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Cheng X, Jiang C, Jin J, Jin Q, Akoh CC, Wei W, Wang X. Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerol: Preparation, Health Benefits, and Food Utilization. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2024; 15:381-408. [PMID: 38237045 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) is a structured lipid with both medium- and long-chain fatty acids in one triacylglycerol molecule. Compared with long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT), which is mainly present in common edible oils, and the physical blend of medium-chain triacylglycerol with LCT (MCT/LCT), MLCT has different physicochemical properties, metabolic characteristics, and nutritional values. In this article, the recent advances in the use of MLCT in food formulations are reviewed. The natural sources and preparation of MLCT are discussed. A comprehensive summary of MLCT digestion, absorption, transport, and oxidation is provided as well as its health benefits, including reducing the risk of overweight, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, etc. The potential MLCT uses in food formulations, such as infant formulas, healthy foods for weight loss, and sports foods, are summarized. Finally, the current safety assessment and regulatory status of MLCT in food formulations are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Casimir C Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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2
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Zhu H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Goh KL, Wan C, Zheng D, Zheng M. Preparation and investigation of novel endopeptidase-exopeptidase co-immobilized nanoflowers with improved cascade hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125622. [PMID: 37392925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a promising approach for protein and food processing. However, the efficiency of this approach is constrained by the self-hydrolysis, self-agglomeration of free enzymes and the limited applicability resulted from enzymes' selectivityt. Here, novel organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (AY-10@AXH-HNFs) were prepared by coordinating Cu2+ with both endopeptidase of PROTIN SD-AY10 and exopeptidase of Prote AXH. The results indicate that the AY-10@AXH-HNFs exhibited 4.1 and 9.6 times higher catalytic activity than free Prote AXH and PROTIN SD-AY10, respectively, for the enzymatic hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). The kinetic parameters of Km, Vmax and Kcat/Km by AY-10@AXH-HNFs were determined to be 0.6 mg/mL, 6.8 mL·min/mg and 6.1 mL/(min·mg), respectively, surpassing the values obtained from free endopeptidase and exopeptidase. Furthermore, the ability of AY-10@AXH-HNFs to retain 41 % of their initial catalytic activity after undergoing 5 cycles of repeated use confirmed their stability and reusability. This study introduces a novel approach of co-immobilizing endopeptidase and exopeptidase on nanoflowers, resulting in significantly enhanced stability and reusability of the protease in catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhang Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Kheng-Lim Goh
- Newcastle University in Singapore, 172A Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8 #05-01, 599493, Singapore
| | - Chuyun Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Dongyun Zheng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Cheng W, Nian B. Computer-Aided Lipase Engineering for Improving Their Stability and Activity in the Food Industry: State of the Art. Molecules 2023; 28:5848. [PMID: 37570817 PMCID: PMC10421223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As some of the most widely used biocatalysts, lipases have exhibited extreme advantages in many processes, such as esterification, amidation, and transesterification reactions, which causes them to be widely used in food industrial production. However, natural lipases have drawbacks in terms of organic solvent resistance, thermostability, selectivity, etc., which limits some of their applications in the field of foods. In this systematic review, the application of lipases in various food processes was summarized. Moreover, the general structure of lipases is discussed in-depth, and the engineering strategies that can be used in lipase engineering are also summarized. The protocols of some classical methods are compared and discussed, which can provide some information about how to choose methods of lipase engineering. Thermostability engineering and solvent tolerance engineering are highlighted in this review, and the basic principles for improving thermostability and solvent tolerance are summarized. In the future, comput er-aided technology should be more emphasized in the investigation of the mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by lipases and guide the engineering of lipases. The engineering of lipase tunnels to improve the diffusion of substrates is also a promising prospect for further enhanced lipase activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Binbin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China;
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Luo M, Wang L, Chen G, Zhao J. Performance of Microenvironment-induced Lipase Immobilization on diversify Surface of Magnetic Particle. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113286. [PMID: 37004389 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of the enzyme molecular on the interface of the carrier affects its activity. Therefore, it is very important to controllably induce the orientation of the enzyme on the surface to improve the performance of the immobilized enzyme. Magnetic nanoparticles were used to construct microenvironments with the different surface hydrophobicity and charge characteristics by controlled modification, and those particles with various microenvironments were further used to study their interaction with the lipase. The amount and activity of immobilized enzyme on different magnetic nanoparticles surfaces were studied by physical adsorption and covalent binding. Through the enzyme surface and particle surface characteristics analysis, the possible preferred orientation of enzyme and enzyme conformation on different surfaces were inferred, which well explained the effect of surface induction on enzyme loading and activity. The methods of surface microenvironment regulation and the strategy of controllable induction of enzyme orientation adopted in this study are enlightening for the rational design of immobilized enzyme methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianxing Luo
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Jimei Ave. 668, Xiamen 361021, China
