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Duan Y, Guo F, Li C, Xiang D, Gong M, Yi H, Chen L, Yan L, Zhang D, Dai L, Liu X, Wang Z. Aqueous extract of fermented Eucommia ulmoides leaves alleviates hyperlipidemia by maintaining gut homeostasis and modulating metabolism in high-fat diet fed rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155291. [PMID: 38518640 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, the lipid-lowing biological potential of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EL) has been demonstrated. After fermentation, the EL have been made into various products with lipid-lowering effects and antioxidant activity. However, the anti-hyperlipidemic mechanism of fermented Eucommia ulmoides leaves (FEL) is unclear now. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of FEL on hyperlipidemia and investigate the mechanism based on regulating gut homeostasis and host metabolism. METHODS Hyperlipidemia animal model in Wistar rats was established after 8 weeks high-fat diet (HFD) fed. The administered doses of aqueous extract of FEL (FELE) were 128, 256 and 512 mg/kg/d, respectively. Serum biochemical parameters detection, histopathological sections analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota and untargeted fecal metabolomics analysis, were performed to determine the therapeutic effects and predict related pathways of FELE on hyperlipidemia. The changes of proteins and genes elated to lipid were detected by Immunofluorescence (IF) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS 56 Components in FELE were identified by UPLC-MS, with organic acids, flavonoids and phenolic acids accounting for the majority. The intervention of FELE significantly reduced the body weight, lipid accumulation and the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemia rats, while increased the level of High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Meanwhile, FELE improved the inflammatory makers and oxidative stress factors, which is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). These results demonstrated that FETE can effectively reduce blood lipids and alleviate inflammation and oxidative damage caused by hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, FELE restore the homeostasis of gut microbiota by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the abundance of probiotics, especially Lactobacillus, Rombousia, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Clostridia_UCG-014_Unclassified, while modulated metabolism through amino acid, bile acid and lipid-related metabolism pathways. In addition, the Pearson correlation analysis found that the upregulated bilirubin, threonine, dopamine and downregulated lipocholic acid, d-sphingosine were key metabolites after FELE intervention. IF and qRT-PCR analysis showed that FELE upregulated the expression of fatty acid oxidation proteins and genes (PPARα, CPT1A), bile acid synthesis and excretion proteins and genes (LXRα, CYP7A1, FXR), and downregulated the expression of adipogenic gene (SREBP-1c) by regulating gut microbiota to improve metabolism and exert a lipid-lowering effect. CONCLUSION This work filled the lipid-lowering mechanism gap of FEL. FELE can improve HFD-induced hyperlipidemia by regulating the gut microbiota homeostasis and metabolism. Thus, FEL has the potential to develop into the novel raw material of lipid-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fengqian Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dinghua Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Man Gong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liangmian Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lihua Yan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang- Y. Development of machine learning models using multi-source data for geographical traceability and content prediction of Eucommia ulmoides leaves. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124136. [PMID: 38467098 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and scientific quality evaluation is a hot topic in the research of food and medicinal plants. With the increasing popularity of derivative products from Eucommia ulmoides leaves, quality and safety have attracted public attention. The present study utilized multi-source data and traditional machine learning to conduct geographical traceability and content prediction research on Eucommia ulmoides leaves. Explored the impact of different preprocessing methods and low-level data fusion strategy on the performance of classification and regression models. The classification analysis results indicated that the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) established by low-level fusion of two infrared spectroscopy techniques based on first derivative (FD) preprocessing was most suitable for geographical traceability of Eucommia ulmoides leaves, with an accuracy rate of up to 100 %. Through regression analysis, it was found that the preprocessing methods and data blocks applicable to the four chemical components were inconsistent. The optimal partial least squares regression (PLSR) model based on aucubin (AU), geniposidic acid (GPA), and chlorogenic acid (CA) had a residual predictive deviation (RPD) value higher than 2.0, achieving satisfactory predictive performance. However, the PLSR model based on quercetin (QU) had poor performance (RPD = 1.541) and needed further improvement. Overall, the present study proposed a strategy that can effectively evaluate the quality of Eucommia ulmoides leaves, while also providing new ideas for the quality evaluation of food and medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China; Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
| | - Xinyan Zhu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang-
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.
