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Wang L, Jiang W, Jin H, Zhang R, Wu J. Nutrient competition between female cones and young seeds in spring affects the physiological dropping and nut-setting rate in Torreya grandis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14525. [PMID: 39317989 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Physiological seed drop is a recognized phenomenon in economic forest, caused by the abscission of developing seeds due to intergroup competition for resources. However, little is known about the resource allocation dynamics in species exhibiting a biennial fruiting cycle, where interactions occur not only among seeds of the same year but also between reproductive structures from consecutive years. In this study, we explored the dynamics of resource allocation in Torreya grandis, a nut crop with a prototypical two-year seed development pattern. We implemented thinning treatments of 0%, 30%, and 60% on female cones and/or immature seeds during the spring, targeting various stages of development both pre- and post-pollination. Our findings reveal a pronounced resource competition in Torreya, evidenced by a natural seed-setting rate of merely 9.4%. Contrary to expectations, seed thinning did not lead to an obvious increase in nut-setting rates, whereas a substantial increase to 20.5% was observed when female cones were thinned by 60% at 20 days before pollination. The cone thinning treatment appears to have influenced seed development through positive cytokinin and negative abscisic acid effects. This indicates that intergroup competition between female cones and nuts is a more significant factor in seed drop than inner nut competition, and there seems to be an interaction between the two groups. We demonstrate that, in Torreya with biennial seed development, it is the competition between female cones and immature seeds that is important. This insight expands our comprehension of the physiological mechanisms governing seed drop in biennial fruiting species and managing the reproductive organ load to optimize nutrient allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Torreya grandis Research Institution of Zhejiang Provence, Zhuji, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- NFGA Engineering Research Center for Torreya grandis, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- NFGA Engineering Research Center for Torreya grandis, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Zeng R, Chen T, Li X, Cao J, Li J, Xu X, Zhang L, Chen Y. Integrated physiological, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the mechanism of peanut kernel weight reduction under waterlogging stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3198-3214. [PMID: 38722055 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Waterlogging stress (WS) hinders kernel development and directly reduces peanut yield; however, the mechanism of kernel filling in response to WS remains unknown. The waterlogging-sensitive variety Huayu 39 was subjected to WS for 3 days at 7 days after the gynophores touched the ground (DAG). We found that WS affected kernel filling at 14, 21, and 28 DAG. WS decreased the average filling rate and kernel dry weight, while transcriptome sequencing and widely targeted metabolomic analysis revealed that WS inhibited the gene expression in starch and sucrose metabolism, which reduced sucrose input and transformation ability. Additionally, genes related to ethylene and melatonin synthesis and the accumulation of tryptophan and methionine were upregulated in response to WS. WS upregulated the expression of the gene encoding tryptophan decarboxylase (AhTDC), and overexpression of AhTDC in Arabidopsis significantly reduced the seed length, width, and weight. Therefore, WS reduced the kernel-filling rate, leading to a reduction in the 100-kernel weight. This survey informs the development of measures that alleviate the negative impact of WS on peanut yield and quality and provides a basis for exploring high-yield and high-quality cultivation, molecular-assisted breeding, and waterlogging prevention in peanut farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruier Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueyu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Wang L, Yang H, Wu M, Zhang H, Zhang J, Chen X. Enhanced ε-Poly-L-Lysine Production in Streptomyces albulus through Multi-Omics-Guided Metabolic Engineering. Biomolecules 2024; 14:752. [PMID: 39062465 PMCID: PMC11274744 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Safe and eco-friendly preservatives are crucial to preventing food spoilage and illnesses, as foodborne diseases caused by pathogens result in approximately 600 million cases of illness and 420,000 deaths annually. ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is a novel food preservative widely used in many countries. However, its commercial application has been hindered by high costs and low production. In this study, ε-PL's biosynthetic capacity was enhanced in Streptomyces albulus WG608 through metabolic engineering guided by multi-omics techniques. Based on transcriptome and metabolome data, differentially expressed genes (fold change >2 or <0.5; p < 0.05) and differentially expressed metabolites (fold change >1.2 or <0.8) were separately subjected to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. The integrative analysis of transcriptome, metabolome, and overexpression revealed the essential roles of isocitrate lyase, succinate dehydrogenase, flavoprotein subunit, diaminopimelate dehydrogenase, polyphosphate kinase, and polyP:AMP phosphotransferase in ε-PL biosynthesis. Subsequently, a strain with enhanced ATP supply, L-lysine supply, and ε-PL synthetase expression was constructed to improve its production. Finally, the resulting strain, S. albulus WME10, achieved an ε-PL production rate of 77.16 g/L in a 5 L bioreactor, which is the highest reported ε-PL production to date. These results suggest that the integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome can facilitate the identification of key pathways and genetic elements affecting ε-PL synthesis, guiding further metabolic engineering and thus significantly enhancing ε-PL production. The method presented in this study could be applicable to other valuable natural antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China; (L.W.); (M.W.); (J.Z.)
