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Yamaguchi M, Weir JD, Hartung R. The composition of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid has potent synergistic effects on the growth and death of RAW264.7 macrophages: The role in anti-inflammatory effects. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112952. [PMID: 39151384 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) is an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a family of LA isomers that includes both a trans fatty acid and a cis fatty acid. Both fatty acids play a nutritional role in maintaining health. Inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. This study found that the combination of LA and CLA (LA/CLA), each of which had no effect, had a strong anti-synergistic effect on inflammatory macrophage RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Cells were cultured in a DMEM containing fetal bovine serum with or without either LA, CLA, or a combination of LA/CLA. The composition of LA and CLA at a comparatively lower concentration synergistically suppressed cell growth, resulting in a reduction in cell number. The underlying mechanism of this effect was based on reduced levels of Ras, PI3K, Akt, MAPK, and mTOR and elevated levels of p21, p53, and Rb, which are associated with cell growth. In addition, the combination of LA and CLA at a lower concentration stimulated potential cell death associated with increased caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 levels. Notably, this composition synergistically suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2, which are a major mediator of inflammation, with lipopolysaccharide stimulation in RAW264.7 cells This effect was associated with decreased levels of COX-1, COX-2, and NF-κB p65. This study may provide a useful tool for treating inflammatory conditions with the composition of LA and CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - James D Weir
- Department of Clinical Development, Primus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Ryan Hartung
- Department of Clinical Development, Primus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ 85251, USA
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2
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Wei G, Wu G, Sun J, Qi Y, Zhao Q, Xu F, Zhang Z, Peng L. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production in Pine Nut Oil: A Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-01 Fermentation Approach. Foods 2024; 13:2472. [PMID: 39200400 PMCID: PMC11353962 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a class of bioactive fatty acids that exhibit various physiological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerosis, and lipid-lowering. It is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from dietary sources. The natural sources of CLA are limited, predominantly relying on chemical and enzymatic syntheses methods. Microbial biosynthesis represents an environmentally benign approach for CLA production. Pine nut oil, containing 40-60% linoleic acid, serves as a promising substrate for CLA enrichment. In the present study, we developed a novel method for the production of CLA from pine nut oil using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) Lp-01, which harbors a linoleic acid isomerase. The optimal fermentation parameters for CLA production were determined using a combination of single-factor and response surface methodologies: an inoculum size of 2%, a fermentation temperature of 36 °C, a fermentation time of 20 h, and a pine nut oil concentration of 11%. Under these optimized conditions, the resultant CLA yield was 33.47 μg/mL. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the fermentation process yielded a mixture of c9, t11CLA and t10, c12 CLA isomers, representing 4.91% and 4.86% of the total fatty acid content, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.Q.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Ge Wu
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.Q.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
| | - Jiajia Sun
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Yi Qi
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.Q.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.Q.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Fengde Xu
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.Q.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lanzhi Peng
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.Q.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, China
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3
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Ávila G, Ceciliani F, Viala D, Dejean S, Sala G, Lecchi C, Bonnet M. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulates bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proteome in vitro. J Proteomics 2024; 304:105232. [PMID: 38909954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of natural isomers of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid, exerting biological effects on cow physiology. This study assessed the impact of the mixture 50:50 (vol:vol) of CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proteome, identifying 1608 quantifiable proteins. A supervised multivariate statistical analysis, sparse variant partial least squares - discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) for paired data identified 407 discriminant proteins (DP), allowing the clustering between the CLA and controls. The ProteINSIDE workflow found that DP with higher abundance in the CLA group included proteins related to innate immune defenses (PLIN2, CD36, C3, C4, and AGP), with antiapoptotic (SERPINF2 and ITIH4) and antioxidant effects (HMOX1). These results demonstrated that CLA modulates the bovine PBMC proteome, supports the antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory effects observed in previous in vitro studies on bovine PBMC, and suggests a cytoprotective role against oxidative stress. SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we report for the first time that the mixture 50:50 (vol:vol) of cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomers modulates the bovine PBMC proteome. Our results support the immunomodulatory and antiapoptotic effects observed in bovine PBMC in vitro. In addition, the present study proposes a cytoprotective role of CLA mixture against oxidative stress. We suggest a molecular signature of CLA treatment based on combining a multivariate sparse discriminant analysis and a clustering method. This demonstrates the great value of sPLS-DA as an alternative option to identify discriminant proteins with relevant biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ávila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - D Viala