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Lai Y, Li D, Liu T, Wan C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng M. Preparation of functional oils rich in diverse medium and long-chain triacylglycerols based on a broadly applicable solvent-free enzymatic strategy. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112338. [PMID: 36737931 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To address the problems of long reaction times and limited range of adaptation in enzymatic synthesis medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs), a broadly applicable solvent-free enzymatic interesterification strategy was proposed. Candida sp. lipase (CSL) was immobilized on hydrophobic hollow mesoporous silica spheres (HHSS) to construct a biocatalyst designated as CSL@HHSS with a 15.3 % immobilization yield and a loading amount of 94.0 mg/g. The expressed activity and the specific activity were 20.14 U/g and 173.62 U/g, which were 4.6 and 5.6 times higher than that of free CSL, respectively. This biocatalyst demonstrated higher activity, wider applicability, and excellent reusability. Linseed oil, sunflower oil, perilla seed oil, algal oil, and malania oleifera oil were applied as substrates to produce MLCTs with medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) catalyzed by CSL@HHSS through interesterification in yields ranging from 69.6 % to 78.0 % within 20 min. Specific fatty acids, including linolenic acid, oleic acid, DHA, and nervonic acid (the first reported), were introduced into MLCT's skeleton, respectively. The structures were finely analyzed and identified by GC and UPLC-MS. The catalytic efficiency value of CSL@HHSS in catalyzing interesterification between linseed oil and MCT (70 ℃, 20 min, lipase 6 wt%) is 0.86 g/g∙min, which is the highest ever reported. This paper presents an effective and sustainable strategy for functional MLCTs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Lai
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Dongming Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tieliang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Chuyun Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Xu L, Zhang Y, Zivkovic V, Zheng M. Deacidification of high-acid rice bran oil by the tandem continuous-flow enzymatic reactors. Food Chem 2022; 393:133440. [PMID: 35701271 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rice bran oil (RBO) contains a variety of nutrients, but the high acid values largely hinder its processing into edible oil. Thus, the tandem continuous-flow reactors are proposed and developed for the enzymatic deacidification of RBO and simultaneous production of functional oils. The results indicate that the Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) immobilized on the hydrophobic ordered mesoporous silicon (OMS-C18) increased 6.6 times of the catalytic activity and improved at least 20 ℃ of temperature tolerance compared to the commercial Novozym 435. The tandem continuous-flow enzymatic reactors removed 91.4% of free fatty acid and increased 9 and 12 times of phytosterol ester and diacylglycerol in RBO, respectively. Moreover, the retention rate of γ-oryzanol was at least 40% higher than that obtained by traditional alkali refining. This study provides an effective and sustainable method to continuously convert the low-value RBO into value-added products, which brings huge potential to cleaner industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
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7
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Annunziata F, Contente ML, Anzi V, Donzella S, Conti P, Molinari F, Martino PA, Meroni G, Sora VM, Tamborini L, Pinto A. Enzymatic continuous-flow preparation of nature-inspired phenolic esters as antiradical and antimicrobial agents. Food Chem 2022; 390:133195. [PMID: 35594770 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A collection of nature-inspired lipophilic phenolic esters have been prepared by an enzymatic synthesis under flow conditions, using the immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435®) as a catalyst in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), a non-conventional and green solvent. Their antimicrobial activity against four selected bacterial strains together with their efficiency as radical scavengers were evaluated. The obtained compounds were characterized by enhanced lipophilicity in comparison with the parent non-esterified compounds, which increased the possibility of their use as additives in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina L Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Anzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Donzella
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Massimo Sora
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Hu Y, Ma C, Liu J, Bai G, Guo S, Wang T. Synthesis, Physical Properties, and In Vitro-Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Hydrophilic β-Sitosterol Sugar Esters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8458-8468. [PMID: 35786884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic β-sitosterol sugar esters were synthesized by a two-step biocatalytic approach using β-sitosterol vinyl adipate as an intermediate. The maximum conversion (above 90%) of β-sitosterol vinyl adipate was achieved using the saccharides glucose, sucrose, and raffinose. The chemical structure of the synthesized esters was confirmed by various techniques. The investigation of physical properties revealed that β-sitosterol sugar esters had enhanced water solubility (3.0-8.0 mM at 35 °C), reduced crystallinity, and high wettability. Their lyotropic liquid crystal properties were observed by polarized light microscopy. Furthermore, β-sitosterol sugar esters could be hydrolyzed into β-sitosterol adipate under simulated intestinal conditions at a low rate (2.83-18.14%). Most β-sitosterol sugar esters probably entered into intestinal bile salt micelles with ester bonds intact and showed up to 10-fold higher in vitro bioaccessibility than free β-sitosterol in non-fat systems. The excellent physical and functional characteristics of β-sitosterol sugar esters suggested their great potential application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chuanguo Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
- Institute of Grain and Oil Standardization, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ge Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shujing Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Yang T, Zheng D, Liu X, Zhang J, Zheng M. Preparation of immobilized Alcalase based on metal affinity for efficient production of bioactive peptides. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Hu Y, Ma C, Chen X, Bai G, Guo S. Catalyst‐free synthesis of phytosterol diacid monoesters and their competitive effect on the solubilization of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1035-1046. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Chuanguo Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Ge Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Shujing Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou P. R. China
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Abstract
Lipases are versatile enzymes widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. They are green biocatalysts with a high potential for industrial use compared to traditional chemical methods. In recent years, lipases have been used to synthesize a wide variety of molecules of industrial interest, and extraordinary results have been reported. In this sense, this review describes the important role of lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters, which have attracted the scientific community’s attention due to their beneficial effects on health. A systematic search for articles and patents published in the last 20 years with the terms “phytosterol AND esters AND lipase” was carried out using the Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, and the results showed that Candida rugosa lipases are the most relevant biocatalysts for the production of phytosterol esters, being used in more than 50% of the studies. The optimal temperature and time for the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters mainly ranged from 30 to 101 °C and from 1 to 72 h. The esterification yield was greater than 90% for most analyzed studies. Therefore, this manuscript presents the new technological approaches and the gaps that need to be filled by future studies so that the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters is widely developed.
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