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Jin Q, Wang Z, Sandhu D, Chen L, Shao C, Xie S, Shang F, Wen S, Wu T, Jin H, Huang F, Liu G, Hu J, Su Q, Huang M, Zhu Q, Zhou B, Zhu L, Peng L, Liu Z, Huang J, Tian N, Liu S. miR828a-CsMYB114 Module Negatively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Theobromine in Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4464-4475. [PMID: 38376143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Theobromine is an important quality component in tea plants (Camellia sinensis), which is produced from 7-methylxanthine by theobromine synthase (CsTbS), the key rate-limiting enzyme in theobromine biosynthetic pathway. Our transcriptomics and widely targeted metabolomics analyses suggested that CsMYB114 acted as a potential hub gene involved in the regulation of theobromine biosynthesis. The inhibition of CsMYB114 expression using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) led to a 70.21% reduction of theobromine level in leaves of the tea plant, which verified the involvement of CsMYB114 in theobromine biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that CsMYB114 was located in the nucleus of the cells and showed the characteristic of a transcription factor. The dual luciferase analysis, a yeast one-hybrid assay, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that CsMYB114 activated the transcription of CsTbS, through binding to CsTbS promoter. In addition, a microRNA, miR828a, was identified that directly cleaved the mRNA of CsMYB114. Therefore, we conclude that CsMYB114, as a transcription factor of CsTbS, promotes the production of theobromine, which is inhibited by miR828a through cleaving the mRNA of CsMYB114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Devinder Sandhu
- United States Salinity Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Chenyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Siyi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Fanghuizi Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Huiying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Feiyi Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Small and Medium Leaf Tea Plant Germplasm Resource Nursery, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Guizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Jinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Qin Su
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Mengdi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Lvwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Shuoqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
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Zhu R, Gao N, Luo J, Shi W. Genome and Transcriptome Analysis of the Torreya grandis WRKY Gene Family during Seed Development. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:267. [PMID: 38540326 PMCID: PMC10970084 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Torreya grandis, an economically significant evergreen tree species exclusive to subtropical China, is highly valued for its seeds. However, the seed development process of T. grandis remains relatively unexplored. Given the pivotal role WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play in coordinating diverse cellular and biological activities, as well as crucial signaling pathways essential for plant growth and development, and the lack of comprehensive investigation into their specific functions in T. grandis, our study investigated its genome and successfully isolated 78 WRKY genes and categorized them into three distinct clades. A conserved motif analysis unveiled the presence of the characteristic WRKY domain in each identified TgWRKY protein. The examination of gene structures revealed variable numbers of introns (ranging from zero to eight) and exons (ranging from one to nine) among TgWRKY genes. A chromosomal distribution analysis demonstrated the presence of TgWRKY across eight chromosomes in T. grandis. Tissue-specific expression profiling unveiled distinctive patterns of these 78 TgWRKY genes across various tissues. Remarkably, a co-expression analysis integrating RNA-seq data and morphological assessments pinpointed the pronounced expression of TgWRKY25 during the developmental stages of T. grandis seeds. Moreover, a KEGG enrichment analysis, focusing on genes correlated with TgWRKY25 expression, suggested its potential involvement in processes such as protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, starch, and sucrose metabolism, thereby modulating seed development in T. grandis. These findings not only underscore the pivotal role of WRKY genes in T. grandis seed development but also pave the way for innovative breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (R.Z.); (N.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Ning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (R.Z.); (N.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiali Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (R.Z.); (N.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenhui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (R.Z.); (N.G.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Ren X, Wei Y, Zhao H, Shao J, Zeng F, Wang Z, Li L. A comprehensive review and comparison of L-tryptophan biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1261832. [PMID: 38116200 PMCID: PMC10729320 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1261832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
L-tryptophan and its derivatives are widely used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and feed industries. Microbial fermentation is the most commonly used method to produce L-tryptophan, which calls for an effective cell factory. The mechanism of L-tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, the widely used producer of L-tryptophan, is well understood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae also plays a significant role in the industrial production of biochemicals. Because of its robustness and safety, S. cerevisiae is favored for producing pharmaceuticals and food-grade biochemicals. However, the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan in S. cerevisiae has been rarely summarized. The synthetic pathways and engineering strategies of L-tryptophan in E. coli and S. cerevisiae have been reviewed and compared in this review. Furthermore, the information presented in this review pertains to the existing understanding of how L-tryptophan affects S. cerevisiae's stress fitness, which could aid in developing a novel plan to produce more resilient industrial yeast and E. coli cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Ren