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Gao X, Wang Y, Sun W, Li X, Li Y, Bai L, Niu X. Rapid analysis of the chemical constituents in Qiangli Dingxuan tablets using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300771. [PMID: 38286735 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Qiangli Dingxuan (QLDX) tablet is a widely recognized traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been extensively used in China for decades to treat vertigo, tinnitus, and dizziness owing to its outstanding therapeutic outcomes. However, the complexity of the chemical components in this tablet makes it challenging to separate and identify these components. This study presented an effective and sensitive strategy for the rapid separation and simultaneous structural identification of QLDX tablet components using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and the UNIFI platform. Based on retention times, accurate masses, fragment ions, related literature, and authentic standards, 119 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized; these included 9 iridoids, 12 lignans, 21 phenylpropanoids, 27 flavonoids, 7 phthalides, and 43 others. Among them, 36 were confirmed using reference standards. The representative compounds with various chemical structures were studied by analyzing their fragmentation patterns and characteristic ions. In conclusion, this study established a rapid approach for characterizing the chemical constituents in QLDX tablet. The proposed approach provides a basis for qualitative analysis and quality control in the manufacturing process and is beneficial for advancing investigations into the efficacy and mechanism of action of this tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- Information Department of Science and Technology, Xi'an Xintong Pharmaceutical Research Co., Ltd, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhe Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Lu Bai
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Ge S, Liu J, Liu Y, Song J, Wu H, Li L, Zhu H, Feng B. Chemical Profiling, Quantitation, and Bioactivities of Ginseng Residue. Molecules 2023; 28:7854. [PMID: 38067583 PMCID: PMC10708035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng residue is a by-product stemming from the commercial extraction of ginsenosides. To assess the disparities between ginseng residue and ginseng tablet, we employed the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) technique for sample analysis. The analyses revealed the presence of 39 compounds in both ginseng residue and ginseng tablets. Subsequently, the contents of total ginsenosides and total ginseng polysaccharides in the ginseng residue and ginseng tablet were determined. The results indicate that while only a small fraction of ginsenosides remained in the ginseng residue, a significant amount of polysaccharides was retained. Furthermore, our evaluation encompassed the antioxidant activities of both ginseng residue and ginseng tablets. Notably, ginseng residue exhibited robust antioxidant effects, thereby showcasing its potential for recycling as a functional food raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
- School of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Jiaqi Song
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Hongfeng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Lele Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Heyun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; (S.G.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (H.W.); (B.F.)
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Kou B, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Yang J, Sun J, Yan Y, Weng L, Xiao C. A Study of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma Class Differences Based on Chemical Composition and Core Efficacy. Molecules 2023; 28:7132. [PMID: 37894611 PMCID: PMC10609378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Establishment of a method for evaluating Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR) classes based on chemical composition and core efficacy; (2) Methods: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to determine the chemical constituents of GRR-first class (GF) and GRR-second class (GS). The cell viability, liver function, oxidative stress enzyme activity, and inflammatory factor levels of GF and GS on H2O2-induced HepG2 cells were determined with CCK-8, ELISA, and biochemical methods, and the antioxidant activity of the two was evaluated using bioefficacy; ELISA, biochemical methods, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method, and Western blot (WB) were used to determine the liver function, oxidative stress enzyme activity, inflammatory factor levels, and expression of related genes and proteins in mice with acute liver injury (ALI) model induced with 0.3% CCl4 olive oil solution after gavage administration; (3) Results: GF and GS had the same types of components, but the cyclic enol ether terpenes such as morinlon goside c, loganin, gentiopicroside, and swertiamarin differed significantly between the two; the effect of GF on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury in C57BL/6 mice was stronger compared to GS. It helped alleviate weight loss, increase hepatic and splenic indices, improve hepatic lobular structure and hepatocyte status, inhibit collagen deposition, enhance oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory-related genes and protein expression, and decrease apoptotic genes and proteins more significantly than GS; (4) Conclusions: In this study, we established a GRR class evaluation method combining chemical composition and core medicinal effects, which can rapidly determine the differential composition of GF and GS, detect the quality of GRR through antioxidant bioefficacy, and validate it with in vivo experiments, which provides references for the evaluation of the class of GRR and the rational use of medication in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lili Weng
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (B.K.); (Y.J.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chunping Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (B.K.); (Y.J.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.S.); (Y.Y.)
