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Liu S, Sun L, Sun M, Lv Z, Hua R, Wang Y, Yang X, Zhu M. Influence of para-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives with different push/pull electron strength groups on the conformation of human serum albumin and toxicological effects in zebrafish. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131246. [PMID: 38554915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Excessive intake of benzaldehyde and its derivatives can cause irreversible damage to living organisms. Hence, benzaldehyde derivatives with different para-substitutions of push/pull electronic groups were chosen to investigate the effect of different substituent properties on the structure of human serum albumin (HSA). The binding constants, number of binding sites, major interaction forces, protein structural changes, and binding sites of benzaldehyde (BzH) and its derivatives (4-BzHD) with HSA in serum proteins were obtained based on multispectral and molecular docking techniques. The mechanism of BzH/4-BzHD interaction on HSA is mainly static quenching and is accompanied by the formation of a ground state complex. BzH/4-BzHD is bound to HSA in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The interaction forces for the binding of BzH/4-BzHD to HSA are mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction, which are also accompanied by a small amount of electrostatic interactions. The effect of BzH/4-BzHD on HSA conformation follows: 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde (4-DBzH) > 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde (4-NBzH) > 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBzH) > 4-Acetaminobenzaldehyde (4-ABzH) > BzH, which means that the stronger push/pull electronic strength of the para-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives has a greater effect on HSA conformation. Furthermore, the concentration-lethality curves of different concentrations for BzH/4-BzHD on zebrafish verified above conclusion. This work provides a scientific basis for the risk assessment of benzaldehyde and its derivatives to the ecological environment and human health and for the environmental toxicological studies of benzaldehyde derivatives with different strengths of push/pull electron substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Long Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Mei Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Zhanao Lv
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Meiqing Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
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Fan J, Ge C, Li A, Ren G, Deng H, Wu D, Luo J, He Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Feng D, Yu H. The structural transformation reversibility of biogas slurry derived dissolved organic matter and its binding properties with norfloxacin under temperature fluctuation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115953. [PMID: 38244512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of biogas slurry could potentially raise the environmental risk of antibiotics. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), as the most active part of biogas slurry, was able to interact with antibiotics and play a crucial role in the structure and function of soil and aquatic ecosystems. The recent shifts in global climate patterns have garnered significant attention due to their substantial impact on temperature, thereby exerting a direct influence on the characteristics of DOM and subsequently on the environmental behavior of antibiotics. However, there is limited research concerning the impact of temperature on the binding of DOM and antibiotics. Thus, this study aimed to explore the temperature-dependent structural transformation and driving factors of biogas slurry-derived DOM (BSDOM). Additionally, the binding characteristics between BSDOM and the commonly used antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR) at different temperatures were studied by using multi spectroscopic methods and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis. The results suggested that the temperature-dependent structural transformation of BSDOM was reversible, with a slight lag in the transition temperature under cooling (13 °C for heating and 17 °C for cooling). Heating promoted the conversion of protein-like to humic-like substances while cooling favored the decomposition of humic-like substances. BSDOM and NOR were static quenching, with oxygen-containing functional groups such as C-O and -OH playing an important role. Temperature influenced the order of binding, the activity of the protein fraction, and its associated functional groups. At temperatures of 25 °C and 40 °C, the fluorescent components were observed to exhibit consistent binding preferences, whereby the humic-like component demonstrated a greater affinity for NOR compared to the protein-like component. However, the functional group binding order exhibited an opposite trend. At 10 °C, a new protein-like component appeared and bound preferentially to NOR, when no C-O stretch corresponding to the amide was observed. The finding will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the interaction mechanisms between DOM and antibiotics under climate change, as well as providing a theoretical basis to reduce the environmental risks of biogas slurry and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinluo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guoliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dongming Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Eco-circuling Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Ministry Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Tropical region of China, Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanhu He
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Huamei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
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Cui Y, Sun Y, Yu H, Guo Y, Yao W, Xie Y, Yang F. Exploring the binding mechanism and adverse toxic effects of degradation metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides to human serum albumin: Multi-spectroscopy, calorimetric and molecular docking approaches. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113951. [PMID: 37479174 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides (PIs), a class of structurally similar non-persistent organic pollutants, can be degraded and metabolized to more toxic, and longer half-life products. In this study, the binding interaction mechanisms between human serum albumin (HSA) and the main degradation metabolites of PIs, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3-PBA), were studied by theoretical simulation and experimental verification. Steady state fluorescence spectra showed that the fluorescence quenching mechanism was static. According to the binding constant, 4-F-3-PBA (1.53 × 105 L mol-1) was bound more strongly to HSA than 3-PBA (1.42 × 105 L mol-1) in subdomain ⅡA (site I). It was found by isothermal titration calorimetry that the metabolites and HSA spontaneously combined mainly through hydrogen bond and van der Waals interaction. Ultraviolet absorption spectra and circular dichroism spectra showed that the metabolites caused slight changes in the microenvironment and conformation of HSA. The above results were proved by molecular docking. The toxicity properties of the metabolites were further analyzed by software, and 4-F-3-PBA was found to be more toxic than 3-PBA. Considering the high exposure level of these metabolites in food, the environment and human body, it is necessary to further explore the toxicity of PIs metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Research Institute, Centre Testing International Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China.
| | - Fangwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), 33 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Zhang H, Cai R, Chen C, Gao L, Ding P, Dai L, Chi B. Impacts of Halogen Substitutions on Bisphenol A Compounds Interaction with Human Serum Albumin: Exploring from Spectroscopic Techniques and Computer Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13281. [PMID: 37686087 PMCID: PMC10487517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound, and the binding mechanism of BPA with carrier proteins has drawn widespread attention. Halogen substitutions can significantly impact the properties of BPA, resulting in various effects for human health. Here, we selected tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) to investigate the interaction between different halogen-substituted BPAs and human serum albumin (HSA). TBBPA/TCBPA spontaneously occupied site I and formed stable binary complexes with HSA. Compared to TCBPA, TBBPA has higher binding affinity to HSA. The effect of different halogen substituents on the negatively charged surface area of BPA was an important reason for the higher binding affinity of TBBPA to HSA compared to TCBPA. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces were crucial in the TCBPA-HSA complex, while the main driving factor for the formation of the TBBPA-HSA complex was hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, the presence of TBBPA/TCBPA changed the secondary structure of HSA. Amino acid residues such as Lys199, Lys195, Phe211, Arg218, His242, Leu481, and Trp214 were found to play crucial roles in the binding process between BPA compounds and HSA. Furthermore, the presence of halogen substituents facilitated the binding of BPA compounds with HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Ruirui Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (R.C.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Chaolan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (R.C.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Linna Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (R.C.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Pei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Lulu Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (R.C.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Baozhu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (R.C.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (L.D.)
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Chen J, Bian X, Zhang S, Yang G. Study on the interaction of two quinazoline derivatives as novel PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors and anticancer agents to human serum albumin utilizing spectroscopy and docking. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:260-268. [PMID: 36648974 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of human serum albumin (HSA) with two structurally similar quinazoline derivatives, S1 and S2 , which are potential anticancer drugs acting on PI3K/mTOR targets, were investigated in vitro utilizing multiple spectroscopy as well as molecular docking. The fluorescence quenching study demonstrated that HSA fluorescence could be statically quenched by S1 and S2 through the formation of an HSA-drug complex. Furthermore, the details of the binding site number, binding constant, as well as the thermodynamic parameters, were estimated at 298, 303, and 310 K. The results revealed that hydrogen bond interactions, as well as van der Waals forces, were the predominant factors responsible for binding HSA to S1 or S2 . Synchronous fluorescence and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra suggested that S1 and S2 had little effect on the polarity of the microenvironment and conformation of HSA. Energy transfer from HSA to S1 or S2 most probably occurred. The docking study revealed that S1 and S2 were able to bind to the hydrophobic cavity that was located in the HSA subdomain IIA and formed varying numbers of hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues nearby. Due to the subtle difference in the chemical structure, the binding of S1 and S2 to HSA was slightly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sanqi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guangde Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Li Y, Tan H, Zhou H, Guo T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ma L. Study of Competitive Displacement of Curcumin on α-zearalenol Binding to Human Serum Albumin Complex Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090604. [PMID: 36136542 PMCID: PMC9501389 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) is a mycotoxin with a strong estrogen effect that affects the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones and is transported to target organs through human serum albumin (HSA). Additionally, it has been reported that curcumin can also bind to HSA with high affinity at the same binding site as α-ZOL. Additionally, several studies reported that reducing the bound fraction of α-ZOL contributes to speeding up the elimination rate of α-ZOL to reduce its hazard to organs. Therefore, to explore the influence of a nutrition intervention with curcumin on α-ZOL effects, the competitive displacement of α-ZOL from HSA by curcumin was investigated using spectroscopic techniques, ultrafiltration techniques and HPLC methods. Results show that curcumin and α-ZOL share the same binding site (subdomain IIA) on HSA, and curcumin binds to HSA with a binding constant of 1.12 × 105 M−1, which is higher than that of α-ZOL (3.98 × 104 M−1). Ultrafiltration studies demonstrated that curcumin could displace α-ZOL from HSA to reduce α-ZOL’s binding fraction. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that curcumin could reduce the hydrophobicity of the microenvironment of an HSA–α-ZOL complex. This study is of great significance for applying curcumin and other highly active foodborne components to interfere with the toxicokinetics of α-ZOL and reduce its risk of its exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongxia Tan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhu Liu
- Foshan Micro Miracles Biotechnology Company, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-1310-1282-977
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An insight into the interaction between Indisulam and human serum albumin: Spectroscopic method, computer simulation and in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:106017. [PMID: 35841666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Indisulam (IDM) is a sulfanilamide anticancer agent and has been identified as a molecular glue recently. It shows potential for novel therapies development and brings more hope for curing human diseases. The affinity between molecular glues and plasma protein makes it significant to understand the characteristics of such substances. Therefore, the interaction between IDM and human serum albumin (HSA) was explored through solvent experiments, computer simulation experiments, enzyme kinetics experiments, and cell viability assay. The results revealed that IDM and HSA spontaneously formed stable binary complex with the binding constant of the order 105 M-1. IDM inserted in the site I of HSA, resulting the change in HSA secondary structure. And π electrons in IDM's benzene rings, as well as van der Waals forces and the H-bond, all helped to stabilize the HSA-IDM complex. The results of molecular dynamic simulation (MD) corresponded with the results from solvent experiment well. For instance, there were approximately 1-5 H-bonds between IDM and HSA. Lys199 and Arg218 were crucial energy contributors in the binding process. The esterase-like activity experiment confirmed that IDM inhibited the catalytic activity of HSA. In addition, cell experiment revealed that serum albumin can significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of IDM towards human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells.
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