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wei
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Honglu Zhao
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Shao
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
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Hu X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li R, Li M. Molecular mechanism of Osthole against chitin synthesis of Ustilaginoidea virens based on combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105612. [PMID: 37945229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, is a destructive grain disease in rice-producing areas worldwide. To reveal the action mechanism of osthole against U. virens, the mycelial morphology, differential genes and metabolites of osthole-treated U. virens were determined using electron microscopy and multi-omics, respectively. The hyphae of osthole-treated U. virens were severely wrinkled and distorted with rough cell walls, uneven thickness, and protoplast aggregation. Calcium fluorescent white staining showed that osthole affected chitin synthesis in U. virens. The differential genes and metabolites in U. virens were significantly enriched in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway. The expression of the acetylglucosamine phosphate mutase (AGM) gene (UvAGM1) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was significantly down regulated. The AGM of osthole-treated U. virens was 133.43 ng/mL, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (205.67 ng/mL). Osthole combined with the amino acid residue THR334 of AGM via hydrogen bonding. These results indicate that UvAGM1 may be a key candidate gene of osthole against U. virens. Overall, the results provide valuable information for the application of osthole to control rice false smut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Hu
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun 561000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun 561000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China.
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8
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Mu D, Lu Y, Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Qin Y, Yuan J, Pan L, Tang Q. Selection of Reference Genes in Evodia rutaecarpa var. officinalis and Expression Patterns of Genes Involved in Its Limonin Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3197. [PMID: 37765365 PMCID: PMC10534417 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant known for its therapeutic effects, which encompass the promotion of digestion, the dispelling of cold, the alleviation of pain, and the exhibition of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The principal active component of this plant, limonin, is a potent triterpene compound with notable pharmacological activities. Despite its significance, the complete biosynthesis pathway of limonin in E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis remains incompletely understood, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. The main purpose of this study was to screen the reference genes suitable for expression analysis in E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis, calculate the expression patterns of the genes in the limonin biosynthesis pathway, and identify the relevant enzyme genes related to limonin biosynthesis. The reference genes play a pivotal role in establishing reliable reference standards for normalizing the gene expression data, thereby ensuring precision and credibility in the biological research outcomes. In order to identify the optimal reference genes and gene expression patterns across the diverse tissues (e.g., roots, stems, leaves, and flower buds) and developmental stages (i.e., 17 July, 24 August, 1 September, and 24 October) of E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis, LC-MS was used to analyze the limonin contents in distinct tissue samples and developmental stages, and qRT-PCR technology was employed to investigate the expression patterns of the ten reference genes and eighteen genes involved in limonin biosynthesis. Utilizing a comprehensive analysis that integrated three software tools (GeNorm ver. 3.5, NormFinder ver. 0.953 and BestKeeper ver. 1.0) and Delta Ct method alongside the RefFinder website, the best reference genes were selected. Through the research, we determined that Act1 and UBQ served as the preferred reference genes for normalizing gene expression during various fruit developmental stages, while Act1 and His3 were optimal for different tissues. Using Act1 and UBQ as the reference genes, and based on the different fruit developmental stages, qRT-PCR analysis was performed on the pathway genes selected from the "full-length transcriptome + expression profile + metabolome" data in the limonin biosynthesis pathway of E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis. The findings indicated that there were consistent expression patterns of HMGCR, SQE, and CYP450 with fluctuations in the limonin contents, suggesting their potential involvement in the limonin biosynthesis of E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis. This study lays the foundation for further research on the metabolic pathway of limonin in E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis and provides reliable reference genes for other researchers to use for conducting expression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Detian Mu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ying Lu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yao Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ya Qin
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Jianhua Yuan
- Changsha Hemao Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Ningxiang County, Changsha 410609, China;
| | - Limei Pan
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Qi Tang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (Y.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
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9