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, Vetagro Sup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; INRAE, Metabolomic and Proteomic Exploration Facility (PFEM), F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - S Dejean
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, UMR 5219, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - G Sala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - C Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - M Bonnet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, Vetagro Sup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Chen C, Tong F, Sun R, Zhang Y, Pang Z, Liu X. Screening and Identification of High-Yielding Strains of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Optimization of Conditions for the Conversion of CLA. Foods 2024; 13:1830. [PMID: 38928772 PMCID: PMC11203061 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a class of naturally occurring octadecadienoic acid in humans and animals and is a general term for a group of conformational and positional isomers of linoleic acid. In order to obtain the development of excellent lactic acid strains with a high production of conjugated linoleic acid, 32 strains with a possible CLA conversion ability were obtained by initial screening using UV spectrophotometry, and then the strains were re-screened by gas chromatography, and finally, the strain with the highest CLA content was obtained. The strains were optimized for cultivation by changing the amount of substrate addition, inoculum amount, and fermentation time. The results showed that the yield of the experimentally optimized strain for the conversion of conjugated linoleic acid could reach 94.68 ± 3.57 μg/mL, which was 74.4% higher than the initial yield of 54.28 ± 2.12 μg/mL of the strain. The results of this study can provide some basis for the application of conjugated linoleic acid production by Lactobacillus paracasei in the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhihua Pang
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100083, China; (C.C.); (F.T.); (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
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5
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Ebadi M, Ahmadi F, Tahmouresi H, Pazhang M, Mollaei S. Investigation the biological activities and the metabolite profiles of endophytic fungi isolated from Gundelia tournefortii L. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6810. [PMID: 38528041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that are considered as a potential source of natural compounds, and can be applied in various industries. The aims of this research were molecular identification of endophytic fungi isolated from the Gundelia tournefortii stems, and investigation their biological activities as well as phenolic and fatty acid profile. Surface sterilized stems of G. tournefortii were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) to isolate the fungal endophytes. Genomic DNA was extracted by CTAB method, and PCR amplification was performed by ITS 1 and ITS 4 as primers. The enzyme production of endophytic fungi was determined based on the formation of a clear zone that appeared around the colonies of fungus. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the amount of free radicals DPPH. Also, the total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured obtained by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Moreover, the separation and identification of phenolic acids and fatty acids were done by HPLC and GC, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis was done based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region, and five isolates were identified as following: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium glabrum, Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, and Mucor circinelloides. Evaluation of the enzymatic properties showed that P. gabrum (31 ± 1.9 mm), and A. niger (23 ± 1.7) had more ability for producing pectinase and cellulase. The anti-oxidant activity of isolates showed that A. alternata extract (IC50 = 471 ± 29 µg/mL) had the highest anti-oxidant properties, followed by A. tenuissima extract (IC50 = 512 ± 19 µg/mL). Also, the extract of A. alternata had the greatest amount of total phenols and flavonoids contents (8.2 ± 0.4 mg GAL/g and 2.3 ± 0.3 mg QE/g, respectively). The quantification analysis of phenolic acid showed that rosmarinic acid, para-coumaric acid, and meta-coumaric acid (42.02 ± 1.31, 7.53 ± 0.19, 5.41 ± 0.21 mg/g, respectively) were the main phenolic acids in the studied fungi. The analysis of fatty acids confirmed that, in all fungi, the main fatty acids were stearic acid (27.9-35.2%), oleic acid (11.3-17.3%), palmitic acid (16.9-23.2%), linoleic acid (5.8-11.6%), and caprylic acid (6.3-10.9%). Our finding showed that endophytic fungi are a source of bioactive compounds, which could be used in various industries. This is the first report of endophytic fungi associated with G. tournefortii, which provides knowledge on their future use on biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ebadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Tahmouresi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pazhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Mollaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Wang Z, Huang K, Zheng Y, Ye H, Wang J, Tao X, Zhou J, Dang Z, Lu G. Efficient removal of heavy metals in water utilizing facile cross-link conjugated linoleic acid micelles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20665-20677. [PMID: 38381288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) technology is an effective method to treat low-concentration heavy metal wastewater. However, the leakage of surfactants in the ultrafiltration (UF) process will inevitably cause secondary pollution. In this study, a biosurfactant of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with conjugated double bonds was selected to bind its micelles by simple thermal crosslinking to obtain morphologically stable stearic acid (SA) nanoparticles. The pure SA nanoparticles were obtained by repeated dialysis. The stability of the SA nanoparticles was verified by comparing the