients values >0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.06 to 0.30 μg/L, and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.19 to 1.0 μg/L, respectively. At various concentration levels of progesterones in milk, the recoveries were 87.10%-105.58%, with relative standard deviations of 2.66%-9.64%. Most importantly, the approach was successfully employed to determine progesterone levels in milk samples, with results in good agreement with the standard SN/T 1980-2007. The proposed approach had the advantages of high sensitivity and satisfactory accuracy compared with the reported pretreatment and detection approaches of progesterone in milk. Satisfactory experimental results can be obtained without the calibration by isotope inner standard. Meanwhile, considering the excellent performance of MOF materials in reducing matrix interference in complex samples, such the application of materials offers a new approach. It can be employed to enrich and detect hazards in a complex matrix in the future.
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Cui H, Lu H, Yang J, Fu Y, Huang Y, Li L, Ding Y. A Significant Fluorescent Aptamer Sensor Based on Carbon Dots and Graphene Oxide for Highly Selective Detection of Progesterone. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:927-936. [PMID: 35119576 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a fluorescent aptamer sensor was constructed based on the carbon dots (CDs) and graphene oxide (GO). This sensor combines the excellent fluorescence performance of CDs with the high specificity of aptamer, which can detect progesterone (P4) with high sensitivity and selectivity. In the absence of P4, the CDs-aptamer system and GO form a fluorescence resonance energy transfer process (FRET), which quenches the fluorescence of the CDs. When P4 is added, the aptamer specifically binds to it, resulting the fluorescence of the CDs is recovered. At optimal conditions, the fluorescence intensity recovered by the CDs has a linear relationship with the concentration of P4 in the range of 0.1-120 nM and the detection limit is 3.3 × 10-11 M. Besides, the sensor has satisfactory detection results of P4 in milk, indicating that constructed method has enormous potential for application in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Cui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yaping Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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