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Yılmaz E, Boztuğ A, Ul Haq H, Boczkaj G, Altunay N. Synthesis, characterization and application of cross-linked functional terpolymer through epoxy group as sorbent for extraction of cadmium from waters and foods: Multivariate optimization. Food Chem 2024; 435:137590. [PMID: 37813023 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a selective sorbent for cadmium ions (Cd(II)) enrichment in orbital shaker assisted solid phase microextraction (OS-SPME) from different aqueous and food samples. A maleic anhydride-styrene-glycidyl methacrylate (MA-St-GMA) terpolymer was synthesized and characterized in detail. Experimental variables of sample preparation step were optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The final determination step was performed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The MA-St-GMA sorbent exhibited a high adsorption capacity (195.9 mg g-1) for the Cd(II) ion. The developed method under optimal conditions provides satisfactory performance and a significant improvement compared to other protocols available in the literature. The linear range and detection limit of the method is 0.1-130 ng mL-1 and 0.03 ng mL-1, respectively. The robustness, intraday/interday precision, selectivity, and accuracy of the method were investigated. To further validate the method, a dedicated series of analysis was performed using certified reference materials (CRMs). This part of the study confirmed the applicability of the method for routine analysis. The OS-SPME-FAAS method was validated using water and food samples. Relative standard deviations and recovery for real-world samples were in ranges 1.7-2.2 % and 95.5-98.5 %, respectively. As a result, the MA-St-GMA sorbent showed that it could quantitatively extract Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersen Yılmaz
- Munzur University, Dept. Machinery Programme, Tunceli, Türkiye
| | - Ali Boztuğ
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Hameed Ul Haq
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland
| | - Nail Altunay
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sivas, Türkiye.
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Altunay N, Hazer B, Lanjwani MF, Tuzen M. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization. Foods 2023; 12:3620. [PMID: 37835273 PMCID: PMC10572459 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a very toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal even at low levels and it is naturally present in water as well as in food. Methods: A new polyvinyl benzyl xanthate (PvbXa) was synthesized and used as a new adsorbent in this work. It contains pendant sulfide groups on the main polystyryl chain. Using this new adsorbent, PvbXa, a vortex-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction (VA-dSPµE) procedure was developed for the determination of cadmium from food and water samples via flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Synthesized PvbXa was characterized by 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The different parameters of pH, sample volume, mixing type and time, sorbent amount, and eluent time were optimized using standard analytical methods. Results: The optimized method for assessment of Cd in food and water samples shows good reliability. The optimum conditions were found to be a 0.20-150 µg L-1 linear range, 0.06 µg L-1 LOD, 0.20 µg L-1 LOQ, 4.3 RSD %, and a preconcentration factor of 160. Conclusions: The statistically experimental variables were utilized using a central composite design (CCD). The present method is a low-cost, simple, sensitive, and very effective tool for the recovery of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Altunay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey;
| | - Baki Hazer
- Department of Aircraft Airframe Engine Maintenance, Kapadokya University, 50420 Nevşehir, Turkey
- Departments of Chemistry/Nano Technology Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Farooque Lanjwani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250 Tokat, Turkey; (M.F.L.); (M.T.)
- Dr M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Tuzen
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250 Tokat, Turkey; (M.F.L.); (M.T.)
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Parvizzad K, Farajzadeh MA, Sorouraddin SM. Using mandelic acid as an extraction solvent in the extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from soil samples. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1493-1499. [PMID: 37277543 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient, green, and rapid sample preparation method based on mandelic acid dimer was proposed for the extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from soil samples followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In this research, for the first time, the liquid dimer was prepared by heating solid mandelic acid. Then the mixture of soil and a complexing agent was added into it. The mixture was transferred into a microwave oven. Diluted nitric acid solution as a dilution solvent was added. After centrifugation, two aliquots of the collected phase were removed and injected into the instrument. The relevant optimization parameters such as dimer volume, microwave exposure time, amount of complexing agent, and the type and volume of dilution solvent were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, detection limits were obtained 0.17 and 0.16 mg Kg-1 for Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively. The linear ranges were 0.50-50 mg Kg-1 with coefficient of determination ≥ 0.9981. The developed method along with a reference method was applied for the analysis of the selected heavy metal ions in different soil samples and comparable results were obtained. Also, the method was performed on a certified reference material and the obtained concentrations compared with the certificated concentrations to assess accuracy of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Parvizzad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, Mersin 10, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