particle size distribution and solubility of the materials before and after crosslinking at different pH levels. The effectiveness of SA nanoparticle-enhanced UF in removing heavy metals was verified by exploring the adsorption performance of SA nanoparticles. The dialysis device was used to simplify the UF device, wherein SA nanoparticles were assessed as adsorbents for the elimination of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions under diverse process parameters, including pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, and coexisting ions. The findings indicate that the SA nanoparticles have no evidence of secondary contamination in UF and exhibit compatibility with a broad pH range and coexisting ions. The maximum adsorption capacities for Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ were determined to be 152.77, 403.56, and 271.46 mg/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufei Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kaibo Huang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province (Hainan University), Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Han Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jiangmin Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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7
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Yu H, Zou ZX, Wei W, Li Y. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Lipid Accumulation via Down-regulation Expression of Lipogenic Genes and Up-regulation of Apoptotic Genes in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Adipocyte In Vitro. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:169-180. [PMID: 38224425 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lipogenesis has been extensively studied in mammals and some cell lines, but it is relatively rare in fish, and the potential mechanism of action of CLA reducing fat mass remains unclear. The established primary culture model for studying lipogenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) preadipocytes was used in the present study, and the objective was to explore the effects of CLA on intracellular lipid and TG content, fatty acid composition, and mRNA levels of adipogenesis transcription factors, lipase, and apoptosis genes in grass carp adipocytes in vitro. The results showed that CLA reduced the size of adipocyte and lipid droplet and decreased the content of intracellular lipid and TG, which was accompanied by a significant down-regulation of mRNA abundance in transcriptional regulators including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1c, lipase genes including fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Meanwhile, it decreased the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) and increased the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) in primary grass carp adipocyte. In addition, CLA induced adipocyte apoptosis through downregulated anti-apoptotic gene B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) mRNA level and up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that CLA can act on grass carp adipocytes through various pathways, including decreasing adipocyte size, altering fatty acid composition, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, promoting adipocyte apoptosis, and ultimately decreasing lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Xia Zou
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Yoo M, Lee HJ, Lee KW, Seo D. Analysis of Vaccenic and Elaidic acid in foods using a silver ion cartridge applied to GC × GC-TOFMS. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1320550. [PMID: 38260061 PMCID: PMC10800423 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1320550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Trans fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids, with vaccenic acid (VA) and elaidic acid (EA) being the major constituents. While VA has been associated with beneficial effects on health and anti-cancer properties, EA is found in hardened vegetable oils and is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel method for the quantitative measurement of VA and EA, aiming to accurately analyze individual TFA and apply it for the assessment of products containing TFAs. Methods The ratio of VA to EA (V/E ratio) was evaluated using a silver ion cartridge (SIC) solid phase extraction method removing cis-fatty acids (cis-FAs). Additionally, comparative analysis of the V/E ratio was conducted by the two methods (SIC treatment and untreated) using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). Results The removal efficiency of cis-FAs was greater than 97.8%. However, the total TFA contents were not so different from SIC treatment. Moreover, this approach not only allowed for a more precise determination of the V/E ratio but also revealed a significant distinction between natural trans fatty acids (N-TFAs) and hydrogenated trans fatty acids (H-TFAs). Conclusion Therefore, the SIC coupled to the GC × GC-TOFMS presented in this study could be applied to discriminate N-TFA and H-TFA contents in dairy and fatty foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yoo
- Food Standard Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Food Standard Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Seo
- Food Analysis Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Zhang B, Zhang X, Luo Z, Ren J, Yu X, Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhang W, Tian W, Wei X, Ding Q, Yang H, Jin Z, Tong X, Wang J, Zhao L. Microbiome and metabolome dysbiosis analysis in impaired glucose tolerance for the prediction of progression to diabetes mellitus. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:75-86. [PMID: 37652264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota and circulating metabolite dysbiosis predate important pathological changes in glucose metabolic disorders; however, comprehensive studies on impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a diabetes mellitus (DM) precursor, are lacking. Here, we perform metagenomic sequencing and metabolomics on 47 pairs of individuals with IGT and newly diagnosed DM and 46 controls with normal glucose tolerance (NGT); patients with IGT are followed up after 4 years for progression to DM. Analysis of baseline data reveals significant differences in gut microbiota and serum metabolites among the IGT, DM, and NGT groups. In addition, 13 types of gut microbiota and 17 types of circulating metabolites showed significant differences at baseline before IGT progressed to DM, including higher levels of Eggerthella unclassified, Coprobacillus unclassified, Clostridium ramosum, L-valine, L-norleucine, and L-isoleucine, and lower levels of Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides faecis, Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_46FAA, Alistipes senegalensis, Megaspaera elsdenii, Clostridium perfringens, α-linolenic acid, 10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, and dodecanoic acid. A random forest model based on differential intestinal microbiota and circulating metabolites can predict the progression from IGT to DM (AUC = 0.87). These results suggest that microbiome and metabolome dysbiosis occur in individuals with IGT and have important predictive values and potential for intervention in preventing IGT from progressing to DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxun Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014030, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Jixiang Ren
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xiaotong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Xinjiekou Community Health Service Center in Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Tian
- Xinjiekou Community Health Service Center in Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Qiyou Ding
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zishan Jin
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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10
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Wu C, Chen H, Mei Y, Yang B, Zhao J, Stanton C, Chen W. Advances in research on microbial conjugated linoleic acid bioconversion. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101257. [PMID: 37898352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a functional food ingredient with prebiotic properties that provides health benefits for various human pathologies and disorders. However, limited natural CLA sources in animals and plants have led microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium to emerge as new CLA sources. Microbial conversion of linoleic acid to CLA is mediated by linoleic acid isomerase and multicomponent enzymatic systems, with CLA production efficiency dependent on microbial species and strains. Additionally, complex factors like LA concentration, growth status, culture substrates, precursor type, prebiotic additives, and co-cultured microbe identity strongly influence CLA production and isomer composition. This review summarizes advances in the past decade regarding microbial CLA production, including bacteria and fungi. We highlight CLA production and potential regulatory mechanisms and discuss using microorganisms to enhance CLA content and nutritional value of fermented products. We also identify primary microbial CLA production bottlenecks and provide strategies to address these challenges and enhance production through functional gene and enzyme mining and downstream processing. This review aims to provide a reference for microbial CLA production and broaden the understanding of the potential probiotic role of microbial CLA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Yongchao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Centre for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Centre for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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11
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Wang K, Xin Z, Chen Z, Li H, Wang D, Yuan Y. Progress of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Milk Fat Metabolism in Ruminants and Humans. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3429. [PMID: 37958184 PMCID: PMC10647460 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a valuable nutrient in milk, fat accounts for a significant proportion of the energy requirements of ruminants and is largely responsible for determining milk quality. Fatty acids (FAs) are a pivotal component of milk fat. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is one of the naturally occurring FAs prevalent in ruminant dairy products and meat. Increasing attention has been given to CLA because of its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and lipid metabolism regulation properties, and these benefits potentially contribute to the growth and health of infants. In breast milk, CLA is present in trace amounts, mainly in the form of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Notably, cis-9, trans-11 CLA improves the milk fat rate while trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits it. Apart from having multiple physiological functions, CLA is also a pivotal factor in determining the milk quality of ruminants, especially milk fat rate. In response to growing interest in green and healthy functional foods, more and more researchers are exploring the potential of CLA to improve the production performance of animals and the nutritional value of livestock products. Taken together, it is novel and worthwhile to investigate how CLA regulates milk fat synthesis. It is the purpose of this review to clarify the necessity for studying CLA in ruminant milk fat and breast milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.W.); (Z.X.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Zimeng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.W.); (Z.X.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Huanan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Diming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.W.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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12
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Li Z, Fang Y, Yang J, Chen H, Yang B, Wang Y. A green and efficient two-step enzymatic esterification-hydrolysis method for enrichment of c9,t11-CLA isomer based on a three-liquid-phase system. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26690-26699. [PMID: 37681044 PMCID: PMC10481123 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel two-step enzymatic esterification-hydrolysis method that generates high-purity conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers was developed. CLA was first partially purified by enzymatic esterification and then further purified by efficient, selective enzymatic hydrolysis in a three-liquid-phase system (TLPS). Compared with traditional two-step selective enzymatic esterification, this novel method produced highly pure cis-9, trans-11 (c9,t11)-CLA (96%) with high conversion (approx. 36%) and avoided complicated rehydrolysis and reesterification steps. The catalytic efficiency and selectivity of CLA ester enzymatic hydrolysis was greatly improved with TLPSs, as high-speed stirring provided a larger interface area for the reaction and product inhibition was effectively reduced by extraction of the product into other phases. Furthermore, the enzyme-enriched phase (liquid immobilization support) was effectively and economically reused more than 8 times because it contained more than 90% of the concentrated enzyme. Therefore, this novel enzymatic esterification-hydrolysis method can be considered ideal to produce high-purity fatty acid monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yinglin Fang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Huayong Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