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Zhang C, Zhang P, Zhang X, Wang Q, Liu J, Li L, Cheng S, Qin P. Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Amino Acid Biosynthesis Mechanisms during the Physiological Maturity of Grains in Yunnan Hulled Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13475. [PMID: 37686281 PMCID: PMC10487551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Yunnan hulled wheat (YHW) possesses excellent nutritional characteristics; however, the precise amino acid (AA) composition, contents, and molecular mechanisms underlying AA biosynthesis in YHW grains remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to perform metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling to identify the composition and genetic factors regulating AA biosynthesis during the physiological maturation of grains of two YHW genotypes, Yunmai and Dikemail, with high and low grain protein contents, respectively. A total of 40 and 14 differentially accumulated amino acids (AAs) or AA derivatives were identified between the waxy grain (WG) and mature grain (MG) phenological stages of Yunmai and Dikemail, respectively. The AA composition differed between WG and MG, and the abundance of AAs-especially that of essential AAs-was significantly higher in WG than in MG (only 38.74-58.26% of WG). Transcriptome analysis revealed differential regulation of structural genes associated with the relatively higher accumulation of AAs in WG. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and correlation analyses of WG and MG indicated differences in the expression of clusters of genes encoding both upstream elements of AA biosynthesis and enzymes that are directly involved in AA synthesis. The expression of these genes directly impacted the synthesis of various AAs. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of AA biosynthesis during the different developmental stages of grains and provide a foundation for further research to improve the nutritional value of wheat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Qianchao Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Junna Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Shunhe Cheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (J.L.); (L.L.)
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10
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Xiong B, Li Q, Yao J, Zheng W, Ou Y, He Y, Liao L, Wang X, Deng H, Zhang M, Sun G, He S, He J, Zhang X, Wang Z. Transcriptome and UPLC-MS/MS reveal mechanisms of amino acid biosynthesis in sweet orange 'Newhall' after different rootstocks grafting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1216826. [PMID: 37496860 PMCID: PMC10366444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Sweet orange 'Newhall' (C. sinensis) is a popular fruit in high demand all over the world. Its peel and pulp are rich in a variety of nutrients and are widely used in catering, medicine, food and other industries. Grafting is commonly practiced in citrus production. Different rootstock types directly affect the fruit quality and nutritional flavor of citrus. However, the studies on citrus metabolites by grafting with different rootstocks are very limited, especially for amino acids (AAs). The preliminary test showed that there were significant differences in total amino acid content of two rootstocks (Poncirus trifoliata (CT) and C. junos Siebold ex Tanaka (CJ)) after grafting, and total amino acid content in the peel was higher than flesh. However, the molecular mechanism affecting amino acid differential accumulation remains unclear. Therefore, this study selected peel as the experimental material to reveal the amino acid components and differential accumulation mechanism of sweet orange 'Newhall' grafted with different rootstocks through combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Metabolome analysis identified 110 amino acids (AAs) and their derivatives in sweet orange 'Newhall' peels, with L-valine being the most abundant. L-asparagine was observed to be affected by both developmental periods and rootstock grafting. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) combined with Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed eight hub structural genes and 41 transcription factors (TFs) that significantly influenced amino acid biosynthesis in sweet orange 'Newhall' peels. Our findings further highlight the significance of rootstock selection in enhancing the nutritional value of citrus fruits and might contribute to the development of functional citrus foods and nutritional amino acid supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- *Correspondence: Bo Xiong, ; Zhihui Wang,
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11
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Luo J, Liu Z, Yan J, Shi W, Ying Y. Genome-Wide Identification of SPX Family Genes and Functional Characterization of PeSPX6 and PeSPX-MFS2 in Response to Low Phosphorus in Phyllostachys edulis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1496. [PMID: 37050121 PMCID: PMC10096891 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is the most widely distributed bamboo species in the subtropical regions of China. Due to the fast-growing characteristics of P. edulis, its growth requires high nutrients, including phosphorus. Previous studies have shown that SPX proteins play key roles in phosphorus signaling and homeostasis. However, the systematic identification, molecular characterization, and functional characterization of the SPX gene family have rarely been reported in P. edulis. In this study, 23 SPXs were identified and phylogenetic analysis showed that they were classified into three groups and distributed on 13 chromosomes. The analysis of conserved domains indicated that there was a high similarity between PeSPXs among SPX proteins in other species. RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis indicated that PeSPX6 and PeSPX-MFS2, which were highly expressed in roots, were clearly upregulated under low phosphorus. Co-expression network analysis and a dual luciferase experiment in tobacco showed that PeWRKY6 positively regulated the PeSPX6 expression, while PeCIGR1-2, PeMYB20, PeWRKY6, and PeWRKY53 positively regulated the PeSPX-MFS2 expression. Overall, these results provide a basis for the identification of SPX genes in P. edulis and further exploration of their functions in mediating low phosphorus responses.