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Huang H, Han MH, Gu Q, Wang JD, Zhao H, Zhai BW, Nie SM, Liu ZG, Fu YJ. Identification of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Eucommia ulmoides tea by affinity-ultrafiltration combined UPLC-Orbitrap MS and in vitro validation. Food Chem 2023; 426:136630. [PMID: 37352710 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase inhibitors can reduce blood lipids by inactivating the catalytic activity of human pancreatic lipase, a key enzyme involved in triglyceride hydrolysis, which helps control some dyslipidemic diseases. The ability of Eucommia ulmoides tea to improve fat-related diseases is closely related to the natural inhibitory components of pancreatic lipase contained in the tea. In this study, fifteen pancreatic lipase inhibitors were screened and identified from Eucommia ulmoides tea by affinity-ultrafiltration combined UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS. Four representative components of geniposidic acid, quercetin-3-O-sambuboside, isochlorogenic acid A, and quercetin with high binding degrees were further verified by nanoscale differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF) and enzyme inhibitory assays. The results of flow cytometry showed that they could significantly reduce the activity of pancreatic lipase in AR42J cells induced by palmitic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that Eucommia ulmoides tea may be a promising resource for pancreatic lipase inhibitors of natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Ming-Hao Han
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Qi Gu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jian-Dong Wang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Si-Ming Nie
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Ou-Yang T, Zhang Y, Luo HZ, Liu Y, Ma SC. Novel compounds discovery approach based on UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS chemical profile reveals birch bark extract anti-inflammatory, -oxidative, and -proliferative effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116148. [PMID: 36634723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Betula pendula subsp. Mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll. Cortex (birch bark) is a globally traditional medicine for treating multiple inflammatory diseases. Its records are included in the Compendium of Materia Medica and other ancient medical literatures. However, uncovering its chemical profile and exploring novel biologically active compounds from birch bark remains a significant challenge. AIM OF THE STUDY To uncover the anti-inflammatory, -oxidative, and -proliferative mechanisms and potentially effective compounds of birch bark extract by combing chemical profiling, isolation, identification, together with in vivo, in vitro, and silico evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was used to obtain the chemical profile of birch bark extract. The new compounds were obtained via column chromatography and analyzed using X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism for absolute configuration confirmation. The zebrafish caudal fin inflammation-induced model, qPCR, and Western blot analysis were used to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of birch bark extract. In vitro cytotoxicity assays and kinases screening conducted to gain preliminary insight into the anti-proliferative effects of birch bark extract and its isolated compounds. In addition, in-silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the putative mechanism. RESULTS UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS chemical profiles revealed 105 compounds in birch bark extract, with 80 of these were first reported in B. pendula subsp. Mandshurica cortex. We selected five compounds speculated as novel and isolated three ones (one triterpenoid derivative and two lupine series triterpenoids) for further analysis. Birch bark extract exerted antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on zebrafish, as shown by the downregulated reactive oxygen species levels and COX-2α, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression, which occurred through NF-ĸB signaling pathway activation. The in vitro anti-proliferative effects of birch bark extract and compound 44 were also unveiled. Moreover, the putative anti-tumor mechanism of compound 44 was revealed using kinase screening and in-silico molecular docking. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a predictable chemical profile and demonstrated the pharmacological effects of birch bark extract, elucidated the mechanism of this traditional Chinese medicine and suggested it as a novel anti-cancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ou-Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, PR China
| | - Heng-Zhen Luo
- Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China.
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China; Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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