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13
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Schoeler M, Ellero-Simatos S, Birkner T, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Olsson L, Brolin H, Loeber U, Kraft JD, Polizzi A, Martí-Navas M, Puig J, Moschetta A, Montagner A, Gourdy P, Heymes C, Guillou H, Tremaroli V, Fernández-Real JM, Forslund SK, Burcelin R, Caesar R. The interplay between dietary fatty acids and gut microbiota influences host metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5329. [PMID: 37658064 PMCID: PMC10474162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids can affect metabolic health through gut microbiota-mediated mechanisms, but the influence of lipid-microbiota interaction on liver steatosis is largely unknown. We investigate the impact of dietary lipids on human gut microbiota composition and the effects of microbiota-lipid interactions on steatosis in male mice. In humans, low intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) is associated with increased microbial diversity independent of fiber intake. In mice, poorly absorbed dietary long-chain SFA, particularly stearic acid, induce a shift in bile acid profile and improved metabolism and steatosis. These benefits are dependent on the gut microbiota, as they are transmitted by microbial transfer. Diets enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective against steatosis but have minor influence on the microbiota. In summary, we find that diets enriched in poorly absorbed long-chain SFA modulate gut microbiota profiles independent of fiber intake, and this interaction is relevant to improve metabolism and decrease liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schoeler
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Till Birkner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Olsson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harald Brolin
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Loeber
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jamie D Kraft
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marian Martí-Navas
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Institute Imaging Research Unit, Diagnostic Imaging Institute, Doctor Josep Trueta University Hospital of Girona, Avinguda de França, s/n, 17007, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Puig
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Institute Imaging Research Unit, Diagnostic Imaging Institute, Doctor Josep Trueta University Hospital of Girona, Avinguda de França, s/n, 17007, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
- Medicina e Chirurgia d'Accettazione E d'Urgenza, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
- Medicina Sub-Intensiva, Presidio Maxi-Emergenze Fiera del Levante, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1297, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31432, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1297, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31432, Toulouse, France
- Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1297, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31432, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Girona University, Girona, Spain
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1297, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31432, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Caesar
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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14
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Du M, Jin J, Wu G, Jin Q, Wang X. Metabolic, structure-activity characteristics of conjugated linolenic acids and their mediated health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:8203-8217. [PMID: 37021469 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2198006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) is a mixture of octadecenoic acid with multiple positional and geometric isomers (including four 9, 11, 13-C18:3 isomers and three 8, 10, 12-C18:3 isomers) that is mainly present in plant seeds. In recent years, CLnA has shown many promising health benefits with the deepening of research, but the metabolic characteristics, physiological function differences and mechanisms of different isomers are relatively complex. In this article, the metabolic characteristics of CLnA were firstly reviewed, with focus on its conversion, catabolism and anabolism. Then the possible mechanisms of CLnA exerting biological effects were summarized and analyzed from its own chemical and physical characteristics, as well as biological receptor targeting characteristics. In addition, the differences and mechanisms of different isomers of CLnA in anticancer, lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory physiological functions were compared and summarized. The current results show that the position and cis-trans conformation of conjugated structure endow CLnA with unique physical and chemical properties, which also makes different isomers have commonalities and particularities in the regulation of metabolism and physiological functions. Corresponding the metabolic characteristics of different isomers with precise nutrition strategy will help them to play a better role in disease prevention and treatment. CLnA has the potential to be developed into food functional components and dietary nutritional supplements. The advantages and mechanisms of different CLnA isomers in the clinical management of specific diseases need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Du
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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