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12
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Yan J, Zeng H, Chen W, Zheng S, Luo J, Jiang H, Yang B, Farag MA, Lou H, Song L, Wu J. Effects of tree age on flavonoids and antioxidant activity in
Torreya grandis
nuts via integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses. FOOD FRONTIERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Hao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Shan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jiali Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology Tianjin China
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo P.B Egypt
| | - Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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13
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Zhao Y, Zhang F, Mickan B, Wang D. Inoculation of wheat with Bacillus sp. wp-6 altered amino acid and flavonoid metabolism and promoted plant growth. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:165-179. [PMID: 36348065 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of wheat seedling with Bacillus sp. wp-6 changed amino acid metabolism and flavonoid synthesis and promoted plant growth. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which can reduce the use of agrochemicals, is vital for the development of sustainable agriculture. In this study, proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed to investigate the effects of inoculation with a PGPR, Bacillus sp. wp-6, on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling growth. The results showed that inoculation with Bacillus sp. wp-6 increased shoot and root fresh weights by 19% and 18%, respectively, after 40 days. The expression levels of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism-related proteins and metabolites (lipoxygenase 2, allene oxide synthase 2, jasmonic acid, 17-hydroxylinolenic acid) and flavonoid biosynthesis-related proteins and metabolites (chalcone synthase 2 and PHC 4'-O-glucoside) were up-regulated. In addition, the expression levels of amino acid metabolism-related proteins (NADH-dependent glutamate synthase, bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine, anthranilate synthase alpha subunit 1, and 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) and metabolites (L-aspartate, L-arginine, and S-glutathionyl-L-cysteine) were also significantly up-regulated. Among them, NADH-dependent glutamate synthase and bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine could act as regulators of nitrogen metabolism. Overall, inoculation of wheat with Bacillus sp. wp-6 altered alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and flavonoid synthesis and promoted wheat seedling growth. This study will deepen our understanding of the mechanism by which Bacillus sp. wp-6 promotes wheat growth using proteomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecological Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecological Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Bede Mickan
- Institute of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecological Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
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14
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Hu H, Fei X, He B, Chen X, Ma L, Han P, Luo Y, Liu Y, Wei A. UPLC-MS/MS Profile Combined With RNA-Seq Reveals the Amino Acid Metabolism in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Leaves Under Drought Stress. Front Nutr 2022; 9:921742. [PMID: 35873434 PMCID: PMC9301252 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.921742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves have a unique taste and incomparable nutritional value and hence are popular as a food item and traditional medicine in China. However, the studies on the metabolites in Z. bungeanum leaves are quite limited, especially for amino acids. Therefore, this study explored the amino acid component in Z. bungeanum leaves and also the accumulation mechanism under drought stress in two Z. bungeanum cultivars using the widely targeted metabolome combined with transcriptome analysis. A total of 56 amino acids and their derivatives were identified in Z. bungeanum leaves, including eight essential amino acids. The total amino acid content with most individual amino acids increased under progressive drought stress. More differentially accumulated amino acids (DAAs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in FJ (Z. bungeanum cv. ‘Fengjiao’) than in HJ (Z. bungeanum cv. ‘Hanjiao’). The orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis identified nine and seven indicator DAAs in FJ and HJ leaves, respectively. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that the green module was significantly correlated with most indicator DAAs and revealed the important role of FBA3, DELTA-OAT, PROC, and 15 transcription factor genes in regulating the amino acid synthesis. Furthermore, the correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) identified four candidate synthesis genes (ASNS, AK, ASPS, and PK) in amino acid biosynthesis pathway. This study provided useful information for the development of Z. bungeanum leaves in food and nutrition industry and also laid the foundations for future molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Beibei He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Peilin Han
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yingli Luo
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Anzhi Wei,
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