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Zhang Y, Fu R, Lu Q, Ren T, Guo X, Di X. Switchable hydrophilicity solvent for extraction of pollutants in food and environmental samples: A review. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Bodur S, Erarpat S, Tutar ÖF, Bakırdere S. A simple spray assisted extraction/preconcentration of cadmium from sunflower oil, olive oil and hazelnut oil samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jiang H, Yang S, Tian H, Sun B. Research progress in the use of liquid-liquid extraction for food flavour analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ahmed HEH, Ozalp O, Soylak M. Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Lead(II) From Food and Water Samples on Magnetic MWCNTs/MgAl2O4/TiO2. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Baghaei PAM, Mogaddam MRA, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Sorouraddin SM. Application of deep eutectic solvent functionalized cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in dispersive micro solid phase extraction of some heavy metals from aqueous samples prior to ICP-OES. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Altunay N, Tuzen M, Afshar Mogaddam MR. Ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents: Application to lead and cadmium monitoring in water and food samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1963-1973. [PMID: 36287207 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2130997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A green and innovative ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (UA-HDES-DLLME) was developed for the selective and simultaneous extraction and enrichment of Pb (II) and Cd (II) in water and food samples for flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Several natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used for the preparation of six different HDES and methyl violet was used as chelating reagent. Effective parameters such as pH, sonication time, methyl violet amount, DES type, dispersive solvent types, etc were optimized. Relative standard deviation (RSD) and preconcentration factor (PF) were 4.0% and 80. Low limits of detection (LOD, 1.3 ng mL-1 for Pb (II) and 0.33 ng mL-1 for Cd (II)) and quantification (LOQ, 4.0 ng mL-1 for Pb (II) and 1.0 ng mL-1 for Cd (II)) were found. The method accuracy was confirmed with analyses of certified reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Altunay
- Department of Chemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Tuzen
- Chemistry Department, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.,Research Institute, Center for Environment and Marine Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Alomar TS, AlMasoud N, Xu Y, Lima C, Akbali B, Maher S, Goodacre R. Simultaneous Multiplexed Quantification of Banned Sudan Dyes Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering and Chemometrics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22207832. [PMID: 36298183 PMCID: PMC9611880 DOI: 10.3390/s22207832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Azo compounds such as the Sudan dyes I-IV are frequently used illegally as colorants and added to a wide range of foods. These compounds have been linked to a number of food safety hazards. Several methods have been proposed to detect food contamination by azo compounds and most of these are laboratory based; however, the development of reliable and portable methods for the detection and quantification of food contaminated by these chemicals in low concentration is still needed due to their potentially carcinogenic properties. In this study, we investigated the ability of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with chemometrics to quantify Sudan I-IV dyes. SERS spectra were acquired using a portable Raman device and gold nanoparticles were employed as the SERS substrate. As these dyes are hydrophobic, they were first dissolved in water: acetonitrile (1:10, v/v) as single Sudan dyes (I-IV) at varying concentrations. SERS was performed at 785 nm and the spectra were analyzed by using partial least squares regression (PLS-R) with double cross-validations. The coefficient of determination (Q2) were 0.9286, 0.9206, 0.8676 and 0.9705 for Sudan I to IV, respectively; the corresponding limits of detection (LOD) for these dyes were estimated to be 6.27 × 10-6, 5.35 × 10-5, 9.40 × 10-6 and 1.84 × 10-6 M. Next, quadruplex mixtures were made containing all four Sudan dyes. As the number of possible combinations needed to cover the full concentration range at 5% intervals would have meant collecting SERS spectra from 194,481 samples (214 combinations) we used a sustainable solution based on Latin hypercubic sampling and reduced the number of mixtures to be analyzed to just 90. After collecting SERS spectra from these mixture PLS-R models with bootstrapping validations were employed. The results were slightly worse in which the Q2 for Sudan I to IV were 0.8593, 0.7255, 0.5207 and 0.5940 when PLS1 models (i.e., one model for one dye) was employed and they changed to 0.8329, 0.7288, 0.5032 and 0.5459 when PLS2 models were employed (i.e., four dyes were modelled simultaneously). These results showed the potential of SERS to be used as a high-throughput, low-cost, and reliable methods for detecting and quantifying multiple Sudan dyes in low concentration from illegally adulterated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid S. Alomar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Yun Xu
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Cassio Lima
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Baris Akbali
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Correspondence:
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Soylak M, Ahmed HEH, Uzcan F. Determination of Sudan III in Food by Supramolecular Microextraction and Spectrophotometry. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2112047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Soylak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hassan Elzain Hassan Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Chemistry and Nuclear Physics Institute, Khartoum, Sudan
- Chemistry Section, College of Science-Scientific Laboratories Department, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Furkan Uzcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Gholizadeh S, Mirzaei H, Khandaghi J, Mogaddam MRA, Javadi A. Ultrasound–assisted solvent extraction combined with magnetic ionic liquid based-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of mycotoxins from tea samples. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ozalp O, Kaya O, Soylak M. Cloud Point Microextraction of Sudan IV from Food and Cosmetics with Determination by Spectrophotometry. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2047998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Ozalp
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kaya
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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